scholarly journals Sweat Equity in U.S. Private Business*

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anmol Bhandari ◽  
Ellen R McGrattan
Keyword(s):  
Tax Rates ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Private Business ◽  
Accounting Data ◽  
Equity Values ◽  
Empirical Estimates ◽  
A Value ◽  
Extensive And Intensive Margins ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Private Business Sector

Abstract We develop a theory of sweat equity—the value of business owners’ time and expenses to build customer bases, client lists, and other intangible assets. We discipline the theory using data from U.S. national accounts, business censuses, and brokered sales to estimate a value for sweat equity in the private-business sector equal to 1.2 times U.S. GDP, which is about the same magnitude as the value of fixed assets in use in these businesses. For a typical owner, 26 percent of the sweat equity is transferable through inheritance or sale. The equity values are positively correlated with business incomes and standard measures of markups based on accounting data, but not with owners’ financial assets or standard measures of business total factor productivity. We use our theory to show that abstracting from sweat activity leads to a significant understatement of the impacts of lowering business income tax rates on private-business activity for both the extensive and intensive margins. Despite finding larger responses, our model’s implied tax elasticities of establishments and owner hours are in line with empirical estimates in the public finance literature. Allowing for financial constraints and superstar firms does not overturn our main findings.

scholarly journals Gst impact on the e-commerce sector: an overview

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-249
Author(s):  
VIJAYA KUMAR K ◽  
JABIMOL C. MAITHEEN
Keyword(s):  
Value Added ◽  
Retail Sector ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Value Added Tax ◽  
Indian Government ◽  
Tax Base ◽  
Indian Economy ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Government ◽  
Retail Entrepreneurs

The success of the e-commerce sector is largely dependent on the increasingnumber of retail entrepreneurs, who fall in the unorganized retail sector category. Thegovernment has included such players in the ambit of GST with an intention of broadeningthe tax base and has introduced specific provisions for the e-commerce companies. This isone of the major taxation reforms in Indian taxation system.GST is to set to integrate all stateeconomies and increase the overall growth of the country.GST will create unified market andboost the Indian economy. The Goods and Service Tax (GST) is a value added tax to beimplemented in India.. There are 3 kinds of taxes under GST: 1) SGST 2) CGST 3) IGST.The GST tax rates are divided into 5 categories which are 0%, 5%, 12%, 18%, 20%.Implementation of GST is one of the best decision taken by the Indian Government. Thesuccess of the e-commerce sector is largely dependent on the increasing number of retailentrepreneurs, who fall in the unorganized retail sector category. The government hasintroduced such players in the ambit of GST with the intension of broadening the tax baseand has introduced specific provisions for the e-commerce companies. This paper focuses onthe concept of GST and their impact on E-Commerce

scholarly journals ANALISIS POLA PENJUALAN DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN ALGORITMA APRIORI PADA KOPERASI KARYAWAN YAYASAN ANAKKU

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
Arfianto Darmawan ◽  
Titin Kristiana
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Apriori Algorithm ◽  
Business Unit ◽  
Savings And Loans ◽  
Transaction Data ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
A Value ◽  
Transaction Database ◽  
Using Data

The Anakku Foundation Cooperative is a multi-business cooperative consisting of shop businesses, savings and loans, and student shuttle services. Every sale of stuff services will be inputted data directly to each business unit. The Anakku Foundation Cooperative still has problems, including store transactions that cannot yet answer what items are often sold, when stock items are still difficult to determine the items that are still available or almost running out. Data mining techniques have been mostly used to overcome existing problems, one of which is the application of the Apriori algorithm to obtain information about the associations between products from a transaction database. Transaction data on school equipment sales at Cooperative Employees of Anakku Foundation can be reprocessed using Data mining applications so as to produce strong association rules between itemset sales of school supplies so that they can provide recommendations for item alignment and simplify the arrangement or strong item placement related to interdependence. The results are found that the highest value of support and confidence is if buying MUSLIM L1.5P1, so it would buy AL-IZHAR II LOGO with a value of 14.5% support and 79.5% confidence

scholarly journals THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF NATIONAL ACCOUNTING IN THE SYSTEM OF ECONOMIC MECHANISM OF UKRAINE

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina Varenik ◽  
Vitaliy Akulenko ◽  
Irina Prigara
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Evolutionary Development ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Accounting Data ◽  
Economic Mechanism ◽  
National Accounting ◽  
System Of National Accounts ◽  
Macroeconomic Indicators ◽  
Methodological Principles

