scholarly journals Natural Occurrence of Fumonisins in Rice with Fusarium Sheath Rot Disease

Plant Disease ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. K. Abbas ◽  
R. D. Cartwright ◽  
W. T. Shier ◽  
M. M. Abouzied ◽  
C. B. Bird ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Brown Rice ◽  
The United States ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
White Rice ◽  
Rough Rice ◽  
Rot Disease ◽  
Sheath Rot ◽  
Good Agreement

Twenty samples of rough rice (Oryza sativa) (unpolished kernels) collected during the 1995 harvest season from Arkansas (seven samples) and Texas (13 samples) were obtained from rice fields known to include plants with symptoms of Fusarium sheath rot putatively caused by Fusarium proliferatum. Samples were analyzed for fumonisin B1 (FB1) at three laboratories using three different extracting solvents by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods. Forty percent of the samples were positive for FB1 at levels ≤4.3 μg/g by HPLC. The same samples contained FB1 at ≤3.6 μg/g when measured by an ELISA method. Most samples that were positive for FB1 were positive for fumonisin B2 (FB2) and fumonisin B3 (FB3) by HPLC at levels ≤1.2 μg/g. Very good agreement was obtained among the two laboratories using HPLC methods and the third using ELISA. Shelling of the unpolished rice results in hull and brown rice fractions. In a sample that contained 4.3 μg/g in whole kernels, the fumonisin level was very high in hulls (≤16.8 μg/g) and low in brown rice (≤0.9 μg/g). Milling of brown rice results in bran and white rice fractions. Fumonisins were found in bran at a level of ≤3.7 μg/g but were below the level of detection by HPLC in white rice. The presence of fumonisins (FB1, FB2, and FB3) was confirmed by fast atom bombardment/mass spectrometry. This is the first report of fumonisins in naturally contaminated rice in the United States.

scholarly journals Ralstonia solanacearum Race 3, Biovar 2 Strains Isolated from Geranium Are Pathogenic on Potato

Plant Disease ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 86 (9) ◽  
pp. 987-991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn Williamson ◽  
Kazuhiro Nakaho ◽  
Brian Hudelson ◽  
Caitilyn Allen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
The United States ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Potato Brown Rot ◽  
Rot Disease

Ralstonia solanacearum race 3, biovar 2 is a soilborne bacterium that causes potato brown rot disease in temperate and subtropical climates. Recent outbreaks of this disease in Europe have caused serious losses, but the pathogen had not been identified in the United States. However, in 1999, strains of R. solanacearum were isolated from wilting geraniums growing in Wisconsin greenhouses. Physiological and biochemical tests of the Wisconsin strains and a similar strain from South Dakota demonstrated that the strains belong to R. solanacearum subgroup biovar 2, which is largely synonymous with the race 3 subgroup, a classification based on host range. These results were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction analyses in which race 3, biovar 2-specific primers amplified a fragment of the expected size. This is the first report of race 3, biovar 2 in the United States, and it is the first known occurrence of race 3, biovar 2 in Wiscon-sin. The geranium strains were highly pathogenic on both geranium and potato. The presence of R. solanacearum race 3, biovar 2 in the United States raises concern that the bacterium could move from ornamental plants into potato fields, where it could cause both direct economic damage and quarantine problems. A commercial indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for R. solanacearum produced some false negatives for these strains, indicating that current indexing may not be sufficient to identify this destructive pathogen.

scholarly journals Dicentra, Epimedium, and Heuchera: New Perennial Ornamental Hosts of Tobacco rattle virus in the United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (12) ◽  
pp. 1344-1344 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. E. L. Lockhart
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
United States ◽  
Tobacco Rattle Virus ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Particle Morphology ◽  
The United States ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Infected Leaf ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
First Report

