scholarly journals Fruit Resistance to Colletotrichum acutatum in Strawberries

Plant Disease ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 83 (6) ◽  
pp. 549-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Denoyes-Rothan ◽  
M. Lafargue ◽  
G. Guerin ◽  
M. Clerjeau
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Lesion Size ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Resistant Genotype ◽  
Small Fruit ◽  
Resistant Group ◽  
Strawberry Resistance

Evaluation of strawberry resistance to anthracnose is generally limited to the crown rot phase of the disease. The major objective of this study was to develop a screening test for resistance to anthracnose fruit rot (Colletotrichum acutatum) using detached strawberries under controlled-environment conditions. Inoculation was carried out on detached fruits harvested at the stage when they were turning white-pink. Lesion diameter and percentage of diseased fruits (disease incidence) were measured. An incubation temperature of 18°C allowed a better discrimination between resistant and susceptible genotypes than 25°C. At 18°C and 8 days after inoculation, 26 genotypes differed greatly in susceptibility to anthracnose fruit rot, and lesion size ranged from 0 to 17 mm with disease incidence of 10 to 100%. A relationship between lesion size and disease incidence was established. The 26 genotypes were classified into three groups of susceptibility according to lesion size and percentage of diseased fruits. The susceptible group included nine genotypes with lesion sizes of 8.2 to 14.4 mm and 81 to 100% diseased fruits. In this group, Pajaro and Elsanta were the most susceptible. The four genotypes belonging to the resistant group, Dover, Capitola, US159, and US438, showed small fruit lesion sizes of 0.4 to 1.0 mm and a limited disease incidence (10 to 17%). The resistance of two genotypes to anthracnose fruit rot was evaluated under field conditions (plastic tunnel). The relatively resistant genotype, Sequoia, displayed reduced incidence of anthracnose fruit rot in the sections closest to the source of inoculum compared with the susceptible genotype Elsanta.

scholarly journals Preplant Fungicide Dips of Strawberry Transplants to Control Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum acutatum in California

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oleg Daugovish ◽  
Hai Su ◽  
W. Douglas Gubler
Keyword(s):  
Tap Water ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Bare Root ◽  
Canopy Size

Bare-root daughter plants of strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa) were inoculated with Colletotrichum acutatum, the cause of crown rot, root rot, and fruit rot of strawberry in California. Plants were subsequently dipped in fungicide solutions or washed with running tap water immediately before planting in Summer and Fall 2002 and Fall 2004. Fungicide treatments reduced plant dieback by up to 92% in fruit production fields. Plants treated with azoxystrobin, the premixtures of boscalid + pyraclostrobin and cyprodinil + fludioxonil had 50% to 92% reduction in disease incidence, increased canopy size by more than 100%, and produced significantly higher marketable yields in all planting dates than the inoculated plants that were not treated with the fungicides. Chlorothalonil and captan also significantly reduced disease incidence but did not consistently increase marketable yield compared with the untreated, inoculated control. The effects of propiconazole and trifloxystrobin were inconsistent in reducing disease incidence. Water wash did not reduce root and crown disease incidence but significantly increased marketable yields by 13% over the untreated, inoculated controls in one of two plantings. No pretransplant treatments provided protection against fruit and foliar infection; thus, in-season fungicide applications would be necessary for disease control in commercial production fields if environmental conditions favored disease development.

scholarly journals Assessing Rate-Reducing Foliar Resistance to Anthracnose Crown Rot and Fruit Rot in Strawberry

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 398-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond L. Jacobs ◽  
Tika B. Adhikari ◽  
Jeremy Pattison ◽  
G. Craig Yencho ◽  
Gina E. Fernandez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Durable Resistance ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
Species Complexes ◽  
Controlled Environments ◽  
Strawberry Cultivars

Anthracnose fruit rot and anthracnose crown rot (ACR) caused by two species complexes of the fungus referred to as Colletotrichum acutatum and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, respectively, are major pathogens of strawberry in North Carolina. Anthracnose epidemics are common when susceptible cultivars and asymptomatic planting stocks carrying quiescent Colletotrichum infection or hemibiotrophic infection (HBI) are planted. The main objective of this study was to assess resistance to HBI and ACR in strawberry. Strawberry cultivars and breeding lines were spray inoculated with isolates of C. acutatum or C. gloeosporioides. Four epidemiological parameters providing estimates of rate-reducing resistance to HBI and ACR in strawberry cultivars and lines were evaluated in repeated experiments in controlled environments in a greenhouse. HBI severity, measured as the percentage of total leaf area covered by acervuli, was estimated visually and by image analysis. ACR severity was rated weekly for wilt symptoms, and relative area under disease progress curve scores were calculated for comparing strawberry cultivars and lines. Significant differences (P ≤ 0.005) in HBI severity were found among strawberry genotypes; however, the correlations were not remarkable between Colletotrichum species (r = 0.4251). Although significant variation in resistance was observed for ACR, this was also weakly correlated (r = 0.2430) with resistance to C. gloeosporioides HBI. Overall, rate-reducing resistance to HBI and ACR in strawberry identified in this study could be utilized in breeding programs to develop durable resistance to anthracnose in North Carolina.

