scholarly journals The effects of protein supplementation and pasture maintenance on the growth, parasite burden, and economic return of pasture-raised lambs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Braden J Campbell ◽  
Antoinette E Marsh ◽  
Elizabeth M Parker ◽  
Jefferson S McCutcheon ◽  
Francis L Fluharty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Parasite Burden ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Protein Rich ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the impact of protein supplementation and pasture contamination with gastrointestinal nematodes on the mitigation of parasitic infection in grazing lambs. We hypothesized that there would be no difference between protein supplementation and newly sown pasture in evaluating lamb growth and health parameters associated with parasitism. Furthermore, we questioned if there would be an interaction between protein supplementation and pasture type. A total of 192, 60-day old lambs (28.3 ± 5.1 kg) were randomly assigned to one of four treatments: 1.) new pasture without supplementation (NN); 2.) new pasture with supplementation (NS); 3.) established pasture without supplementation (EN); and 4.) established pasture with supplementation (ES) and grazed for 112 days. Lambs were supplemented at a rate of 1% body weight/day. Supplemented lambs had greater body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG) when compared with non-supplemented lambs (P < 0.04). Additionally, lambs on newly sown pasture demonstrated greater BW and ADG when compared with lambs grazing on established pasture (P < 0.05). For lamb health, lambs in the EN treatment group had the greatest FAMACHA © eye scores and lowest packed cell volume (PCV) over the course of the 112-day grazing period (P < 0.05). Moreover, NS and ES treatment lambs demonstrated similar FAMACHA © eye scores when compared with NN treatment lambs; however, NN treatment lambs showed lower PCV when compared with NS and ES treatment lambs (P < 0.05). In evaluating fecal egg counts (FEC), lambs on new pasture or given supplement demonstrated lesser FEC when compared with those lambs on established pasture or not given supplement (P < 0.05). Sixty-four lambs were harvested to evaluate total abomasum nematode counts which demonstrated that H. contortus represented approximately 80% of total nematodes. Furthermore, based upon gross margin analysis, lambs given a protein rich supplement on pasture had a 9.3 kg increase in lamb BW whereas newly sown pasture had a 1.3 kg increase in lamb BW. A protein rich supplement given to lambs grazing pastures contaminated primarily with H. contortus or placing lambs on newly sown pasture increases lamb BW and improves parasite resiliency. Selection of parasite management strategies may be influenced by cost of production and market opportunities.

scholarly journals PSV-19 Pasture history and supplementation affects parasite status of naïve lambs in grazing systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 159-160
Author(s):  
Braden J Campbell ◽  
Jefferson S McCutcheon ◽  
Antoinette E Marsh ◽  
Francis L Fluharty ◽  
Anthony J Parker
Keyword(s):  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Parasite Burden ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasites ◽  
Pasture Contamination ◽  
Grazing Systems ◽  
Supplemental Protein ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Developing alternative parasite management strategies is critical as anthelmintic resistance continues to be a global concern in small ruminant grazing operations. Converting cropland to pastureland may serve as one strategy to develop parasite free pasture, thus reducing the need for anthelmintic treatment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of pasture contamination with gastrointestinal parasites and protein supplementation on the mitigation of parasitic infection in grazing lambs. We hypothesized that lambs grazing on newly established pasture (clean) without supplementation would perform similarly to those lambs grazing on permanent sheep pasture (infected) provided supplementation. A total of 96, 60-day old lambs (30 kg ± 4.0 kg), were randomly assigned to one of four treatments: 1) clean pasture without supplementation (CN); 2) clean pasture with supplementation (CS); 3) infected pasture without supplementation (IN); and 4) infected pasture with supplementation (IS). Packed cell volume (PCV) and fecal egg counts (FEC) were monitored biweekly. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS. Based upon fecal egg fluorescence, 66% of the fluoresced eggs in the mixed infection population were Haemonchus contortus. There was a pasture × supplementation × day effect for PCV in that CN lambs had a greater PCV than IS lambs on days 28, 42, 56, and 70 (P < 0.0001). However, on days 98 and 112, IS lambs had a greater PCV than CN lambs (P < 0.001). In addition, there was a pasture × supplementation × day effect for FEC such that IS lambs demonstrated a greater FEC over time from day 28 to day 112 compared to CN lambs (P < 0.001). Offering supplemental protein to lambs grazing pastures contaminated with gastrointestinal parasites may help lambs cope with a heavy parasite burden. Therefore, developing additional management strategies will be key in reducing the future use of anthelmintics.

