Assessment of acquired resistance in previously infected lambs with gastrointestinal nematodes in a tropical climate

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. González Garduño ◽  
M.E. López-Arellano ◽  
G. Torres-Hernández ◽  
J. Oliva-Hernández ◽  
J.A. Hinojosa-Cuéllar
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Post Infection ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Tropical Climate ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Oral Doses ◽  
Different Doses

The aim of this study was to determine the parasitological traits and productive response in Pelibuey lambs re-infected with gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) previously infected with different doses of infective larvae (L3). One infection with 60% Haemonchus contortus and 40% Cooperia curticei larvae was induced in three groups of six lambs using oral doses of 100, 200 and 300 L3 per kg of body weight (BW), respectively. Nine weeks post-infection all lambs were treated with albendazole (ABZ). A second parasitic infection was induced using 300 L3 per BW followed for six weeks of parasitological sampled and four lambs of each treatment were slaughtered after this period to count adult nematodes. Results showed reduction of eggs per gram of faeces (EPG) between first (2463±4400 EPG) to second infection (327±66 EPG) for pre-infected lambs with 300 L3. Through first infection, the packed cell volume (PCV) decreased until 35 days post-infection (32.0% to 26.0%) for all groups. In conclusion Pelibuey lambs infected with 300 L3 showed low re-infection to contribute in the reduction of parasitic traits under tropical climate.

scholarly journals The effects of protein supplementation and pasture maintenance on the growth, parasite burden, and economic return of pasture-raised lambs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Braden J Campbell ◽  
Antoinette E Marsh ◽  
Elizabeth M Parker ◽  
Jefferson S McCutcheon ◽  
Francis L Fluharty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Parasite Burden ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Protein Rich ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the impact of protein supplementation and pasture contamination with gastrointestinal nematodes on the mitigation of parasitic infection in grazing lambs. We hypothesized that there would be no difference between protein supplementation and newly sown pasture in evaluating lamb growth and health parameters associated with parasitism. Furthermore, we questioned if there would be an interaction between protein supplementation and pasture type. A total of 192, 60-day old lambs (28.3 ± 5.1 kg) were randomly assigned to one of four treatments: 1.) new pasture without supplementation (NN); 2.) new pasture with supplementation (NS); 3.) established pasture without supplementation (EN); and 4.) established pasture with supplementation (ES) and grazed for 112 days. Lambs were supplemented at a rate of 1% body weight/day. Supplemented lambs had greater body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG) when compared with non-supplemented lambs (P < 0.04). Additionally, lambs on newly sown pasture demonstrated greater BW and ADG when compared with lambs grazing on established pasture (P < 0.05). For lamb health, lambs in the EN treatment group had the greatest FAMACHA © eye scores and lowest packed cell volume (PCV) over the course of the 112-day grazing period (P < 0.05). Moreover, NS and ES treatment lambs demonstrated similar FAMACHA © eye scores when compared with NN treatment lambs; however, NN treatment lambs showed lower PCV when compared with NS and ES treatment lambs (P < 0.05). In evaluating fecal egg counts (FEC), lambs on new pasture or given supplement demonstrated lesser FEC when compared with those lambs on established pasture or not given supplement (P < 0.05). Sixty-four lambs were harvested to evaluate total abomasum nematode counts which demonstrated that H. contortus represented approximately 80% of total nematodes. Furthermore, based upon gross margin analysis, lambs given a protein rich supplement on pasture had a 9.3 kg increase in lamb BW whereas newly sown pasture had a 1.3 kg increase in lamb BW. A protein rich supplement given to lambs grazing pastures contaminated primarily with H. contortus or placing lambs on newly sown pasture increases lamb BW and improves parasite resiliency. Selection of parasite management strategies may be influenced by cost of production and market opportunities.

