Preserving Spring Oat Yields in New York Through Varietal Resistance to Crown Rust

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Fulcher ◽  
David Benscher ◽  
Mark E. Sorrells ◽  
Gary C. Bergstrom
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Crown Rust ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Resistant Variety ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Rust Susceptibility ◽  
Pathogen Populations ◽  
The Impact

Crown rust is the principal disease of spring oat in New York. Management with resistance genes is effective but contingent on understanding varietal responses to local pathogen populations. Field studies were conducted from 2015 to 2018 to assess the crown rust susceptibility of commercial cultivars and public breeding lines under natural conditions in New York. Three of the 10 commercial varieties trialed were determined to be resistant, and breeding lines from five different states also exhibited resistance. On average, yield was reduced by 34.56 kg/ha for every 1% increase in crown rust severity, whereas the impact on test weight was negligible. A race differential panel was deployed in 2018 at a central screening nursery to determine the range of pathogen virulence present. Susceptible interactions were observed on only five crown rust differentials, and virulence on all five has been recorded at high levels across the country. Crown rust may be a limiting factor to oat production in New York, but yield potential and crop value can be preserved by planting an appropriately resistant variety.

Reactions of eastern Canada oat genotypes to Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-217
Author(s):  
Allen G. Xue ◽  
Jim Menzies ◽  
Yuanhong Chen ◽  
Weikai Yan ◽  
Bao-luo Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Populations ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Crown Rust ◽  
Puccinia Coronata ◽  
Adult Plant ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Breeding Lines

Crown rust, caused by Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae (Pca), is the most important disease and yield limiting factor of oat production in eastern Canada. In this study 101 oat genotypes composed of 51 cultivars and 50 breeding lines from eight oat breeding programs across Canada were evaluated for seedling reactions to six common Pca races, as well as reactions to a bulk inoculum of Pca in greenhouse trials and for adult plant resistance (APR) to natural populations of Pca in field trials in 2014 and 2015. Sixty-six genotypes showed resistant reactions to at least one of the six races; of these, 22 were resistant to all six races. These 22 genotypes also showed resistance to the bulk inoculum at the seeding stage and to the natural populations of Pca at the adult plant stage, suggesting that these current and future oat varieties have effective resistance against the common races and Pca populations in the region. Eleven genotypes, including 12ANS03, AAC Bullet, CFA1213, CFA1306, Idaho, OA1301-1w-3, OA1369-5, OA1370-2, OA1371-2, OA1383-2, and Oscar, were susceptible as seedlings but resistant as adult plants. APR is proven to be long lasting and provides broad-spectrum resistance to Pca populations. The 11 oat genotypes identified with APR in the present study are more desirable as sources of resistance for breeding programs developing durable crown rust resistant cultivars for eastern Canada.

scholarly journals Water Footprint of main crops in Austria / Wasser-Fußabdruck wichtiger Nutzpflanzen in Österreich

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabina Thaler ◽  
Anne Gobin ◽  
Josef Eitzinger
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
The Impact

Summary Water is a key resource for human activities and a critical trigger for the welfare of the whole society. The agricultural sector makes up the main share in global freshwater consumption and is therefore responsible for a large part of the water scarcity in many drought prone regions. As an indicator that relates human consumption to global water resources, the “Water Footprint” (WF) concept can be used, where in case of crop production the total consumed water of crop fields for the crop growing seasons is related to the harvested dry matter crop yield (such as grains). In our study, we simulated the green and primary blue WF of selected main crops for Austrian conditions. Different irrigation scheduling scenarios, demonstrated for a main agricultural production area and various crops in Austria with significant irrigation acreage, were studied. The impact of climate and soil conditions on the green crop WFs of reference crops over the whole territory of Austria were simulated in a second step. Sunflower, winter wheat and grain maize showed the highest WF in the semi-arid study regions, especially on soils with low water capacity. In more humid regions, low temperatures were the main limiting factor on the crop yield potential and frequently led to higher WFs due to lower yields.

Breeding for increased drought tolerance in wheat: a review

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Mohammadi
Keyword(s):  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Genetic Gain ◽  
Complex Traits ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
The Impact