scholarly journals Effect of Inoculum Concentration and Interrupted Wetness Duration on the Development of Anthracnose Fruit Rot of Strawberry

Plant Disease ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 372-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruna B. Forcelini ◽  
Fabricio Packer Gonçalves ◽  
Natalia A. Peres
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Inoculum Concentration ◽  
Immature Fruit ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Strawberry Cultivars

Anthracnose fruit rot (AFR) of strawberry, caused by Colletotrichum acutatum, greatly affects production if not controlled. Application of fungicides in addition to the use of less susceptible cultivars are important tools for AFR control. The effects of interrupted wetness duration and inoculum concentration on the development of AFR were evaluated on strawberry cultivars with different levels of susceptibility. Fruit rot and flower blight incidence generally increased with increasing inoculum concentration. ‘Camarosa’ and ‘Treasure’ were more susceptible than ‘Strawberry Festival’ and flowers were more susceptible than immature fruit for most cultivars. Interruption in wetness periods had a significant effect on disease incidence when fruit where exposed to dry periods of 6 h or more compared with 24 h of continuous wetness. The results of this study will be used to refine a disease-warning system to predict AFR outbreaks in Florida strawberry production fields.

scholarly journals Anthracnose on Strawberry: Its Etiology, Epidemiology, and Pathology, Together with Management Strategies for Strawberry Nurseries: Introduction to the Workshop

HortScience ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Barclay Poling
Keyword(s):  
Key Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Video Recording ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum

In recent years, anthracnose fruit rot (AFR) caused by Colletotrichum acutatum J.H. Simmonds, has become an even more serious threat to strawberry plant and fruit producers in major strawberry-growing areas of North America. This highly virulent pathogen causes fruit rot, crown rot, root rot, and lesions on petioles and stolons. In fruit-production fields, the best way to control AFR is to prevent the introduction of the pathogen into the field by using anthracnose-free transplants. A critical step in controlling the disease then, lies in effective nursery management practices. Participants in this workshop outlined several key management strategies, including methods to eliminate pathogen inoculum, cultural practices that reduce host plant susceptibility, and chemical and biological control measures. Industry members stressed the importance of giving research priority to developing improved methods of nursery field sampling and detection of C. acutatum in asymptomatic plants with latent infection. Being able to rapidly and economically diagnose C. acutatum in symptomless plant material at each step in the multiyear nursery plant propagation cycle (foundation, registered, and certified plants), will help nursery growers minimize the potential of selling C. acutatum-infected transplants to fruit growers. A video recording of the 4-h workshop was produced by ASHS Video Workshop Series (http://ashs.org/resources/videoworkshopseries.html).

scholarly journals Management, Survival Strategies, and Host Range of Colletotrichum acutatum on Strawberry

HortScience ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Black Spot ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Survival Strategies ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Foundation Stock

Colletotrichum spp. are broad-range pathogens, meaning that many species can infect a single host and a single species can infect diverse hosts. For example, Colletotrichum acutatum J.H. Simmonds affects a wide range of crops, causing disease symptoms on apple, almond, anemone, citrus, lupin, peach, pecan, strawberry, and others, whereas Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. (Penz. & Sacc.) can affect many of the previous hosts as well. Anthracnose is one of the major fungal diseases of strawberry occurring worldwide. In Israel, the disease is caused primarily by the species C. acutatum. The pathogen causes irregular leaf spot, bud rot, petiole and stolon necrosis, and black spot on fruit. The pathogen is most destructive when it causes root necrosis and crown rot, which usually kill the plants in nurseries and transplants in the field. To maintain a disease-free crop, nuclear and foundation stock material, as well as field nurseries, must be routinely monitored and tested for presence of the pathogen. Strawberry cultivation using plasticulture as an overhead cover of the crop can significantly control anthracnose disease incidence by reducing inoculum spread and infection, both in nurseries and in production fields. C. acutatum from strawberry can survive on several cultivated plant species, such as pepper, eggplant, tomato, bean, and weed species, without causing disease symptoms. This indicated that they may serve as a potential inoculum reservoir for strawberry infection between seasons. Although C. acutatum survives in soil under certain conditions, no specific resting structures have been observed indicating that the pathogen does not behave as a typical soilborne fungus.

scholarly journals First Report of Colletotrichum acutatum on Strawberry in Finland