Artificial Haemonchus contortus infection as a strategy to induce protective immune response to natural infection in Pelibuey lambs

2020 ◽  
Vol 94 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Cruz-Tamayo ◽  
R. González-Garduño ◽  
G. Torres-Hernández ◽  
C. Becerril-Pérez ◽  
O. Hernández-Mendo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Artificial Infection ◽  
Faecal Egg Count ◽  
Two Phases

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the reduction in nematode faecal egg count (FEC) in Pelibuey lambs segregated as resistant (RES), susceptible (SUS) and intermediate (INT) to gastrointestinal nematodes. Twenty-nine weaned Pelibuey lambs, aged five months old, free of nematode infection, were used. Nine lambs were RES, six were SUS and 14 were INT lambs. The study consisted of two phases: in Phase 1 the lambs were infected experimentally with Haemonchus contortus. In Phase 2, the lambs were naturally infected by grazing. Faecal and blood samples were taken every week. The packed cell volume and total protein were quantified. The FEC value (FECmax) per lamb was recorded together with a natural reduction in FEC in the two phases. The data were analysed with a model of measures repeated over time. During Phase 1, the RES lambs showed the lowest FEC (1061 ± 1053) compared to the other groups (INT: 2385 ± 1794 eggs per gram of faeces (EPG); and SUS: 3958 ± 3037 EPG). However, in Phase 2 no significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed between the groups of lambs (RES: 275 ± 498 EPG; SUS: 504 ± 1036 EPG; and INT: 603 ± 1061 EPG). At the end of Phase 1, the FEC of RES lambs was naturally reduced by 75.5% in respect to FECmax (p < 0.05), and at the end of Phase 2 the reduction in FEC was 90% in respect to FECmax (p > 0.05); the same behaviour was observed in RES and SUS lambs. It is concluded that the artificial infection in the lambs induced a more rapid immune response in RES than SUS lambs, and all lambs developed high acquired resistance by continuous infection.

scholarly journals Infective larvae of Haemonchus contortus found from the base to the top of the grass sward

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Mayara Gasparina ◽  
Renata Grasieli Baby ◽  
Lidiane Fonseca ◽  
Patrizia Ana Bricarello ◽  
Raquel Abdallah da Rocha
Keyword(s):  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Subtropical Climate ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Sward Height ◽  
Grass Sward ◽  
Sheep Feces

Abstract The resistance of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) of sheep to anthelmintic treatment has motivated researchers to seek alternatives to reduce the use of these drugs in sheep farming and decontaminate pastureland based on knowledge about the survival dynamics of larvae. The aim of this work was to evaluate the migration of the infective larvae (L3) of Haemonchus contortus at different times of the day, strata, and sward heights, with and without shade after the deposition of contaminated sheep feces. The grass species used here was Cynodon dactylon cv. Tifton 85 in four treatments: low sward height shade; low sward height sunshine; high sward height shade; and high sward height sunshine. The number of L3 recovered from the pasture at different times of the day did not differ. The highest number of L3 recovered was in shade. The number of L3 at different times and strata occurred uniformly, confirming that L3 remain in the same place after migrating from dung at the hottest times of the day. Infective larvae of H. contortus were able to migrate across all the strata regardless of the time of day in the summer season in humid subtropical climate.

Meriones unguiculatus infected by Haemonchus contortus: evaluation of different experimental protocols

2018 ◽  
Vol 93 (04) ◽  
pp. 447-452
Author(s):  
L.T. Gressler ◽  
T.H. Grando ◽  
G. Machado do Carmo ◽  
R.A. Vaucher ◽  
L.M. Stefani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Meriones Unguiculatus ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
The Third ◽  
Anthelmintic Efficacy ◽  
Experimental Protocols ◽  
Cell Alterations ◽  
Larval Burden ◽  
Different Doses

AbstractMany important studies on resistance reversion, anthelmintic efficacy and, especially, new molecules with antiparasitic effects are performed in laboratories using gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) as the experimental model. This study aimed to evaluate the use of corticosteroids (dexamethasone and methylprednisolone acetate) in gerbils experimentally infected with different doses of infective larvae (sheathed or exsheathed) of Haemonchus contortus. In the first experiment, 28 gerbils were divided into seven groups infected by 2–6 × 103 larvae, with or without immunosuppression using corticosteroids. In the second experiment, eight gerbils were divided into two groups infected by 2 × 103 sheathed or exsheathed larvae. For the third assay, seven immunosuppressed gerbils were infected with 2 × 103 sheathed larvae and were killed 15 days post infection (PI). The highest number of parasites was recovered from methylprednisolone-immunosuppressed animals. We observed red and white blood cell alterations and biochemical parameters in infected animals that had undergone immunosuppression with methylprednisolone. We highlight that in the first and second experiments a satisfactory number of worms was recovered using sheathed larvae and immunocompetent animals. When exsheathed larvae were used, the number of worms recovered was unsatisfactory. A considerable larval burden was recovered from immunosuppressed gerbils 15 days PI, and body weight did not influence establishment of larvae.

