The Muʿtazilite Movement (II)

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Free Will ◽  
Philosophical Anthropology ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
The State ◽  
Philosophy Of Nature ◽  
Divine Attributes ◽  
Philosophical System ◽  
The Individual

This chapter examines the theology of the early Muʿtazilites. First we consider the state of the sources in which their positions are preserved, the individual figures involved, and their historical context. We indicate the relation of Muʿtazilites to their contemporaries, orthodox and heretical, and enumerate the central tenets of their theology. Then we consider the outstanding features of early Muʿtazilite theology in practice, beginning with its grounding in the philosophy of nature and the various physical theories associated with the school, together with speculation concerning their provenance. Finally we examine various aspects of the philosophical system in detail, including the divine attributes, the nature of God, philosophical anthropology, and free will.

scholarly journals THE (IN)EFFICIENCY IN THE ENFORCEMENT OF THE 2017 MIGRATION LAW AND THE CONTEXT OF VENEZUELAN MIGRATION IN BRAZILIAN TERRITORY

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
The State ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
International Conflicts ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Geographical Space ◽  
Migration Law

The present work expose an analysis of the historical context of migrations in the geographical space, and the evolution of this phenomenon in contemporary times, from the influence of world geopolitical conflicts. Thus, it was identified the clear incongruity of the conceptualization of immigrants carried out by the United Nations (UN) - from the need for cross-border mobility by international conflicts, natural disasters and own will- to safeguard their fundamental rights, even if there are tools in the Brazilian legal system. In addition, this research addresses the Venezuelan migratory crisis that is plaguing the country's territory and has repercussions on the Brazil-Venezuela borders, especially the state of Roraima, as a factor of modification of the geographical and geopolitical space of both nations. Thus, it is appropriate to assimilate the consequences and the impacts on the Brazilian State, which impacted on the inability to apply Migration Law nº 13,445, of May 24, 2017. The use of the new Law sought to safeguard the fundamental rights of immigrants and preserve the interests of the Brazilian people, providing stability and social order. However, at the end of the survey, the 2017 Migration Law was ineffective in terms of protecting the individual rights of Venezuelans in the country and safeguarding their dignity, as their provisions didn’t achieve the expected efficiency in containing hate speech, violent practices by the Brazilian people, and even xenophobia practiced by the state judiciary itself. The methodology employed in the present work consists of a bibliographic research of the case study, using articles 1º, 2º, 3º and 4º of the Law nº 13.445, of May 2017 and the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil of 1988, in addition to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, using the analysis of scientific articles, specific reports and newsletters from the official UN website

Belief in Qadr in the Qur' an

2003 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 160-163
Author(s):  
Abd al-Hamid Madkour
Keyword(s):  
Free Will ◽  
General Context ◽  
Psychological Consequences ◽  
Divine Attributes ◽  
Religious Texts ◽  
Middle Position ◽  
The Individual

The issue of qadr could be described as the sixth principle of Islam and one which impinges greatly both on the individual and on society as a whole, with corresponding legal, ethical and psychological consequences; and yet scholarly opinion diverges widely as to its significance and meaning. One of the reasons for this divergence may be a tendency in past scholarship to take only some of the sources into consideration. In this paper, therefore, we attempt a harmonisation and prioritisation of all the available texts, observing the following ground rules: (1) all divine attributes should consistently be taken into account; (2) reference should be made both to texts that would appear to establish jabr (compulsion) and to those that manifestly support a belief in free will and choice; (3) the general context is of the greatest significance when examining Qur'anic texts; (4) it is important to establish the asbāb al-nuzül, the wurüd al-ḥadīth and the circumstances behind any other religious texts under consideration. It is to be hoped that such an approach will make it evident to the reader that the consensus of Islamic texts do not support jabr. This does not, however, signify that man enjoys an absolute, unrestricted will; rather he/she occupies a middle position between these two extremes.