Drought, being a yield-limiting factor, has become a major threat to international food security. It is a complex process, and drought tolerance response is carried out by various genes, transcription factors, microRNAs, hormones, proteins, co-factors, ions and metabolites. This complexity has limited the development of crop cultivars for drought tolerance. Breeding for drought tolerance is further complicated because several types of abiotic stress, such as high temperatures, high irradiance, and nutrient toxicities or deficiencies, can challenge crop plants simultaneously. Although marker-assisted selection is now widely deployed in wheat, it has not contributed significantly to cultivar improvement for adaptation to low-yielding environments, and breeding has relied largely on direct phenotypic selection for improved performance in these difficult environments. Advances in plant breeding to produce improved and higher performing wheat cultivars are key to making dryland food-production systems more efficient and more resistant to pressure from drought, extremes of cold and heat, unpredictable rainfall, and new pests and diseases. For optimal performance, wheat cultivars can be targeted to specific farming systems, depending on local conditions and stresses. Genetic gain in wheat yield potential during the last century has been achieved by plant breeding and is well documented. It has been studied by comparing, in the same field trial, the yield of cultivars characterised by different years of release. Genomic selection (GS) and high-throughput phenotyping (HTP) have attracted the interest of plant breeders, and both approaches promise to revolutionise the prediction of complex traits, including growth, yield and adaptation to stress. This review describes the impact of drought on yield, trends in yield for boosting crop yields to meet the projected demands of rising global population by 2050, and genetic gain achieved by plant breeding in the last decades; and gathers known functional information on the genes, metabolites and traits and their direct involvement in conferring drought tolerance in wheat. In addition, it discusses recently developed techniques (i.e. GS and HTP) integrated with approaches such as breeding, genetics, genomics, and agronomic strategies for improving drought in wheat.

scholarly journals Onion Seed Quality

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1141A-1141
Author(s):  
Alan G. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Seed Storage ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Seed Treatments ◽  
Stand Establishment ◽  
Percent Germination ◽  
Initial Seed

High seed quality is required to obtain optimal plant stands and to achieve maximum yield potential. Onion seeds are commonly coated and treated with an insecticide and fungicide to control early season insects and diseases. The seed treatments may cause phytotoxicity in standard germination tests, and thus reduce the percent germination of a seed lot. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of seed quality on seed storage, stand establishment and yield. Two seed lots of two long-day onion varieties were pelleted and treated with the seed treatments Trigard and Pro-Gro. Standard germination and saturated salt aging tests were performed on each seed lot, indicating a high and lower quality seed lot for each variety. Aging was conducted by equilibrating pelleted seeds at 35% relative humidity and aging at 25 °C for up to 12 months. Aging decreased germination with time, especially for the lower quality lots. Field studies were conducted in two locations in upstate New York. The plant stand was greater in the high compared to the lower quality lots in both varieties at both locations. Yield was reduced in the lower quality than high quality lot; however, the response differed by variety and location. Overall, the initial seed quality had an impact on seed storagability, stand establishment and yield.

Nematode-tolerant sugar beet varieties – resistant or susceptible to the Beet Cyst Nematode Heterodera schachtii?

2017 ◽  
pp. 277-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Reuther ◽  
Christian Lang ◽  
Florian, M.W. Grundler
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Heterodera Schachtii ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Resistant Variety ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
Beet Cyst Nematode ◽  
Moderately Resistant ◽  
The Impact

The beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii (BCN) is an important parasite compromising yield of sugar beet. Standard sugar beet varieties are susceptible to BCN and strongly support BCN reproduction. Another type of variety is resistant to BCN. Although resistance leads to reduced nematode infestation levels, the yield potential of available resistant varieties is low. Tolerant varieties form a third type; high yield is produced with and without BCN infestation. However, so far it has remained unknown whether tolerant sugar beet varieties support or reduce BCN infestation and reproduction under field conditions. In order to address this question, the impact of five tolerant beet varieties on BCN population levels was investigated at 15 locations during a period of three years and compared to a resistant and a susceptible variety. The results demonstrate that all tolerant varieties led to population levels that ranged between that of the susceptible and that of the resistant variety. According to the respective BCN reproduction, the different varieties were classified as moderately susceptible (MS) or highly susceptible (HS) or as moderately resistant (MR) or highly resistant (HR). Tolerant varieties differed in their host status but tended to respond moderately resistant. In conclusion, it is suggested to include the analysis of resistance level either in the official registration procedure for BCN-tolerant sugar beet varieties or to perform this analysis for all registered varieties as a kind of risk assessment.

Agronomic performance of different stature sunflower cultivars under different levels of interplant competition

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. V. Angadi ◽  
M. H. Entz
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Dwarfing Gene ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Interplant Competition

Early-maturing, short-stature sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivars improve the adaptability of sunflower to the short growing season of western Canada. However, the agronomic potential of the recently developed dwarf cultivars in comparison to standard-height sunflower is yet to be understood. Multi-environment field studies, consisting of space-planted trials, where interplant competition was low, and agronomy trials, where plants were grown at commercial population densities, were conducted in southern Manitoba to compare the yield formation of dwarf hybrids (sunwheats; SW-101 and SW-103), and dwarf open-pollinated c ultivars (sunola; Aurora and Sierra) with that of standard-height cultivars (IS-6111 and SF-187). In space-planted trials, dry matter (DM) accumulation and water use efficiency for dry matter production (WUEDM) decreased as plant height decreased. In agronomy trials, differences in DM and WUEDM among the different height classes were masked. The diversion of assimilate from stem to head depended on the genetic background, while the efficiency of utilising assimilate in the head for seed production was lower in dwarf cultivars. Only one of the four dwarf cultivars (SW-103) displayed a higher harvest index than IS-6111. Higher seed yield for the standard-height cultivar, IS-6111, and the dwarf open-pollinated cultivar, Aurora, compared to other cultivars was attributed to both greater DM and improved DM partitioning. However, variations observed among the dwarf cultivars for DM accumulation and partitioning revealed that the dwarfing gene was not a limiting factor for breeding a dwarf sunflower cultivar with better partitioning of DM along with better yield potential. Key words: Dwarf sunflower, Sunola, seed yield, biomass, water use efficiency