Efficacy of closantel against benzimidazole resistant Haemonchus contortus infection in sheep

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dipali Parmar ◽  
Dinesh Chandra ◽  
Arvind Prasad ◽  
Muthu Sankar ◽  
Abdul Nasir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Selective Treatment ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
Group A ◽  
Pasture Contamination ◽  
Group B ◽  
Group D

Benzimidazoles are widely used and readily available ovine anthelminthics across the country. However, widespread resistance to this drug class has been documented, primarily in Haemonchus spp. The present study was conducted to determine the efficacy of closantel against benzimidazole resistant Haemonchus contortus infection in sheep. Naturally infected sheep (n=34) were divided into four groups on the basis of fecal egg counts (FEC) using modified McMaster technique with a lower detection limit of 8.3 eggs per gram of faeces (EPG) viz. Group-A (500-10000), Group- B (>10,000-20,000), Group-C (>20,000-30,000) and Group-D (>30,000). Generic differentiation of larvae was carried out by coproculture performed on pooled faeces which showed the presence of Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Oesophagostomum and Strongyloides larvae. To ascertain the evidence of benzimidazole resistance, Egg Hatch Assay (EHA) was performed. All animals were treated with Closantel @ 10mg\kg body weight and EPG was determined on 7th and 11th day post treatment. Animals of different groups had mean EPG range of 400 -760 at 11th day of treatment. In group A, B, C and D mean per cent efficacy of closantel was 91.24±3.49, 95.15±1.72, 97.73±0.72, 98.23±0.86 respectively. Efficacy of closantel against Haemonchus and other gastrointestinal nematodes was further confirmed by performing coproculture 11th day post treatment. Post treatment coproculture revealed presence of Trichostrongylus, Oesophagostomum and Strongyloides larvae and were devoid of Haemonchus larvae. To clear the left out infection of Trichostrongylus, Oesophagostomum and Strongyloides animals were further treated with Fenbendazole @5mg/kg body weight and EPG 14 days post treatment became zero. The results of the study suggested that closantel can be used for Targeted Selective Treatment (TST) in sheep primarily infected with Haemonchus. Since closantel is highly efficacious against Haemonchus its use as an alternative to benzimidazoles group may be helpful to decrease pasture contamination. Overall control of gastrointestinal nematodiasis may therefore be possible by use of closantel along with benzimidazoles.

scholarly journals Resistance of gastrointestinal nematodes to anthelmintics in sheep (Ovis aries)

2004 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanete Thomaz-Soccol ◽  
Felipe Pohl de Souza ◽  
Cristina Sotomaior ◽  
Edilene Alcântara Castro ◽  
Viviane Milczewski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Ovis Aries ◽  
Multiple Resistance ◽  
Trichostrongylus Colubriformis ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Reduction Test ◽  
Fecal Egg Count

The fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) was used in a survey for anthelmintic resistance in 42 sheep farms, in five different regions in Paraná State, Brazil between July 1996 - July 2000. Animals with natural infection were tested. Five drugs were used individually or in combination - benzimidazole, imidazothiazole, ivermectin, milbemicina and closantel. Results showed that the prevalence of resistance to all anthelmintic was as high as 88.1% for benzimidazoles (oxfendazole), 78.6% for ivermectin, 56.4% for closantel, 38.7% for closantel + oxfendazole, 38% for levamisole, and 23.6% for moxidectin. There was multiple resistance in all tested farms. The most important infective larvae recovered from culture were Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis. The failure of the existing drugs in the State of Paraná is considered an important issue. Some proposals to improve the situation are suggested which include a change of attitude on anthelmintic use by sheepherders, veterinarians and sanitary authorities.

scholarly journals Artemisia cina 30 CH homeopathic treatment against Haemonchus contortus

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 342-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa Isabel Higuera-Piedrahita ◽  
Maria Eugenia López-Arellano ◽  
Raquel López-Arellano ◽  
César Cuenca-Verde ◽  
Jorge Alfredo Cuéllar-Ordaz
Keyword(s):  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Egg Hatching ◽  
Commercial Laboratory ◽  
Sheep Production