Based on the study of the concept of national accounting, it is established that the essence and meaning of this term has its origins in the basics of initial accounting of business transactions in the economy. According to scientific research and conclusions of various scholars on the nature and content of the process of national accounting and in particular national accounts, the main conclusions about the state and methodology of national accounting in the country. A comparative analysis of the evolutionary development of national accounting in different economic systems is made and the necessity of application and efficiency of using the System of National Accounts as a single register of macroeconomic indicators in the system of national accounting is proved. Integrated economic information is the basis for the formation of macroeconomic indicators. The use of integration information resource allows to effectively form and analyze macroeconomic indicators. The relevance of this study is to highlight the main provisions that prove the need to use the mechanism of national accounting in the system of economic mechanism and prove the effectiveness of the system of national accounts as a single register of macroeconomic accounting. The study is based on the findings of many scientists in the field of research of the economic mechanism of the country. Substantive conclusions prove the need to combine the original accounting information and its integration into the general macroeconomic register. This will avoid errors in the formation of macro indicators and increase the transparency and accuracy of national accounting data. Thus, the effectiveness of macroeconomic accounting in order to assess and analyze the state of the economic mechanism and prospects for its development is proved. The main conclusions of economists on the interpretation of the essence and methodology of modern national accounting and the use of the system of national accounts are highlighted and generalized, supplemented with material on the integration of economic resources and its impact on the formation of macroeconomic indicators.

Empirical Estimates of Body Drag of Large Waterfowl and Raptors

1988 ◽  
Vol 135 (1) ◽  
pp. 253-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. PENNYCUICK ◽  
HOLLIDAY H. OBRECHT ◽  
MARK R. FULLER
Keyword(s):  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Reynolds Numbers ◽  
The Body ◽  
Number Range ◽  
Empirical Estimates ◽  
A Value ◽  
Body Drag ◽  
Wind Tunnel Measurements ◽  
Large Living ◽  
Performance Estimates

To whom reprint requests should be addressed. Measurements of the body frontal area of some large living waterfowl (Anatidae) and raptors (Falconiformes) were found to vary with the two-thirds power of the body mass, with no distinction between the two groups. Wind tunnel measurements on frozen bodies gave drag coefficients ranging from 0.25 to 0.39, in the Reynolds number range 145 000 to 462 000. Combining these observations with those of Prior (1984), which extended to lower Reynolds numbers, a practical rule is proposed for choosing a value of the body drag coefficient for use in performance estimates.

Visualization of tax avoidance and tax rate convergence

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 695-724 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chika Saka ◽  
Tomoki Oshika ◽  
Masayuki Jimichi
Keyword(s):  
Tax Avoidance ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Effective Tax Rates ◽  
Accounting Data ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Objective Evidence ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Convergence Trend

Purpose This study aims to explore the evidence of the probability of firms’ tax avoidance and the downward convergence trend of national statutory tax rates and firms’ effective tax rates. Design/methodology/approach This research employs exploratory data analysis using interactive data manipulation and visualization tools, namely, R with SparkR, dplyr, ggplot2 and googleVis (GeoChart and Motion Chart) packages. This analysis is based on the world-scale accounting data of all listed firms from 148 countries spanning 30 years. Findings The results reveal the following: three types of evidences on probability of firms’ tax avoidance, showing a non-random distribution of firms’ effective tax rates and return on assets, cross-sectional variation of firms’ effective tax rates in each country, and the trend of difference between effective tax rates and statutory tax rates, and the downward convergence trend of statutory tax rates and firms’ effective tax rates. Practical implications The results highlight the prominent issues of world-scale tax avoidance and tax rate competition and facilitate a collaborative discussion between laymen and professionals using objective evidence. Originality/value A novel methodology is adopted through the visualization of world-scale accounting data, which can facilitate a new perspective, revealing unexpected patterns and trends in otherwise hidden information. This study also highlights the importance of global consideration of firms’ tax avoidance and tax rate competition, using objective evidence.