Doctoral Studies in Psychology in Spain

2003 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-33
Author(s):  
Yolanda García Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Doctoral Programs ◽  
Legal Reform ◽  
The State ◽  
Teaching Program ◽  
Doctoral Studies ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Teaching And Research ◽  
Doctoral Thesis ◽  
Critical Phase ◽  
The Individual

In Spain doctoral studies underwent a major legal reform in 1998. The new legislation has brought together the criteria, norms, rules, and study certificates in universities throughout the country, both public and private. A brief description is presented here of the planning and structuring of doctoral programs, which have two clearly differentiated periods: teaching and research. At the end of the 2-year teaching program, the individual and personal phase of preparing one's doctoral thesis commences. However, despite efforts by the state to regulate these studies and to achieve greater efficiency, critical judgment is in order as to whether the envisioned aims are being achieved, namely, that students successfully complete their doctoral studies. After this analysis, we make proposals for the future aimed mainly at the individual period during which the thesis is written, a critical phase in obtaining the doctor's degree. Not enough attention has been given to this in the existing legislation.

Virginia Woolf and Being-in-the-world

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Simone
Keyword(s):  
Virginia Woolf ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
The Political ◽  
Cartesian Dualism ◽  
Self And Other ◽  
The World ◽  
Binary Oppositions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Existential Perspective

Virginia Woolf and Being-in-the-world: A Heideggerian Study explores Woolf’s treatment of the relationship between self and world from a phenomenological-existential perspective. This study presents a timely and compelling interpretation of Virginia Woolf’s textual treatment of the relationship between self and world from the perspective of the philosophy of Martin Heidegger. Drawing on Woolf’s novels, essays, reviews, letters, diary entries, short stories, and memoirs, the book explores the political and the ontological, as the individual’s connection to the world comes to be defined by an involvement and engagement that is always already situated within a particular physical, societal, and historical context. Emma Simone argues that at the heart of what it means to be an individual making his or her way in the world, the perspectives of Woolf and Heidegger are founded upon certain shared concerns, including the sustained critique of Cartesian dualism, particularly the resultant binary oppositions of subject and object, and self and Other; the understanding that the individual is a temporal being; an emphasis upon intersubjective relations insofar as Being-in-the-world is defined by Being-with-Others; and a consistent emphasis upon average everydayness as both determinative and representative of the individual’s relationship to and with the world.

Narrow is the Gate to Utopia

Moreana ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (Number 187- (1-2) ◽  
pp. 207-226
Author(s):  
Marie-Claire Phélippeau
Keyword(s):  
Social Construction ◽  
Free Will ◽  
Religious Toleration ◽  
Individual Liberty ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Function

This study examines the notions of pleasure, individual liberty and consensus in Thomas More’s Utopia. The paradox inherent in Utopia, written before the Reformation, is especially visible in the affirmation of religious toleration coexisting with the need for a strict supervision of the citizens. The dream of an ideal republic is based on a Pauline vision of man which defines the individual mainly as a sinner. Consequently, it is the duty of the republic’s rulers to guide the citizens and establish a consensus. This study tries to determine the part left to the individual’s free will and examines the nature and function of the structures that are supposed to ensure the happiness of each one and of the whole community. The notion of moral hierarchy is asserted as the linchpin of the Utopian social construction.

THE IMPORTANCE OF MANIPULATIVE STRATEGIES IN THE ACTIVITIES OF NEWS AGENCIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-203
Author(s):  
Nodira Musayeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
General Information ◽  
The State ◽  
News Agencies ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Mind

It is no secret that one of the features of today's global infomakon is manipulative information, which carries a large part of the General information complex that negatively affects public consciousness, the unity of the individual, society and the state. The main feature of modern journalism is that it completely rejects open propaganda and uses hidden methods of influencing the mind. Many news agencies have moved from direct ideological pressure on the recipient to theuse of hidden mechanisms of thought formation.

