scholarly journals Performance of goats in a detour and a problem-solving test following long-term cognitive test exposure

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Rosenberger ◽  
M. Simmler ◽  
J. Langbein ◽  
N. Keil ◽  
C. Nawroth
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Cognitive Test ◽  
Cognitive Tests ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Object Choice ◽  
Choice Tests

Cognitive research in long-lived species commonly involves using the same animals in different experiments. It is unclear whether the participation in cognitive tests can notably alter the performance of individuals in subsequent conceptually different tests. We therefore investigated whether exposure to cognitive tests affects future test performance of goats. We used three treatment groups: goats with long-term exposure to human-presented object-choice tests (for visual discrimination and reversal learning tests + cognitive test battery), goats that were isolated as for the test exposure but received a reward from the experimenter without being administered the object-choice tests, and goats that were isolated but neither received a reward nor were administered the tests. All treatment groups were subsequently tested in two conceptually different cognitive tests, namely a spatial A-not-B detour test and an instrumental problem-solving test. We tested dairy goats, selected for high productivity, and dwarf goats, not selected for production traits, each at the same two research sites. We did not find notable differences between treatments with respect to the goats' detour or problem-solving performance. However, high variation was observed between the research sites, the selection lines, and among individuals, highlighting potential pitfalls of making accurate comparisons of cognitive test performances.

Cognitive Function is not Impaired in People with a Long History of Migraine: A Blinded Study

Cephalalgia ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
AJ Pearson ◽  
EP Chronicle ◽  
EA Maylor ◽  
LAM Bruce
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Cognitive Tests ◽  
Spatial Problem ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Blinded Study ◽  
Visual Tasks ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Control

Little is known about the long-term consequences of migraine for cognitive functioning. This study compared older migraine patients with matched controls on four measures of cognitive ability, in a blinded design. Migraine patients and case-matched controls were recruited from the database records of a pre-existing study of ageing. Data were available from four tests of cognitive ability: verbal/arithmetic problem solving, spatial problem solving, processing speed, and vocabulary. There were no significant differences between the mean scores of migraine and control groups on any of the four cognitive tests. In addition, there were no significant differences between migraine and control groups in the effect of age on any of the four tests. A long history of migraine does not compromise scores on the four cognitive tests used in this study. These tests are predictive of memory and executive functioning in cognitive ageing, but it remains possible that lower-level cognitive processes, particularly as assessed by visual tasks, may be vulnerable to migraine.

scholarly journals Relación de la composición corporal, las cualidades físicas y funciones cognitivas en estudiantes de educación física (Relation between body composition, physical qualities, and cognitive function in students of physical education)

Retos ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 103-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Maureira Cid ◽  
Patricia Bravo Rojas ◽  
Nicolas Aguilera Godoy ◽  
Valentina Bahamondes Acevedo ◽  
Carlos Véliz Véliz
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Physical Education ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Cognitive Test ◽  
Attention And Memory ◽  
Cognitive Tests ◽  
Physical Variables ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Cognitive Test Performance