scholarly journals Management Strategies to Improve the Economics of Sheep Farms in Norwegian Coastal and Fjord Areas—The Effect of Animal Size and Capacities for Rangeland Utilisation

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 3713
Author(s):  
Muhammad Azher Bhatti ◽  
Lars Olav Eik ◽  
Geir Steinheim ◽  
Tormod Ådnøy ◽  
David L. Hopkins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Programming Model ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Fresh Meat ◽  
Winter Grazing ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Animal Size ◽  
The Impact

The morphological and productive aspects of Norwegian sheep have developed over time and adapted to the diverse environment of the country. Before 1900, native Norwegian sheep were crossed with UK breeds to attain higher body weight and reproductive efficiency. Subsequent selection programs eventually led to the creation of the heavier (adults often >90 kg) Norwegian White Sheep (NWS), today constituting 70% of the recorded ewes. The modern Norwegian (White) Spæl (NS) sheep, mostly <75 kg and accounting for 10% of the recorded ewe population, originated from the native short-tailed breeds that are smaller and are believed to prefer grazing at higher altitudes than NWS. Other registered breeds of the short-tailed spæl type account for another 12% of the recorded sheep. Rugged Norwegian terrain with rich summer pastures makes the NS a complementary breed to the NWS. Increasing demand for year-round fresh meat requires changes at the farm level. Efficient use of local feed resources by extensive feeding of smaller size ewes is an opportunity for attaining economic gains and for year-round fresh meat production. The NS has a lighter bodyweight, requiring less housing space, is efficient in grazing rangeland and local pastures, and is better suited to outdoor winter grazing in coastal and fjord areas. In this paper, we compare the farm profitability (gross margin) of two Norwegian sheep breeds (NS and NWS) using a linear programming model designed for the coastal and fjord areas. The impact of ewe body weight, housing capacity, and meat produced per unit of concentrate are discussed.

Assessment of acquired resistance in previously infected lambs with gastrointestinal nematodes in a tropical climate

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. González Garduño ◽  
M.E. López-Arellano ◽  
G. Torres-Hernández ◽  
J. Oliva-Hernández ◽  
J.A. Hinojosa-Cuéllar
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Post Infection ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Tropical Climate ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Oral Doses ◽  
Different Doses

The aim of this study was to determine the parasitological traits and productive response in Pelibuey lambs re-infected with gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) previously infected with different doses of infective larvae (L3). One infection with 60% Haemonchus contortus and 40% Cooperia curticei larvae was induced in three groups of six lambs using oral doses of 100, 200 and 300 L3 per kg of body weight (BW), respectively. Nine weeks post-infection all lambs were treated with albendazole (ABZ). A second parasitic infection was induced using 300 L3 per BW followed for six weeks of parasitological sampled and four lambs of each treatment were slaughtered after this period to count adult nematodes. Results showed reduction of eggs per gram of faeces (EPG) between first (2463±4400 EPG) to second infection (327±66 EPG) for pre-infected lambs with 300 L3. Through first infection, the packed cell volume (PCV) decreased until 35 days post-infection (32.0% to 26.0%) for all groups. In conclusion Pelibuey lambs infected with 300 L3 showed low re-infection to contribute in the reduction of parasitic traits under tropical climate.