Yellow ringspotting and concentric line patterns in plants of Dicentra (bleeding heart), Epimedium (barrenwort), and Heuchera (coral bells) from commercial nurseries and home gardens in Minnesota, Michigan, and Massachusetts were associated with infection by Tobacco rattle virus (TRV), which was identified by particle morphology, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunosorbent electron microscopy. No other viruslike particles were observed by electron microscopy in partially purified preparations of TRV-infected leaf tissue, and TRV was not detected in asymptomatic plants. This is the first report of TRV occurrence in Dicentra in the United States and the first report of TRV occurrence in Epimedium and Heuchera. In previous reports (1,2) we have called attention to the increasing incidence of TRV in vegetatively propagated perennial ornamental plant species in the United States and to the potential for virus spread to crops such as potato, in which TRV has not been reported in the midwestern United States. It is possible that increased international trade in vegetatively propagated ornamental plants may be resulting in the introduction of TRV and other exotic viruses into the United States and elsewhere. It is also possible that the natural occurrence of TRV in North America may be actually more widespread than has been reported. References: (1) B. E. Lockhart et al. Plant Dis. 79:1249, 1995. (2) B. E. Lockhart and J. A. Westendorp. Plant Dis. 82:712, 1998.

scholarly journals Latent Heat of Water Vapor of Rough Rice, Brown Rice, White Rice and Rice Husk

2011 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 267-272
Author(s):  
Hyo-Jae Lee ◽  
Dong-Chul Kim ◽  
Oui-Woung Kim ◽  
Jae-Woong Han ◽  
Woong Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Latent Heat ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Brown Rice ◽  
White Rice ◽  
Rough Rice

Effect of Rice Cultivar, Type, Form, and Moisture Content on the Angle of Repose

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 361-368
Author(s):  
Hu Shi ◽  
Terry J. Siebenmorgen
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Hybrid Rice ◽  
Brown Rice ◽  
Rice Cultivar ◽  
The United States ◽  
Angle Of Repose ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Milled Rice ◽  
Rough Rice ◽  
Rice Samples

Abstract.The angle of repose (AoR) is a primary characteristic determining the flowablity of grains and thus is an important property for designing rice handling and storage facilities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the AoR of contemporary rice cultivars grown in the United States. An apparatus was constructed to measure both the emptying and piling AoR of rice samples. The effect of rice cultivars (pureline and hybrid), rice types (long-, medium-, and short-grain rice), rice forms (rough, brown, head, and broken milled rice), and moisture content on the AoR of rice were evaluated. Results indicated that all of these factors significantly affected the AoR of rice. The piling AoR was significantly less than the emptying AoR. Hybrid rice cultivars tended to have greater AoR than purelines, which was attributed to the pubescence characteristic of their hulls. The emptying AoR and piling AoR of tested long-grain rough rice cultivars at 12% to 21% moisture content were in the range of 32.7° to 39.7° and 29.6° to 36.9°, respectively.Increasing the moisture content of long-grain rough rice led to greater AoR, possibly due to increased cohesion of rice kernels. Long-grain rough rice cultivars had slightly lesser AoR than those of medium- and short-grain rice cultivars. Among all tested rice forms, brown rice had the least AoR. Head and broken milled rice had approximately the same AoR as rough rice. Keywords: Angle of repose, Bridging, Flowablity, Friction, Rice.

scholarly journals Toxic and Essential Elements in Rice and Other Grains from the United States and Other Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (21) ◽  
pp. 8128
Author(s):  
Mom TatahMentan ◽  
Syprose Nyachoti ◽  
Laura Scott ◽  
Nati Phan ◽  
Frederick O. Okwori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Toxic Elements ◽  
Brown Rice ◽  
The United States ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
White Rice ◽  
Polished Rice ◽  
Toxic And Essential Elements ◽  
The Us

We determined the concentrations of toxic and essential elements in rice and other grains (lentils, barleys, beans, oats, wheat, and peas) grown in the United States (US) and other countries using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS). Results showed that median concentrations (in µg/kg) for toxic elements in white rice from the US were 131, 2.8, and 6.5 for arsenic (As), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd), respectively. White rice from Thailand, India, and Italy showed higher median toxic elements concentrations (in µg/kg) of 155 for As, 3.6 for Pb, and 8.4 for Cd, than for white rice from the US. Brown rice from the US showed median concentrations (in µg/kg) of 217 (As), 4.5 (Pb), and 17.4 (Cd) while other grains showed median concentrations (in µg/kg) of 5.4, 4.6, and 6.7 for these elements, respectively. None of the samples exceeded the codex standards set for Pb (200 μg/kg in cereals and pulses) and Cd (100 μg/kg in cereals/pulses and 400 μg/kg in polished rice). However, brown rice and one white rice sample did exceed the codex standard for As (200 μg/kg). Essential elements were higher in other grains than in white and brown rice. These findings suggest that alternating or coupling rice with other grains in one’s diet could reduce exposure to toxic metals while providing more essential elements to rice diet.