Plant Disease ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (8) ◽  
pp. 923-923 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Parikka ◽  
M. Kokkola
Keyword(s):  
Black Spot ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Science Laboratory ◽  
Fragaria Ananassa ◽  
Salmon Pink ◽  
Small Fruit ◽  
First Time ◽  
Eastern Finland

Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) is the most important small fruit crop in Finland. The quarantined pest Colletotrichum acutatum was detected for the first time on strawberry in August 2000, in Eastern Finland. Waiting-bed plants of cultivar Elsanta had symptoms typical of anthracnose rot (black spot) on the fruit, and small black lesions were seen on stolons. The rainy, warm, and humid weather of the summer favored the development and spread of the disease. C. acutatum was isolated from lesions on the fruit. Abundant sporulation was observed on lesions, and the fungus was readily isolated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) from surface-sterilized fruit pieces. Spores (11.5 to 19.8 × 3.3 to 4.0 μm) were acute at both ends, and acervuli with salmon pink spore masses matched the descriptions of C. acutatum (1). At first, the colonies were white and later became ash gray. The growth rate of the fungus was 8.0 to 8.8 mm per day, at 27°C. The identification was confirmed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at the Central Science Laboratory, York, U.K. In order to fulfill Koch's postulates, young potted strawberry plants were inoculated by misting with a suspension of 10.4 × 106 conidia per ml of C. acutatum. Healthy runner plants of micropropagated cultivars Bounty, Cudaruska, Jonsok, Korona, and Oka (10 plants of each cultivar) were inoculated and incubated for 3 days, at 100% relative humidity. After 3 weeks at 20 to 21°C and 16 h of light per day, dark, elongated lesions measuring 2 to 15 mm were observed on the stolons. All tested cultivars developed symptoms on stolons and petioles, but no crown infections were detected. Flowering and fruit-bearing plants of cultivars Honeoye, Sara, and Senga Sengana were similarly inoculated and incubated. The first symptoms of fruit rot were detected 5 days after inoculation on the ripening fruit of Honeoye. Less severe fruit rot was seen on the fruit of Senga Sengana and the Fragaria vescana cultivar Sara. Salmon pink sporodochia developed on infected fruit, stolons, and leaves, within 5 days on moist filter paper, and C. acutatum was isolated on PDA. No other pathogens were present. Because C. acutatum is a quarantined pest in Finland, all strawberry plants of the infected lot on this particular farm were destroyed and future use of the field will be restricted. Reference: (1) C. M. Howard et al. 1992. Plant Dis. 76:976–981.

scholarly journals First Report of Anthracnose Fruit Rot Caused by Colletotrichum acutatum on Strawberry in Denmark

Plant Disease ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 432-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Sundelin ◽  
M. Schiller ◽  
M. Lübeck ◽  
D. F. Jensen ◽  
K. Paaske ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Aerial Mycelium ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
First Report ◽  
Small Fruit ◽  
Quarantine Pathogen ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Pointed End

Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) is the most important small fruit crop in Denmark. The quarantine pathogen Colletotrichum acutatum was detected for the first time in June 2000 in Denmark in a production field on the island of Falster. Strawberry plants of cv. Kimberly showed typical symptoms of anthracnose fruit rot. On mature fruits, brown-to-black lesions with spore masses that were orange to salmon in color were observed. Mummified berries were also observed. The fungus was isolated and identified on the basis of morphological characteristics, and identification was confirmed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at the Central Science Laboratory, York, U.K. Species-specific polymerase chain reaction with the C. acutatum-specific primer pairs acut1/col2 (1) and CaInt2/ITS4 (3) also supported the identification. Additionally, the internal transcribed spacer regions, ITS1 and ITS2, of the ribosomal DNA were sequenced in both directions (GenBank Accession No. AY818361). Homology searches with this sequence using BLAST also confirmed the identity. Colonies grown on potato dextrose agar developed white-to-grey aerial mycelium with salmon-colored spore masses, and were beige to black on the reverse side. Conidia were 11.3 (7.3 to 16.6) μm × 3.9 (2.5 to 5.2) μm, hyaline, cylindrical with at least one pointed end, and aseptate. Mycelial growth rate was 8.4 mm per day at 25°C which is similar to earlier reports (2). Spray-inoculated (106 conidia per ml) strawberry fruits cv. Elsanta developed brown, sunken, irregular lesions with salmon-colored acervuli after 2 to 5 days at 25°C. Koch's postulates were fulfilled since the reisolated fungus from these lesions developed the same morphological characteristics as described above. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. acutatum in Denmark. References: (1) P. V. Martinez-Culebras et al. J. Phytopathol. 151:135, 2003. (2) B. J. Smith et al. Plant Dis. 74:69, 1990. (3) S. Sreenivasaprasad et al. Plant Pathol. 45:650, 1996.