Quantifying the impact of disease on threatened species

1994 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamish McCallum
Keyword(s):  
Threatened Species ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Parasite Burden ◽  
Experimental Manipulation ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
The Impact

Determining whether a disease or parasite is having a substantial impact on a population of a threatened species is not straightforward. Highly pathogenic parasites are not those which have the greatest influence on hosts, and diseases present at high prevalence are not likely to have a major effect on the host population. I develop simple mathematical models which show that a microparasitic disease such as a viral or bacterial disease will have the greatest impact on its host if it prevents host reproduction, but does not affect host mortality. If infected hosts can still reproduce, intermediate levels of pathogenicity have the greatest impact on hosts. Macroparasites such as helminths likewise have maximum impact on hosts at intermediate pathogenicity. The impact of a helminth on its host population is, however, determined by a complex interplay between pathogenicity per parasite and the nature of the host response to infection. For example, in the absence of density-dependent constraints on parasites within individual hosts, the smaller the impact per parasite on the host, the greater the impact of the parasitic infection on the overall population. Several recommendations can be made to wildlife managers who detect a disease or parasite and wish to determine its impact on a population of a threatened species. There is no entirely satisfactory alternative to experimental manipulation. Treating part of a population and comparing suvivorship or fecundity with controls is the only way to confirm the impact of a disease on a free-ranging population. Such an approach is impractical with every potential pathogen in a population. Some idea as to which pathogens may be of significance to the population can be gained from comparison of disease prevalence or parasite burden between dead and dying hosts and the overall population. Overall high prevalence or high pathogenicity are not good indicators on their own.

scholarly journals Bio-economic assessment of sheep supplementation in marandu palisadegrass pastures

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 521
Author(s):  
Leandro Miranda ◽  
Luciano Da Silva Cabral ◽  
Daniel Marino Guedes de Carvalho ◽  
Joadil Gonçalves de Abreu ◽  
Rosane Claudia Rodrigues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Economic Assessment ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Nutritional Characteristics ◽  
Mineral Mixture ◽  
Production Response

Goal was to evaluate the effect of mineral and/or energy-protein supplementation on intake, behavior, production response, pH, rumen ammonia and production cost of sheep. Twenty female lambs and five rumen-cannulated lambs were used to test supplementation effects on weight gain and nutritional characteristics, respectively. Treatments evaluated were: mineral mixture, supplement with 20 and 25% of crude protein offered at 0.5 and 1.0% of body weight. Supplementation at 1.0% of body weight reduced forage intake. Average daily gain were: -58.33, -1.07, -9.53, 19.27 and 34.73 g day-1 per animal, for mineral mixture, supplements with 20 and 25% of crude protein supplied at 0.5% of body weight and 20 and 25% crude protein provided at 1.0% of body weight, respectively. Rumen pH for all supplements was maintained above 6.20. Values of rumen ammonia nitrogen were 5.10, 9.48, 11.54, 17.51 and 22.45 mg dL-1 for supplements: mineral mixture, 20 and 25% of crude protein provided at 0.5% of body weight and 20 and 25% of crude protein supplied at 1.0% of body weight, respectively. The best economic return was obtained with the supplement 25% of crude protein provided at 1.0% of body weight.

scholarly journals Performance of pure and crossbred progenies of Red Sokoto and West African Dwarf goats in the Rainforest Zone of South Eastern Nigeria.

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-48
Author(s):  
E. N. Nwachukwu ◽  
K. U. Amaefule ◽  
F. O. Ahamefule ◽  
S. C. Akomas ◽  
T. U. Nwabueze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
West African ◽  
Genetic Group ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
West African Dwarf ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Rainforest Zone