scholarly journals Antioxidant and phytochemical content of commercial brown rice (Ecobrown) and white rice (Jasmine, Jati Super Special and Manggo Thai) for potential cosmetic rice powder raw materials

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-118
Author(s):  
Nik Nur Azwanida Zakaria ◽  
Nur Naziha Mad Desa ◽  
Azrina Zolkopli Mohamad ◽  
Khairunnisa Jamal ◽  
Nurul Wahidah Haris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gallic Acid ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Phenolic Content ◽  
Brown Rice ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Dpph Assay ◽  
White Rice ◽  
Phytochemical Content ◽  
Rice Samples ◽  
Rice Powder

Cosmetic rice powder or “bedak sejuk'' has long being used as part of traditional skincare routine. The powdered rice extract is applied on the face, usually at night and will be rinsed off the next morning to obtain smooth and clear skin complexion. Usually, the regular rice available in one’s kitchen is used to make the cosmetic rice powder but different grades of rice (based on the price) will give different effects to the skin. This study aims to investigate and compare the bioactivities and phytochemical composition of different grades of rice available in the market. The rice sample used in this study was Ecobrown rice, Jasmine White rice, Jati Super Special Tempatan rice and Manggo Thai rice. All rice samples were extracted using distilled water by maceration process. The bioactivities; antioxidant capacity was measured using DPPH assay. Phytochemical content was determined as total phenolic and flavonoid contents (TPC and TFC). High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was also used to determine phenolic content expressed as gallic acid equivalent (GAE). The result showed that brown rice had significantly higher antioxidants with IC50 values of 6.4 mg/mL in DPPH assay. The observed activities were corresponding with total phenolic content, where EcoBrown rice has a significantly higher amount of phenolic content (p?0.05) compared to other samples. Meanwhile, almost similar TFC was observed in all rice samples with Jati Super Special. The analysis of phenolic content was correlated with HPLC analysis, where brown rice was shown to have the highest amount of gallic acid content. In conclusion, brown rice can be considered as a better choice to produce “bedak sejuk”.

Determination of natural radionuclides in waste generated in the potable water treatment plants of the Zona da Mata of the state of Pernambuco- Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2A) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Muniz De Almeida Albuquerque
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Natural Radionuclides ◽  
The United States ◽  
Radioactive Material ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Radiological Protection ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Water Treatment Plants ◽  
Potable Water Treatment

The water purification procedure aims to obtain a product appropriate for human consumption, minimizing the presence of contaminants and toxic substances present in the water. Among these contaminants, some radionuclides of natural origin, such as uranium, thorium and their descendants, have been identified. Studies have shown that the stages of purification are quite effective in removing the radionuclides contained in water. The removal is due to co-precipitation of the radionuclides with the suspended materials and the precipitated material is accumulated and characterized as a Technologically Concentrated Natural Occurrence Radioactive Material (TENORM) by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). This residue can present significant levels of radioactivity and, when discarded in the environment without any treatment, can generate a problem of environmental impact and a risk to the health of the population. In this way, some gamma emitters of the series of U, Th and the K-40 were determined in the residues generated at the Potable Water Treatment Plants – PWTPs in six municipalities of Pernambuco. The results obtain corroborate the classification of the residues generated in the PWTPs as concentrators of the radioactive components contained in the water supplied to the system and reinforce the need for the release to the environment, which is the usual way of disposal of this waste, to be carried out only after considering the radiological protection standards established.

