Maize unstable factor for orange1 is essential for endosperm development and carbohydrate accumulation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debamalya Chatterjee ◽  
Kameron Wittmeyer ◽  
Tzuu-fen Lee ◽  
Jin Cui ◽  
Neela H Yennawar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Endosperm Development ◽  
Adjacent Cell ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Wall Ingrowth ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Maize (Zea mays L.) Ufo1-1 is a spontaneous dominant mutation of the unstable factor for orange1 (ufo1). We recently cloned ufo1, which is a Poaceae specific gene expressed solely during seed development in maize. Here we have characterized Ufo1-1 and a loss-of-function Ds insertion allele (ufo1-Dsg) to decipher the role of ufo1 in maize. We found that both ufo1 mutant alleles impact sugars and hormones, and have defects in the basal endosperm transfer layer (BETL) and adjacent cell types. The Ufo1-1 BETL had reduced cell elongation and cell wall ingrowth, resulting in cuboidal shaped transfer cells. In contrast, the ufo1-Dsg BETL cells showed a reduced overall size with abnormal wall ingrowth. Expression analysis identified the impact of ufo1 on several genes essential for BETL development. The overexpression of Ufo1-1 in various tissues leads to ectopic phenotypes, including abnormal cell organization and stomata subsidiary cell defects. Interestingly, pericarp and leaf transcriptomes also showed that as compared to wild type, Ufo1-1 had ectopic expression of endosperm development-specific genes. This study shows that Ufo1-1 impacts the expression patterns of a wide range of genes involved in various developmental processes.

pha-4 is Ce-fkh-1, a fork head/HNF-3alpha, beta, gamma homolog that functions in organogenesis of the C. elegans pharynx

Development ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 125 (12) ◽  
pp. 2171-2180 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.M. Kalb ◽  
K.K. Lau ◽  
B. Goszczynski ◽  
T. Fukushige ◽  
D. Moons ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Gata Factor ◽  
Enhancer Element ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Fork Head ◽  
Organ Identity

The C. elegans Ce-fkh-1 gene has been cloned on the basis of its sequence similarity to the winged-helix DNA binding domain of the Drosophila fork head and mammalian HNF-3alpha, beta, gamma genes, and mutations in the zygotically active pha-4 gene have been shown to block formation of the pharynx (and rectum) at an early stage in embryogenesis. In the present paper, we show that Ce-fkh-1 and pha-4 are the same gene. We show that PHA-4 protein is present in nuclei of essentially all pharyngeal cells, of all five cell types. PHA-4 protein first appears close to the point at which a cell lineage will produce only pharyngeal cells, independently of cell type. We show that PHA-4 binds directly to a ‘pan-pharyngeal enhancer element’ previously identified in the promoter of the pharyngeal myosin myo-2 gene; in transgenic embryos, ectopic PHA-4 activates ectopic myo-2 expression. We also show that ectopic PHA-4 can activate ectopic expression of the ceh-22 gene, a pharyngeal-specific NK-2-type homeodomain protein previously shown to bind a muscle-specific enhancer near the PHA-4 binding site in the myo-2 promoter. We propose that it is the combination of pha-4 and regulatory molecules such as ceh-22 that produces the specific gene expression patterns during pharynx development. Overall, pha-4 can be described as an ‘organ identity factor’, completely necessary for organ formation, present in all cells of the organ from the earliest stages, capable of integrating upstream developmental pathways (in this case, the two distinct pathways that produce the anterior and posterior pharynx) and participating directly in the transcriptional regulation of organ specific genes. Finally, we note that the distribution of PHA-4 protein in C. elegans embryos is remarkably similar to the distribution of the fork head protein in Drosophila embryos: high levels in the foregut/pharynx and hindgut/rectum; low levels in the gut proper. Moreover, we show that pha-4 expression in the C. elegans gut is regulated by elt-2, a C. elegans gut-specific GATA-factor and possible homolog of the Drosophila gene serpent, which influences fork head expression in the fly gut. Overall, our results provide evidence for a highly conserved pathway regulating formation of the digestive tract in all (triploblastic) metazoa.

The Florey Lecture, 1988 - From egg to embryo: the initiation of cell differentiation in Amphibia

1989 ◽  
Vol 237 (1286) ◽  
pp. 11-25 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Cell ◽  
Gene Activation ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Gene Promoter ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Embryonic Induction ◽  
Differentiated Cells ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Muscle Genes

Some of the principles by which different cell types first arise at the beginning of animal development are illustrated by muscle cell formation in Amphibia. If the nucleus of a differentiated muscle cell is transplanted to an enucleated egg, some of the resulting embryos develop into tadpoles with a wide range of normally differentiated cells. These experiments show that genes undergo major changes in activity as a response to components of egg cytoplasm. Two fundamental mechanisms account for the regional activation of genes in early embryos. One involves the effect of localized ‘determinants’ in egg cytoplasm, and the other concerns cell interactions or embryonic induction. Both these mechanisms seem to be responsible for muscle cell formation in amphibian development. The old problem of embryonic induction has recently become accessible to analysis at the molecular level, especially in the case of the mesoderm or muscle-forming induction. This has been greatly facilitated by using a sensitive and quantitative assay to detect the first transcripts of muscle genes a few hours after the start of induction. The role of early events and of interactions among like cells during response to induction is discussed. In analysing specific gene activation following induction, DNA injection into fertilized eggs has shown that a very small part of the cardiac actin gene promoter is sufficient to enable it to respond to induction. Although the experimental work summarized here has been done on amphibian embryos, which are more suitable than other embryos for embryological manipulation, the conclusions reached are believed to be generally applicable to the development of other organisms.