This study is a report of part of a planned breeding programme to evaluate the performance of pure and crossbred progenies of Red Sokoto (RS) and West African Dwarf (WAD) goats in a rainforest zone of South Eastern Nigeria. A total of 56 kids produced by four breeding goat units consisting of pure Red Sokoto (RS x RS), pure West African Dwarf (WAD X WAD), main cross (RS x WAD), and reciprocal cross (WAD X RS) were used to investigate performance and cost benefit of producing progenies of these indigenous goats. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with genetic group and sex as the factors of interest. Results showed that at birth, the male RS X RS kids weighed significantly (P<0.05) highest (1.84±0.23kg), followed by WAD X RS (1.43±0.14kg), RS X WAD (1.37±0.56kg) while the WAD X WAD kids had the lowest birth weight (1.15±0.39kg). However, the RS X WAD female kids, at birth weighed significantly highest (1.5±0.54kg), followed by the RS X RS (1.33±0.98kg), WAD X RS (1.31±0.17kg) and WAD X WAD (1.09±0.12kg).Body weight at 18 weeks was significantly higher for RS X RS (9.82±0.79kg) than the RS X WAD (8.34±0.85) which in turn was significantly higher than the WAD X RS (7.61±0.13kg) and WAD X WAD (7.51±0.61kg). The male and female kids of the RS X WAD had improved body weight and the linear body measurements namely, body length, height-at-withers and heart girth. This genetic group had a higher average daily gain (46.03 ± 1.41g/d) and better feed conversion ratio (5.38 ± 0.27) than the RS x WAD (6.64 ± 0.18) and WAD x WAD (7.02 ± 0.21). It also had the lowest cost of production (N953.40=$6.60) and as such the highest gross margin (N2,111.06 = $14.60) in 18 weeks. Individuals in this group appeared more promising hybrid goats for commercial meat goat production in the rainforest zone of South Eastern Nigeria.

Weight Management and Weight Loss Strategies of Professional Jockeys

2002 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan M. Moore ◽  
Anna F. Timperio ◽  
David A. Crawford ◽  
Cate M. Burns ◽  
David Cameron-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Management ◽  
Weight Control ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Rapid Weight Loss ◽  
Additional Weight ◽  
The Impact

Jockeys are required to maintain very low body weight and precise weight control during competition. This study examined the weight loss and weight management strategies of professional horseracing jockeys in the state of Victoria, Australia. An anonymous, self-completed questionnaire was administered (55% response rate, n=116). Almost half (43%) reported that maintaining riding weight was difficult or very difficult, with 75% routinely skipping meals. In preparation for racing, 60% reported that they typically required additional weight loss, with 81% restricting food intake in the 24 hours prior to racing. Additionally, sauna-induced sweating (29%) and diuretics (22%) were frequently employed to further aid in weight loss prior to racing. These rapid weight loss methods did not differ between the 51% of jockeys who followed a weight management plan compared to those who did not. The impact of these extreme weight loss practices on riding performance and health remains unknown.

scholarly journals Productive and reproductive performance and blood chemistry on grazing Brahman replacement heifers supplemented with fatty acids and protein

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
José Luis Bello Faria ◽  
Robert Emilio Mora Luna ◽  
Ana María Herrera-Angulo ◽  
Bladimiro Acosta-Rivas
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Calcium Salts ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

To evaluate the effect of calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids (CaLCFA) and protein supplementation on body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), pregnancy rate (PR), and blood chemistry, 57 Brahman heifers with 309.1 ± 3.04 kg BW and 1,010 ± 8.51 days of age, were divided into three BW uniform groups and assigned for 102 days to three treatments under a completely randomized design: 1) grazing forage only (F); 2) F+CaLCFA, and 3) F+CaLCFA+protein-energy mix (CaLCFA+CP) with 453 protein g/kg, containing mainly (g/kg) CaLCFA (200), hydrolyzed feather meal (300), and cornmeal (375). About 0.2 and 1 kg/animal/d of CaLCFA and CaLCFA+CP were offered, respectively, with an average intake of 200 and 192 g/animal/d for the same order of supplements. The breeding period (BP) lasted for 45 days and started 57 days after beginning the supplementation period. Body weight showed a treatment × time interaction (p < 0.01), being different at the end of the BP (348; 338 and 331 kg, respectively for CaLCFA, CaLCFA+CP, and F). Average daily gain (g/d) was higher (p < 0.01) for CaLCFA (358) than for CaLCFA+CP (281), and lower for F (206). Overall, PR was higher (p < 0.05) for CaLCFA+CP (68.4 %) and lower for F (36.8 %). Cholesterol (mg/dL) was higher (p < 0.05) for CaLCFA+CP (139) and lower for F (117). Calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids and CaLCFA+CP supplementation improved BW and ADG of Brahman heifers at first mating, while PR and cholesterol increased only with CaLCFA+CP supplementation.