THE USE OF CASE STUDY METHOD IN TEACHING THE TERMINOLOGY IN THE FIELD OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY

2019 ◽  
pp. 123-130
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Mechanical Engineering ◽  
The United States ◽  
Machine Building ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Case Study Method ◽  
Agricultural Machine ◽  
Manufacturing Machine

The scientific research works concerning the field of mechanical engineering such as, manufacturing machine slate, soil tillage, sowing and harvesting based on the requirements for the implementation of agrotechnical measures for the cultivation of plants in its transportation, through the development of mastering new types of high-performance and energy-saving machines in manufacturing machine slate, creation of multifunctional machines, allowing simultaneous soil cultivation, by means of several planting operations, integration of agricultural machine designs are taken into account in manufacturing of the local universal tractor designed basing on high ergonomic indicators. For this reason, this article explores the use of case studies in teaching agricultural terminology by means analyzing the researches in machine building. Case study method was firstly used in 1870 in Harvard University of Law School in the United States. Also in the article, we give the examples of agricultural machine-building terms, teaching terminology and case methods, case study process and case studies method itself. The research works in the field of mechanical engineering and the use of case studies in teaching terminology have also been analyzed. In addition, the requirements for the development of case study tasks are given in their practical didactic nature. We also give case study models that allow us analyzing and evaluating students' activities.

scholarly journals Investigation of the Antifungal and Anti-Aflatoxigenic Potential of Plant-Based Essential Oils against Aspergillus flavus in Peanuts

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 383
Author(s):  
Premila Narayana Achar ◽  
Pham Quyen ◽  
Emmanuel C. Adukwu ◽  
Abhishek Sharma ◽  
Huggins Zephaniah Msimanga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
The United States ◽  
Microscopy Study ◽  
Aspergillus Species ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Ammonia Vapor

Aspergillus species are known to cause damage to food crops and are associated with opportunistic infections in humans. In the United States, significant losses have been reported in peanut production due to contamination caused by the Aspergillus species. This study evaluated the antifungal effect and anti-aflatoxin activity of selected plant-based essential oils (EOs) against Aspergillus flavus in contaminated peanuts, Tifguard, runner type variety. All fifteen essential oils, tested by the poisoned food technique, inhibited the growth of A. flavus at concentrations ranging between 125 and 4000 ppm. The most effective oils with total clearance of the A. flavus on agar were clove (500 ppm), thyme (1000 ppm), lemongrass, and cinnamon (2000 ppm) EOs. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of clove EO revealed eugenol (83.25%) as a major bioactive constituent. An electron microscopy study revealed that clove EO at 500 ppm caused noticeable morphological and ultrastructural alterations of the somatic and reproductive structures. Using both the ammonia vapor (AV) and coconut milk agar (CMA) methods, we not only detected the presence of an aflatoxigenic form of A. flavus in our contaminated peanuts, but we also observed that aflatoxin production was inhibited by clove EO at concentrations between 500 and 2000 ppm. In addition, we established a correlation between the concentration of clove EO and AFB1 production by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). We demonstrate in our study that clove oil could be a promising natural fungicide for an effective bio-control, non-toxic bio-preservative, and an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic additives against A. flavus in Georgia peanuts.

scholarly journals Calculating the optimal hematocrit under the constraint of constant cardiac power

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Sitina ◽  
Heiko Stark ◽  
Stefan Schuster
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Mechanical Load ◽  
The Body ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Cardiac Power ◽  
Optimal Value ◽  
Good Agreement

AbstractIn humans and higher animals, a trade-off between sufficiently high erythrocyte concentrations to bind oxygen and sufficiently low blood viscosity to allow rapid blood flow has been achieved during evolution. Optimal hematocrit theory has been successful in predicting hematocrit (HCT) values of about 0.3–0.5, in very good agreement with the normal values observed for humans and many animal species. However, according to those calculations, the optimal value should be independent of the mechanical load of the body. This is in contradiction to the exertional increase in HCT observed in some animals called natural blood dopers and to the illegal practice of blood boosting in high-performance sports. Here, we present a novel calculation to predict the optimal HCT value under the constraint of constant cardiac power and compare it to the optimal value obtained for constant driving pressure. We show that the optimal HCT under constant power ranges from 0.5 to 0.7, in agreement with observed values in natural blood dopers at exertion. We use this result to explain the tendency to better exertional performance at an increased HCT.

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