scholarly journals Biological control of strawberry crown rot, root rot and grey mould by the beneficial fungus Aureobasidium pullulans

BioControl ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mudassir Iqbal ◽  
Maha Jamshaid ◽  
Muhammad Awais Zahid ◽  
Erik Andreasson ◽  
Ramesh R. Vetukuri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Aureobasidium Pullulans ◽  
Grey Mould ◽  
Lesion Size ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Whole Plants

AbstractUtilization of biocontrol agents is a sustainable approach to reduce plant diseases caused by fungal pathogens. In the present study, we tested the effect of the candidate biocontrol fungus Aureobasidium pullulans (De Bary) G. Armaud on strawberry under in vitro and in vivo conditions to control crown rot, root rot and grey mould caused by Phytophthora cactorum (Lebert and Cohn) and Botrytis cinerea Pers, respectively. A dual plate confrontation assay showed that mycelial growth of P. cactorum and B. cinerea was reduced by 33–48% when challenged by A. pullulans as compared with control treatments. Likewise, detached leaf and fruit assays showed that A. pullulans significantly reduced necrotic lesion size on leaves and disease severity on fruits caused by P. cactorum and B. cinerea. In addition, greenhouse experiments with whole plants revealed enhanced biocontrol efficacy against root rot and grey mould when treated with A. pullulans either in combination with the pathogen or pre-treated with A. pullulans followed by inoculation of the pathogens. Our results demonstrate that A. pullulans is an effective biocontrol agent to control strawberry diseases caused by fungal pathogens and can be an effective alternative to chemical-based fungicides.

scholarly journals Effect of Compost Amendments on Disease Severity and Yield of Tomato in Conventional and Organic Production Systems

Plant Disease ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Abbasi ◽  
J. Al-Dahmani ◽  
F. Sahin ◽  
H. A. J. Hoitink ◽  
S. A. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Bacterial Spot ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Compost Amendments

Field trials were conducted over 2 years to assess the effects of compost amendments on disease development in organic and conventional processing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) production systems. The incidence of anthracnose fruit rot was reduced in organic tomato plots amended with a high rate of composted cannery wastes compared with the incidence in nonamended control plots in 1998 when disease incidence was high. Marketable yield was increased by 33% in compost-amended organic plots. Plots amended with a high compost rate had more ripe fruit than the nonamended control. The incidence of anthracnose and of total disease on fruit was less on the cultivar OH 8245 than on Peto 696. Total fruit yield of OH 8245 but not Peto 696 in organic plots was increased by amendment with composted cannery wastes. In conventional tomato production, composted yard wastes increased disease severity on foliage both years but reduced bacterial spot incidence on fruit in 1997, when disease pressure was high. The incidence of anthracnose was not affected by composted yard wastes. Marketable and total fruit yields of Peto 696 were not increased in compost-amended conventional plots. The plant activator Actigard reduced foliar disease severity and the incidence of bacterial spot and anthracnose on fruit, while increasing yield of marketable fruit.

Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1964 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Waterhouse
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Heavy Rain ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Phytophthora Nicotianae ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Piper Betle ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Southern Rhodesia

Abstract A description is provided for Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a very wide range of host plants comprising 58 families including: avocado, castor, Cinchona spp., citrus, cotton, eggplant, guava, lucerne, papaw, parsley, pineapple, Piper betle, rhubarb, sesame, strawberry, tomato. DISEASES: Damping-off of seedlings (tomato, castor, citrus, cotton); root rot (citrus, avocado, strawberry, lucerne); crown rot (parsley, rhubarb, strawberry, lucerne); brown stem rot of tobacco; stem canker and tip blight of Cinchona spp. ; leaf blight (castor, sesame, pineapple, Piper betle) and fruit rot (citrus, tomato, guava, papaw, eggplant). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ethiopia, Mali, Madagascar, Mauritius, Morocco, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Southern Rhodesia, Tanganyika); Asia (Burma, Ceylon, China, Formosa, India, Israel, Japan, Java, Malaya, Philippines); Australia & Oceania (Australia, Hawaii, Tasmania); Europe (Cyprus, France, Germany, Great Britain, Holland, Ireland, Italy, Poland, Portugal, U.S.S.R.); North America (Bermuda, Canada, Mexico, U.S.A.); Central America & West Indies (Costa Rica, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Jamaica, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, Trinidad);. South America (Argentina, Brazil, British Guiana, Colombia, Paraguay, Peru, Venezuela). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne, spreading rapidly after heavy rain or where soil remains moist or water-logged (40: 470). Also recorded in drainage water in India and in reservoirs and canals supplying citrus groves in U.S.A. (23: 45; 39: 24). A method for determining a disease potential index in soil using lemon fruit has been described (38: 4). Also present in testas of seeds from diseased citrus fruit which may infect nursery seedbeds (37: 165).

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