scholarly journals Polycomb Requires Chaperonin Containing TCP-1 Subunit 7 for Maintaining Gene Silencing in Drosophila

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Najma Shaheen ◽  
Jawad Akhtar ◽  
Zain Umer ◽  
Muhammad Haider Farooq Khan ◽  
Mahnoor Hussain Bakhtiari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Interaction ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Polycomb Group ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Cellular Memory ◽  
Trithorax Group ◽  
T Complex ◽  
Ring Complex ◽  
Active Expression

In metazoans, heritable states of cell type-specific gene expression patterns linked with specialization of various cell types constitute transcriptional cellular memory. Evolutionarily conserved Polycomb group (PcG) and trithorax group (trxG) proteins contribute to the transcriptional cellular memory by maintaining heritable patterns of repressed and active expression states, respectively. Although chromatin structure and modifications appear to play a fundamental role in maintenance of repression by PcG, the precise targeting mechanism and the specificity factors that bind PcG complexes to defined regions in chromosomes remain elusive. Here, we report a serendipitous discovery that uncovers an interplay between Polycomb (Pc) and chaperonin containing T-complex protein 1 (TCP-1) subunit 7 (CCT7) of TCP-1 ring complex (TRiC) chaperonin in Drosophila. CCT7 interacts with Pc at chromatin to maintain repressed states of homeotic and non-homeotic targets of PcG, which supports a strong genetic interaction observed between Pc and CCT7 mutants. Depletion of CCT7 results in dissociation of Pc from chromatin and redistribution of an abundant amount of Pc in cytoplasm. We propose that CCT7 is an important modulator of Pc, which helps Pc recruitment at chromatin, and compromising CCT7 can directly influence an evolutionary conserved epigenetic network that supervises the appropriate cellular identities during development and homeostasis of an organism.

scholarly journals Withaferin A Inhibits Nuclear Factor-κB-Dependent Pro-Inflammatory and Stress Response Pathways in the Astrocytes

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Martorana ◽  
Giulia Guidotti ◽  
Liliana Brambilla ◽  
Daniela Rossi
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Nuclear Factor Κb ◽  
Withaferin A ◽  
Nuclear Factor ◽  
Lps Challenge ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cox 2 ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Stimulation Of

Several lines of evidence suggest that astrocytes play a key role in modulating the immune responses of the central nervous system (CNS) to infections, injuries, or pathologies. Yet, their contribution to these processes remains mostly elusive. Astroglia are endowed with a wide range of toll-like receptors (TLR) by which they can sense infectious agents as well as endogenous danger signals released by damaged cells. Here we demonstrate that the activation of astrocytic TLR4 by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge can promote nuclear factorκB (NF-κB)-dependent induction of pro-inflammatory and stress response mediators, particularly Tumor Necrosis Factorα(TNFα), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Since the steroid lactone Withaferin A was described to inhibit NF-κB activity in different cell types, we next determined the impact of this natural compound towards the identified astrocytic signalling pathway. Innate immune activation was induced by stimulation of the LPS/TLR4 axis in spinal cord astrocytes. We provide evidence that both pre-treating and post-treating the cells with Withaferin A attenuate astrocytic NF-κB activity as well as the consequent production of TNFα, COX-2, and iNOS induced by stimulation of the LPS/TLR4 pathway. This study suggests that Withaferin A may be an eligible candidate for the treatment of neuroinflammatory and stress conditions characterized by an important astrocytic input.

scholarly journals High-Throughput Sequencing is a Crucial Tool to Investigate the Contribution of Human Endogenous Retroviruses (HERVs) to Human Biology and Development

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Paola Pisano ◽  
Nicole Grandi ◽  
Enzo Tramontano
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Human Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Retroviral Infections ◽  
The Impact

Human Endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are remnants of ancient retroviral infections that represent a large fraction of our genome. Their transcriptional activity is finely regulated in early developmental stages and their expression is modulated in different cell types and tissues. Such activity has an impact on human physiology and pathology that is only partially understood up to date. Novel high-throughput sequencing tools have recently allowed for a great advancement in elucidating the various HERV expression patterns in different tissues as well as the mechanisms controlling their transcription, and overall, have helped in gaining better insights in an all-inclusive understanding of the impact of HERVs in biology of the host.

scholarly journals Analysis of Gal4 Expression Patterns in Adult Drosophila Females

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 4147-4158
Author(s):  
Lesley N. Weaver ◽  
Tianlu Ma ◽  
Daniela Drummond-Barbosa
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Tissue Expression ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Gene Pathway ◽  
Gal4 Expression ◽  
Adult Drosophila