Existen resultados controversiales sobre la relación de la antropometría, las cualidades físicas y el rendimiento en pruebas cognitivas. En tanto, algunos trabajos muestran relación entre el IMC, el porcentaje de grasa o la capacidad aeróbica con la atención, memoria o control inhibitorio, otros no muestran relaciones significativas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue relacionar la composición corporal, las cualidades físicas, la inteligencia, la atención y la memoria en una muestra constituida por 125 estudiantes que cursan la carrera de pedagogía en educación física. Al total de la muestra se le evalúo las cualidades físicas y funciones cognitivas y a 50 estudiantes se les realizó el estudio antropométrico. Los resultados no muestran diferencias en los resultados de las funciones cognitivas según sexo, pero los varones presentan mayores índices en las cualidades físicas, en masa muscular y en diámetros antropométricos, y las damas presentan mayores índices en pliegues cutáneos. También se encontraron relaciones bajas entre la potencia de brazos y piernas con la inteligencia y la atención sostenida, en tanto, la memoria y la atención selectiva no presentaron relación con ninguna de las variables físicas evaluadas. Estos resultados son similares a otras investigaciones antropométricas y de cualidades físicas en estudiantes de educación física. La relación con variables cognitivas es coherente con trabajos anteriores, asumiendo que una mejor condición física permite una mejor irrigación sanguínea, aumento de la vascularización, neurogénesis y sinaptogénesis, lo cual puede influenciar en la mejora en pruebas cognitivas.Abstract. Controversial results are shown on the relation between anthropometry, physical qualities, and performance in cognitive tests. While some works pinpoint the relation of BMI, percentage of fat, or aerobic capacity with attention, memory, or inhibitory control, others do not find significant relations. The aim of the present study was to relate body composition, physical qualities, intelligence, attention, and memory. The sample was constituted by 125 students enrolled in the undergraduate program of pedagogy in physical education. Physical qualities and cognitive functions were assessed in the whole sample, whereas 50 students also carried out anthropometric evaluations. No differences were found in cognitive function by gender; however, males presented higher indexes in physical qualities, in muscular mass, and in anthropometric diameters, whereas females presented higher indexes in cutaneous folds. Also, low relations were found between arm and leg power and intelligence and supported attention, whilst memory and selective attention did not show any relation with any of the physical variables evaluated. Our outcomes are similar to those from previous research on anthropometry and physical qualities in students of physical education. The relation with cognitive variables is coherent with previous works, assuming that a better physical condition allows a better blood irrigation, increase of the vascularization, neurogenesis and synaptogenesis, which can determine an improvement in cognitive test performance.

Differences in the Performance of Children With Specific Language Impairment and Their Typically Developing Peers on Nonverbal Cognitive Tests: A Meta-Analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 1363-1382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica Gallinat ◽  
Tammie J. Spaulding
Keyword(s):  
Language Impairment ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Specific Language Impairment ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Test ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Tests ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Specific Language ◽  
Iq Tests

PurposeThis study used meta-analysis to investigate the difference in nonverbal cognitive test performance of children with specific language impairment (SLI) and their typically developing (TD) peers.MethodThe meta-analysis included studies (a) that were published between 1995 and 2012 of children with SLI who were age matched (and not nonverbal cognitive matched) to TD peers and given a norm-referenced nonverbal cognitive test and (b) that reported sufficient data for an effect size analysis. Multilevel modeling was used to examine the performance of children with SLI relative to their typically developing, age-matched peers on nonverbal IQ tests.ResultsAcross 138 samples from 131 studies, on average children with SLI scored 0.69 standard deviations below their TD peers on nonverbal cognitive tests after adjusting for the differences in the tests used, the low-boundary cutoff scores, the age of the participants, and whether studies matched the two groups on socioeconomic status.DiscussionThe lower performance of children with SLI relative to TD children on nonverbal IQ tests has theoretical implications for the characterization of SLI and clinical and political implications regarding how nonverbal cognitive tests are used and interpreted for children with this disorder.

scholarly journals Dietary supplementation with medium-chain TAG has long-lasting cognition-enhancing effects in aged dogs

2010 ◽  
Vol 103 (12) ◽  
pp. 1746-1754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanlong Pan ◽  
Brian Larson ◽  
Joseph A. Araujo ◽  
Winnie Lau ◽  
Christina de Rivera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Cognitive Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Medium Chain ◽  
Equivalent Control ◽  
The Brain

The present study focused on the hypothesis that dietary supplementation with medium-chain TAG (MCT) will improve cognitive function in aged dogs by providing the brain with energy in the form of ketones. Aged Beagle dogs were subjected to a baseline battery of cognitive tests, which were used to establish cognitively equivalent control or treatment groups. The dogs in the treatment group were maintained on a diet supplemented with 5·5 % MCT. After an initial wash-in period, all the dogs were tested with a battery of cognitive test protocols, which assessed sequentially landmark discrimination learning ability, egocentric visuospatial function and attention. The groups were maintained on the diets for 8 months. The MCT-supplemented group showed significantly better performance in most of the test protocols than the control group. The group differences also varied as a function of task difficulty, with the more difficult task showing greater supplementation effects than the easier tasks. The group given the MCT supplement showed significantly elevated levels of β-hydroxybutyrate, a ketone body. These results indicate, first, that long-term supplementation with MCT can have cognition-improving effects, and second, that MCT supplementation increases circulating levels of ketones. The results support the hypothesis that brain function of aged dogs can be improved by MCT supplementation, which provides the brain with an alternative energy source.