The anthelmintic resistance problem is widely recognized in sheep production. Therefore, new methods of control against gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) need to be integrated. The aim of this work was to assess the toxicity of A. cina 30 CH as a homeopathic product against Haemonchus contortus in in vitro and in vivo assays. A. cina 30 CH was obtained from a commercial laboratory, and confirmation of artemisinin as a key ingredient was performed with mass spectrophotometry. The A. cina 30 CH and the artemisinin pure reagent were used for the inhibition of egg hatching (IEH) and for the inhibition of larval migration of H. contortus L3 (ILM). In addition, three groups of 10 naturally infected lambs with GIN were treated with A. cina 30 CH and albendazole, and 10 were used as control. The parasitic infection was monitored at 0, 7, 14 and 28 d postreatment (PT) to determine the number of eggs per gram  (epg) and  FAMACHA index.  The in vitro data  showed 100 %  IEH and 64.7 % ILM by A. cina 30 CH, and nonlethal activity was observed with the artemisinin pure reagent. The toxicity of A. cina 30 CH against H. contortus in infected lambs was observed after 7 d of infection. Administration of the A. cina 30 CH yielded a 69 % reduction in the epg at 28 d PT, similar to the albendazole (P<0.05). In conclusion, A. cina 30 CH had the ability to IEH and ILM of H. contortus in in vitro assays and reduced the number of eggs of H. contortus, which is the primary parasitic nematode in grazing lambs, thereby reducing infection.

Effect of Jatropha curcas Latex on L3 Haemonchus contortus Larval Motility

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Noorzaid Muhamad ◽  
Syahirah Sazeli ◽  
Resni Mona ◽  
Jannathul Firdous
Keyword(s):  
Larvicidal Activity ◽  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Plants Extract

The anthelmintic resistance has limited the control of gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants and thus has awakened interest in the study of plants extract as a source of anthelmintics. These experiments were carried out to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of Jatrophacurcas latex extract against Haemonchuscontortus larval motility. To evaluate the larvicidal activity, H.contortus L3 were incubated with the extracts with varying concentration of 5 mg/mL, 10 mg/mL, 15 mg/mL and 20 mg/mL at 27°C for 48, 72 and 96 hrs. The results were subjected to the Kruskal-Wallis test (P less than 0.05). The extracts showed dose-dependent larvicidal effects. These results suggest that J.curcas can be used to control gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants.

Essential oils from Ocimum basilicum cultivars: analysis of their composition and determination of the effect of the major compounds on Haemonchus contortus eggs

2021 ◽  
Vol 95 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.I.P. Sousa ◽  
C.R. Silva ◽  
H.N. Costa-Júnior ◽  
N.C.S. Silva ◽  
J.A.O. Pinto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Anthelmintic Activity ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Ocimum Basilicum ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
Plant Essential Oils ◽  
Methyl Chavicol ◽  
The Individual

Abstract The continuous use of synthetic anthelmintics against gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) has resulted in the increased resistance, which is why alternative methods are being sought, such as the use of natural products. Plant essential oils (EOs) have been considered as potential products for the control of GINs. However, the chemical composition and, consequently, the biological activity of EOs vary in different plant cultivars. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of EOs from cultivars of Ocimum basilicum L. and that of their major constituents against Haemonchus contortus. The EOs from 16 cultivars as well the pure compound linalool, methyl chavicol, citral and eugenol were used in the assessment of the inhibition of H. contortus egg hatch. In addition, the composition of three cultivars was simulated using a combination of the two major compounds from each. The EOs from different cultivars showed mean Inhibition Concentration (IC50) varying from 0.56 to 2.22 mg/mL. The cultivar with the highest egg-hatch inhibition, Napoletano, is constituted mainly of linalool and methyl chavicol. Among the individual compounds tested, citral was the most effective (IC50 0.30 mg/mL). The best combination of compounds was obtained with 11% eugenol plus 64% linalool (IC50 0.44 mg/mL), simulating the Italian Large Leaf (Richters) cultivar. We conclude that different cultivars of O. basilicum show different anthelmintic potential, with cultivars containing linalool and methyl chavicol being the most promising; and that citral or methyl chavicol isolated should also be considered for the development of new anthelmintic formulations.

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