Transformation of Scientific Approaches to the Practice of Regulating the Socio-Economic Development of a Region

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 102-110
Author(s):  
N. P. Molchanova
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Regional Economy ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Current Period ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Legislative Framework

The paper deals with the methodology and practice of the state regulation of the regional economy based on the legislative framework and works of Russian scientists in the historical context with account for the specifics of the current period of market transformation. The subject of research is organizational and economic relations, aimed at improving the management efficiency of regional socio-economic development. The purpose of research was to identify the key problems of the regional economy regulation preventing the balanced functioning of administrative-territorial entities and substantiate the need to boost measures of state support. Based on the dialectical cognition method and the system approach, the positions of leading scientists and scientific schools on topical issues of the regional economy as a scientific discipline were analyzed, which made it possible to identify the main reasons hampering socio-economic transformations and justify measures for running a more active regional policy. It is concluded that consistent improvement of methodological and organizational approaches creates prerequisites for improving the results of the socio-economic development at the regional level; however, in the current situation of the macroeconomic instability serious problems may arise to be resolved primarily by the state regulation.

THE VALUE OF LOVE IN THE SYSTEM OF FORMATION OF THE PROFESSIONAL MATURITY OF THE EDUCATOR

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (10(79)) ◽  
pp. 12-18
Author(s):  
G. Bubyreva
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
The State ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right

The existing legislation determines the education as "an integral and focused process of teaching and upbringing, which represents a socially important value and shall be implemented so as to meet the interests of the individual, the family, the society and the state". However, even in this part, the meaning of the notion ‘socially significant benefit is not specified and allows for a wide range of interpretation [2]. Yet the more inconcrete is the answer to the question – "who and how should determine the interests of the individual, the family and even the state?" The national doctrine of education in the Russian Federation, which determined the goals of teaching and upbringing, the ways to attain them by means of the state policy regulating the field of education, the target achievements of the development of the educational system for the period up to 2025, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 4, 2000 #751, was abrogated by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 29, 2014 #245 [7]. The new doctrine has not been developed so far. The RAE Academician A.B. Khutorsky believes that the absence of the national doctrine of education presents a threat to national security and a violation of the right of citizens to quality education. Accordingly, the teacher has to solve the problem of achieving the harmony of interests of the individual, the family, the society and the government on their own, which, however, judging by the officially published results, is the task that exceeds the abilities of the participants of the educational process.  The particular concern about the results of the patriotic upbringing served as a basis for the legislative initiative of the RF President V. V. Putin, who introduced the project of an amendment to the Law of RF "About Education of the Russian Federation" to the State Duma in 2020, regarding the quality of patriotic upbringing [3]. Patriotism, considered by the President of RF V. V. Putin as the only possible idea to unite the nation is "THE FEELING OF LOVE OF THE MOTHERLAND" and the readiness for every sacrifice and heroic deed for the sake of the interests of your Motherland. However, the practicing educators experience shortfalls in efficient methodologies of patriotic upbringing, which should let them bring up citizens, loving their Motherland more than themselves. The article is dedicated to solution to this problem based on the Value-sense paradigm of upbringing educational dynasty of the Kurbatovs [15].

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE NATIONAL ARCHIVE FUND FOR CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL HERITAGE

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 2417-2425
Author(s):  
Peter Peikov ◽  
Borana Hadjieva
Keyword(s):  
Financial Stability ◽  
National Archive ◽  
The State ◽  
Cultural Significance ◽  
Political Climate ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Historical Heritage ◽  
The Individual

The present paper reveals the significance of the National Archival Fund for preservation of the historical and cultural memory of the Bulgarian nation and the formation of historical consciousness. The National Archives Fund is defined as the largest collection of documents with historical, scientific, social, economic, cultural significance as an essential part of the cultural and historical heritage of Bulgaria.It treasures documents about the history of thousands of institutions and prominent figures of the state, economy, culture and art, of ordinary citizens whose activity is historically important in one respect or another.The emphasis of the study is on the main factors determining the daily enrichment of the National Archival Fund with new documents. Among these key factors are development of documentaristics and archivistics, trends in social development, ideological and political climate, financial stability and attitude of the society as a whole, of the istitutional leaders and administrative heads, creating documents, in particular, of the non-governmental organizations and even of the individual citizen to the problems in the field of archivistics.In the focus of the paper as well is the leading role of the state archives for the formation of the National Archival Fund of Bulgaria and the opportunities for cooperation with museums, libraries, community centers and other institutions of memory working with the same purpose and vision.

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