scholarly journals Effect of frequency of protein energy supplementation on the performance of Nelore steers during the dry season

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Luiz Fernandes Montes ◽  
Milton Ghedini Cardoso ◽  
Marcos Aurélio Lopes ◽  
Adilson de Paula Almeida Aguiar ◽  
Joana Resende Paglis Brunoro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Energy Supplement ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Energy Supplementation

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the frequency of provision of protein energy supplementation on pasture during the dry period of the year on the performance of Nelore steers in rearing phase. FAZU teaching school conducted the experiment from July to September 2017. Twenty-two animals of the Nelore breed, aged 12 months and mean initial weight of 232.22 (± 20) kg, modules of 2 ha each, subdivided in six paddocks of Panicum maximum cultivars Mombaça and Tanzânia. The experimental design was completely randomized (DIC) and the averages were compared by the Tukey test at 5% significance. There was no significant difference between the three frequencies of supply of energy protein supplementation, in relation to the average daily weight gain, which were 837; 881 and 855g, at the frequencies of 7; 5 and 3 times per week, respectively. However, there was a significant difference (P <0.05) for the mean daily weight gain between the treatment in which the animals received mineral supplementation (434g), which was lower than the treatments in which the animals were fed with protein energy supplement at the level of 0.25% of body weight. In conclusion, during the period and in the evaluation conditions of this experiment, there was no difference in the effect of the frequency of supply of a protein energy supplement in the supply level of 0.25% of the animals' body weight. The average daily gain was higher for the animals that received the protein energy supplement compared to those supplemented with mineral. Five times a week supplementation obtained the best economic benefit among the evaluated frequencies.

PSIII-5 Delaying Weaning Age of Lambs Grazing Chicory (Cichorium Intybus) Increases Body Weight

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 157-157
Author(s):  
Braden J Campbell ◽  
Jefferson S McCutcheon ◽  
Francis L Fluharty ◽  
Anthony J Parker
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cichorium Intybus ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Weaning Age ◽  
Lamb Growth

Abstract Two common challenges in forage-based lamb production systems is the restriction of net energy from grass-based pastures and the production losses associated with parasitic infection. The inclusion of nutrient rich forage in the diet and delaying lamb weaning age has shown to improve lamb growth rates in some systems. The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of grazing chicory (Cichorium intybus) and delayed weaning on the growth and health of young pasture-raised lambs. We hypothesized that improving the quality of available forage and delaying weaning would increase the body weight and parasite resilience of lambs. A total of 18 cross-bred ewes and 36 cross-bred lambs (25.2 ± 0.5 kg) were stratified by weight, sex, and randomly assigned to one of two weaning treatments: lambs weaned at 60 days of age (weaned) and lambs remained with their dam and weaned at 120 days of age (delayed weaned). Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS. Lamb body weight and indices of parasitism were measured every 14 days. There was a treatment × day effect for body weight as delayed weaned lambs were heavier on days 28, 42, and 56 compared with the body weight of weaned lambs (P &lt; 0.02). In addition, there was a treatment × day effect for average daily gain (ADG) whereas delayed weaned lambs demonstrated greater ADG on days 14, 28, 42, and 56 compared with the ADG of weaned lambs (P &lt; 0.02). In monitoring lamb health, there was a treatment × day effect as weaned lambs had a greater packed cell volume (PCV) on day 14 compared with the PCV of delayed weaned lambs (P &lt; 0.03). Conversely, on day 56, weaned lambs had a lower PCV compared with the PCV of delayed wean lambs (P &lt; 0.004). Delayed weaning has shown to be beneficial in improving lamb growth; however, in this instance, delayed weaning demonstrated variable responses in supporting lamb health while grazing on improved pastures.

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