scholarly journals Pengembangan Instrumen Ranah Kognitif pada Pokok Bahasan Fluida Statis SMA/MA

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 121
Author(s):  
Mukarramah Mustari
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Choice ◽  
Cognitive Test ◽  
Cognitive Tests ◽  
Multiple Choice Tests ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Static Fluid ◽  
Level Of Difficulty ◽  
Assessment Of Competence ◽  
Quantitative Descriptive ◽  
Expert Validation

This study aims to: 1) Develop Instrument Domains Cognitive at Static Fluid material in SMA / MA, 2) determine the validity of the instrument of cognitive tests on the static fluid material, 3) determine the reliability of cognitive principal static fluid discussion, 4) determine the level of difficulty of the cognitive tests on  the static fluid material, 5) determine distinguishing cognitive test on static fluid material. The result products include cognitive aspects such instruments multiple choice tests and essay tests.Instrument developed on cognitive aspects in the form of multiple choice tests and a description to the extent of competence Bloom C1 to C6 on the material of Static Fluid. The Design of this study is used the development procedure Reasearch and Depelopment (R & D) from Borg and Gall adopted by Sugiono ie; up to the stage seven form consisting of: the potential and problems, data collection, product design, design validation, design revisions, product trials, product revision. The data collecting is obtained from the results of expert validation instrument, the response of teachers, and product trials, and then analyzed by quantitative descriptive. The results of the analysis of the development of the instrument can be concluded that the cognitive instruments on the material of static fluid SMA / MA is excellent to be used by teachers in the assessment of competence of learners.Penelitian Pengembangan Instrumen Ranah Kognitif pada Pokok Bahasan Fluida Statis SMA/MA Ini dilakukan bertujuan;1) Mengembangkan Instrumen Ranah Kognitif pada Pokok Bahasan Fluida Statis SMA/MA, 2) mengetahui validitas instrumen tes kognitif pokok bahasan fluida statis, 3) mengetahui reliabilitas kognitif pokok bahasan fluida statis, 4) mengetahui tingkat kesukaran tes kognitif pokok bahasan fluida statis, 5) mengetahui daya pembeda tes  kognitif pada pokok bahasan fluida statis.Produk yang dihasilkan meliputi instrumen aspek kognitif berupa tes pilihan jamak dan tes uraian.Instrumen yang dikembangkan pada aspek kognitif berupa tes pilihan jamak dan uraian sampai pada taraf kompetensi Bloom C1 sampai dengan C6 pada pokok bahasan Fluida Statis. Desain Penelitian ini menggunakan prosedur pengembangan Reaserch and Depelopment( R&D ) dari Borg and Gall yang diadopsi oleh Sugiono yakni sampai pada tahap ke tujuh berupa yang terdiri dari: potensi dan masalah, pengumpulan data, desain produk, validasi desain, revisi desain, uji coba produk,revisi produk. Pengumpulan data diperoleh dari hasil validasi ahli instrumen, respon guru, dan uji coba produk, kemudian dianalisis dengan deskriptif kuantitatif. Hasil analisis pengembangan instrumen dapat disimpulkan bahwa instrumen ranah kognitif pada pokok bahasan fluida statis SMA/MA sangat baik untuk digunakan oleh guru dalam penilaian kompetensi peserta didik

Cognitive Test Performance and Background Music

1997 ◽  
Vol 85 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1435-1438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracey Cockerton ◽  
Simon Moore ◽  
Dale Norman
Keyword(s):  
Test Performance ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Music Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cognitive Test ◽  
Background Music ◽  
Cognitive Tests ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Cognitive Test Performance

This study examined the effects of background music on test performance. In a repeated-measures design 30 undergraduates completed two cognitive tests, one in silence and the other with background music. Analysis suggested that music facilitated cognitive performance compared with the control condition of no music: more questions were completed and more answers were correct. There was no difference in heart rate under the two conditions. The improved performance under the music condition might be directly related to the type of music used.