Precise genetic manipulation of specific cell types or tissues to pinpoint gene function requirement is a critical step in studies aimed at unraveling the intricacies of organismal physiology. Drosophila researchers heavily rely on the UAS/Gal4/Gal80 system for tissue-specific manipulations; however, it is often unclear whether the reported Gal4 expression patterns are indeed specific to the tissue of interest such that experimental results are not confounded by secondary sites of Gal4 expression. Here, we surveyed the expression patterns of commonly used Gal4 drivers in adult Drosophila female tissues under optimal conditions and found that multiple drivers have unreported secondary sites of expression beyond their published cell type/tissue expression pattern. These results underscore the importance of thoroughly characterizing Gal4 tools as part of a rigorous experimental design that avoids potential misinterpretation of results as we strive for understanding how the function of a specific gene/pathway in one tissue contributes to whole-body physiology.

scholarly journals The impact of cryopreservation on bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells: a systematic review

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Soukaina Bahsoun ◽  
Karen Coopman ◽  
Elizabeth C. Akam
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Surface Marker Expression ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Impact

AbstractMesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent an invaluable asset for the field of cell therapy. Human Bone marrow-derived MSCs (hBM-MSCs) are one of the most commonly used cell types in clinical trials. They are currently being studied and tested for the treatment of a wide range of diseases and conditions. The future availability of MSCs therapies to the public will require a robust and reliable delivery process. Cryopreservation represents the gold standard in cell storage and transportation, but its effect on BM-MSCs is still not well established. A systematic review was conducted to evaluate the impact of cryopreservation on BM-MSCs and to attempt to uncover the reasons behind some of the controversial results reported in the literature. Forty-one in vitro studies were analysed, and their results organised according to the cell attributes they assess. It was concluded that cryopreservation does not affect BM-MSCs morphology, surface marker expression, differentiation or proliferation potential. However, mixed results exist regarding the effect on colony forming ability and the effects on viability, attachment and migration, genomic stability and paracrine function are undefined mainly due to the huge variabilities governing the cryopreservation process as a whole and to the lack of standardised assays.

scholarly journals Retroviral Transcriptional Regulation and Embryonic Stem Cells: War and Peace

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 770-777 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon Schlesinger ◽  
Stephen P. Goff
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Es Cells ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Regulatory Sequences ◽  
Cellular Genes ◽  
Wide Range

Retroviruses have evolved complex transcriptional enhancers and promoters that allow their replication in a wide range of tissue and cell types. Embryonic stem (ES) cells, however, characteristically suppress transcription of proviruses formed after infection by exogenous retroviruses and also of most members of the vast array of endogenous retroviruses in the genome. These cells have unusual profiles of transcribed genes and are poised to make rapid changes in those profiles upon induction of differentiation. Many of the transcription factors in ES cells control both host and retroviral genes coordinately, such that retroviral expression patterns can serve as markers of ES cell pluripotency. This overlap is not coincidental; retrovirus-derived regulatory sequences are often used to control cellular genes important for pluripotency. These sequences specify the temporal control and perhaps “noisy” control of cellular genes that direct proper cell gene expression in primitive cells and their differentiating progeny. The evidence suggests that the viral elements have been domesticated for host needs, reflecting the wide-ranging exploitation of any and all available DNA sequences in assembling regulatory networks.

scholarly journals Global Analysis of Cell Type-Specific Gene Expression

2003 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 208-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Galbraith
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Global Gene Expression ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Reasonable Assumption ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Different Cell Types

The tissues and organs of multicellular eukaryotes are frequently observed to comprise complex three-dimensional interspersions of different cell types. It is a reasonable assumption that different global patterns of gene expression are found within these different cell types. This review outlines general experimental strategies designed to characterize these global gene expression patterns, based on a combination of methods of transgenic fluorescent protein (FP) expression and targeting, of flow cytometry and sorting and of high-throughput gene expression analysis.

scholarly journals Varying intolerance of gene pathways to mutational classes explain genetic convergence across neuropsychiatric disorders

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahar Shohat ◽  
Eyal Ben-David ◽  
Sagiv Shifman
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Disorders ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Missense Mutations ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Brain Gene Expression

AbstractGenetic susceptibility to Intellectual disability (ID), autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia (SCZ) often arises from mutations in the same genes, suggesting that they share common mechanisms. We studied genes with de novo mutations in the three disorders and genes implicated by SCZ genome-wide association study (GWAS). Using biological annotations and brain gene expression, we show that mutation class explains enrichment patterns more than specific disorder. Genes with loss of function mutations and genes with missense mutations were enriched with different pathways, shared with genes intolerant to mutations. Specific gene expression patterns were found for each disorder. ID genes were preferentially expressed in fetal cortex, ASD genes also in fetal cerebellum and striatum, and genes associated with SCZ were most significantly enriched in adolescent cortex. Our study suggests that convergence across neuropsychiatric disorders stems from vulnerable pathways to genetic variations, but spatiotemporal activity of genes contributes to specific phenotypes.

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