Corruption accounting and growth: towards a new methodology

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-57
Author(s):  
Martin Grandes ◽  
Ariel Coremberg
Keyword(s):  
Endogenous Growth ◽  
Public Works ◽  
Public Expenditures ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Public Officials ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Endogenous Growth Model ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The One

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate empirically that corruption causes significant and sizeable macroeconomic costs to countries in terms of economic activity and economic growth. The authors modeled corruption building on the endogenous growth literature and finally estimated the baseline (bribes paid to public officials) macroeconomic cost of corruption using Argentina 2004-2015 as a case study. Design/methodology/approach The authors laid the foundations of a new methodology to account corruption losses using data from the national accounts and judiciary investigations within the framework of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) non-observed economy (NOE) instead of subjective indicators as in the earlier literature. They also suggested a new method to compute public expenditures overruns, including but not limited to public works. Findings The authors found the costs stand at a minimum accumulated rate of 8 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP) or 0.8 per cent yearly. These findings provided a corruption cost floor and were consistent with earlier research on world corruption losses estimated at 5 per cent by the World Economic Forum and with the losses estimated at between a yearly rate of 1.3 and 4 per cent and 2 per cent of GDP by Brazil and Peru’s corruption, respectively. Research limitations/implications The authors would need to extend the application of their new suggested methodology to further countries. They are working on this. They would need to develop the methodology in full to compute the public works overruns input to future econometric work. Originality/value In this paper, the authors make a threefold contribution to the literature on corruption and growth: first, they laid the foundations toward a new methodology to make an accounting of the corruption costs in terms of GDP consistent with the national accounts and executed budgets; on the one hand, and the OECD NOE framework, on the other. The authors named those corruption costs as percentage of GDP the “corruption wedge.” Second, they developed an example taking corruption events and a component of their total costs, namely, the bribes paid to public officials, taking Argentina 2004-2015 as a case study. Finally, they plugged the estimated wedge back into an endogenous growth model and calibrated the growth–corruption path simulating two economies where the total factor productivity was different, at different levels of the corruption wedge.

scholarly journals TAX STRUCTURE AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: DO DIFFERENCES IN INCOME LEVEL AND GOVERNMENT EFFECTIVENESS MATTER?

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (01) ◽  
pp. 217-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
HALIT YANIKKAYA ◽  
TANER TURAN
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Property Taxes ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Tax Structure ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Effect On Growth

We examine the effects of both overall tax rate and changes in tax structure on growth by using data for more than 100 high, middle, and low income countries by employing the GMM estimation methods. In general, our results do not support the argument that overall tax rates or changes in tax structure have a significant effect on growth. However, we find that a shift from income to consumption and property taxes leads to a positive and significant effect on growth rate while a shift from consumption and property taxes to income taxes has a positive effect for low-income countries.

Book Reviews

2012 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 1117-1119
Keyword(s):  
Tax Reform ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Capital Gains ◽  
American Enterprise Institute ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Value Added Tax ◽  
A Value ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Business Cycle ◽  
Federal Taxes

Alan D. Viard of American Enterprise Institute reviews, “The Benefit and the Burden: Tax Reform--Why We Need It and What It Will Take” by Bruce Bartlett. The EconLit Abstract of this book begins: “Explores the fundamentals of taxation at the simplest level and considers the question of tax reform. Discusses a brief history of federal income taxation; how a tax bill is made; the definition of income; how to understand tax rates; the relationship between tax rates and tax revenues; how taxes affect economic growth; the question of progressivity; taxes and the business cycle; how other countries tax themselves; spending through the tax code; taxes and the health system; tax preferences for housing; how federal taxes affect the states; the problem of charitable contributions; the problem of taxing capital gains; some unresolved issues in the taxation of corporations; the problem of tax administration; the history of tax reform; the pros and cons of popular tax reform proposals; the need for more revenue; the case for a value-added tax; the case against a value-added tax; what should be done about the Bush tax cuts; and whether tax reform will happen because Grover Norquist permits it. Bartlett is an economic columnist. Index.”

scholarly journals On the Workings of a Cartel: Evidence from the Norwegian Cement Industry

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 321-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars-Hendrik Röller ◽  
Frode Steen
Keyword(s):  
Marginal Cost ◽  
Cost Accounting ◽  
Cement Industry ◽  
Welfare Gains ◽  
Entire Sample ◽  
Sharing Rule ◽  
Cost Estimates ◽  
Accounting Data ◽  
Marginal Costs ◽  
Using Data

Using data on prices, production, and exports, we are able to identify marginal costs as well as the effectiveness of the Norwegian cement industry cartel. We find that our marginal cost estimates are very much in line with the detailed cost accounting data. We show that the cement cartel has been ineffective because the sharing rule induces “overproduction” and exporting below marginal costs. It is consumers — not firms — who benefit from the sharing rule. The ineffectiveness of the cartel was becoming so large that domestic welfare of a merger to monopoly would be positive around 1968, which is when the merger actually took place! We also show that competition would have resulted in even higher welfare gains over the entire sample.

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