scholarly journals Climate change impacts on potential maize yields in Gambella Region, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Azeb W. Degife ◽  
Florian Zabel ◽  
Wolfram Mauser
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Future Climate ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Rcp 8.5 ◽  
The Impact

AbstractChanging climate conditions are supposed to have particularly strong impacts on agricultural production in the tropics with strong implications on food security. Ethiopia’s economy is profoundly dominated by agriculture, contributing to around 40% of the gross domestic product. Thereby, Ethiopia is one of the most vulnerable countries to the impact of climate change and has a wide gap in regional climate change impact studies. In this study, we systematically investigate climate change impacts on yields for the Gambella region in Ethiopia, exemplarily for maize. Here, we show how yields change until 2100 for RCPs 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5 from a climate model ensemble under rainfed and irrigated conditions. While rainfed yields decrease by 15% and 14% respectively for RCPs 2.6 and 4.5, yields decrease by up to 32% under RCP 8.5. Except for RCP 8.5, yields are not further decreasing after 2040–2069. We found that temperature increase, changing soil water availability, and atmospheric CO2 concentration have different effects on the simulated yield potential. Our results demonstrate the dominance of heat response under future climate conditions in the tropical Gambella region, contributing to 85% of total yield changes. Accordingly, irrigation will lose effectiveness for increasing yield when temperature becomes the limiting factor. CO2, on the other hand, contributes positively to yield changes by 8.9% for RCP 8.5. For all scenarios, the growing period is shorted due to increasing temperature by up to 29 days for RCP 8.5. Our results suggest that new varieties with higher growing degree days are primarily required to the region for adapting to future climate conditions.

Roundtable Discussion of the Impact of the 4th World Symposium on Pulmonary Hypertension

2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-94
Author(s):  
Robyn J. Barst ◽  
Marc Humbert ◽  
Ivan M. Robbins ◽  
Lewis J. Rubin ◽  
Robyn J. Park
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Pulmonary Hypertension ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Assistant Professor ◽  
Associate Professor ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Columbia University ◽  
School Of Medicine ◽  
Maryland School ◽  
The Impact

A discussion among attendees of the 4th World Symposium on Pulmonary Hypertension took place to share “an insider's look” into the current and future research and treatment implications in pulmonary hypertension. Myung H. Park, MD, guest editor of this issue of Advances in Pulmonary Hypertension, Assistant Professor of Medicine and Director, Pulmonary Vascular Diseases Program, Division of Cardiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, moderated the discussion. Participants included Robyn Barst, MD, Professor Emerita, Columbia University, New York; Marc Humbert, MD, PhD, Universite Paris-Sud, French Referal Center for Pulmonary Hypertension, Hopital Antoine-Beclere, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, Clamart, France; Ivan Robbins, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; and Lewis J. Rubin, MD, Clinical Professor, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego.

COVID-19: Time-Dependent Effective Reproduction Number and Sub-notification Effect Estimation Modeling (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Atem De Carvalho ◽  
Rogerio Atem De Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Initial Value ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Reproduction Numbers ◽  
Effect Estimation ◽  
The Impact

BACKGROUND Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, researchers and health authorities have sought to identify the different parameters that govern their infection and death cycles, in order to be able to make better decisions. In particular, a series of reproduction number estimation models have been presented, with different practical results. OBJECTIVE This article aims to present an effective and efficient model for estimating the Reproduction Number and to discuss the impacts of sub-notification on these calculations. METHODS The concept of Moving Average Method with Initial value (MAMI) is used, as well as a model for Rt, the Reproduction Number, is derived from experimental data. The models are applied to real data and their performance is presented. RESULTS Analyses on Rt and sub-notification effects for Germany, Italy, Sweden, United Kingdom, South Korea, and the State of New York are presented to show the performance of the methods here introduced. CONCLUSIONS We show that, with relatively simple mathematical tools, it is possible to obtain reliable values for time-dependent, incubation period-independent Reproduction Numbers (Rt). We also demonstrate that the impact of sub-notification is relatively low, after the initial phase of the epidemic cycle has passed.

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