Is inflation targeting useful for economic growth?

2017 ◽  
pp. 62-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Kartaev
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Inflation Targeting ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Growth Regime ◽  
Potential Channels

The paper presents an overview of studies of the effects of inflation targeting on long-term economic growth. We analyze the potential channels of influence, as well as modern empirical studies that test performance of these channels. We compare the effects of different variants of inflation targeting (strict and mixed). Based on the analysis recommendations on the choice of optimal (in terms of stimulating long-term growth) regime of monetary policy in developed and developing economies are formulated.

scholarly journals Rituximab-Containing Risk-Adapted Treatment Strategy in Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma: 7-Years Follow-Up

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1760
Author(s):  
Novella Pugliese ◽  
Marco Picardi ◽  
Roberta Della Pepa ◽  
Claudia Giordano ◽  
Francesco Muriano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽  
Prognostic Score ◽  
Single Agent ◽  
Response To Therapy ◽  
Baseline Risk ◽  
Historical Cohort ◽  
Treatment Groups

Background: Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) is a rare variant of HL that accounts for 5% of all HL cases. The expression of CD20 on neoplastic lymphocytes provides a suitable target for novel treatments based on Rituximab. Due to its rarity, consolidated and widely accepted treatment guidelines are still lacking for this disease. Methods: Between 1 December 2007 and 28 February 2018, sixteen consecutive newly diagnosed adult patients with NLPHL received Rituximab (induction ± maintenance)-based therapy, according to the baseline risk of German Hodgkin Study Group prognostic score system. The treatment efficacy and safety of the Rituximab-group were compared to those of a historical cohort of 12 patients with NLPHL who received Doxorubicin, Bleomycin, Vinblastine, Dacarbazine (ABVD) chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy (RT), if needed, according to a similar baseline risk. The primary outcome was progression-free survival (PFS) and secondary outcomes were overall survival (OS) and side-effects (according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, v4.03). Results: After a 7-year follow-up (range, 1–11 years), PFS was 100% for patients treated with the Rituximab-containing regimen versus 66% for patients of the historical cohort (p = 0.036). Four patients in the latter group showed insufficient response to therapy. The PFS for early favorable and early unfavorable NLPHLs was similar between treatment groups, while a better PFS was recorded for advanced-stages treated with the Rituximab-containing regimen. The OS was similar for the two treatment groups. Short- and long-term side-effects were more frequently observed in the historical cohort. Grade ≥3 neutropenia was more frequent in the historical cohort compared with the Rituximab-group (58.3% vs. 18.7%, respectively; p = 0.03). Long-term non-hematological toxicities were observed more frequently in the historical cohort. Conclusion: Our results confirm the value of Rituximab in NLPHL therapy and show that Rituximab (single-agent) induction and maintenance in a limited-stage, or Rituximab with ABVD only in the presence of risk factors, give excellent results while sparing cytotoxic agent- and/or RT-related damage. Furthermore, Rituximab inclusion in advanced-stage therapeutic strategy seems to improve PFS compared to conventional chemo-radiotherapy.

scholarly journals Saliva RNA biomarkers predict concussion duration and detect symptom recovery: a comparison with balance and cognitive testing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory Fedorchak ◽  
Aakanksha Rangnekar ◽  
Cayce Onks ◽  
Andrea C. Loeffert ◽  
Jayson Loeffert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Test Performance ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Prediction Rule ◽  
Cognitive Testing ◽  
Cognitive Test ◽  
Clinical Tool ◽  
Post Injury ◽  
Symptom Recovery ◽  
Cognitive Test Performance

Abstract Objective The goals of this study were to assess the ability of salivary non-coding RNA (ncRNA) levels to predict post-concussion symptoms lasting ≥ 21 days, and to examine the ability of ncRNAs to identify recovery compared to cognition and balance. Methods RNA sequencing was performed on 505 saliva samples obtained longitudinally from 112 individuals (8–24-years-old) with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Initial samples were obtained ≤ 14 days post-injury, and follow-up samples were obtained ≥ 21 days post-injury. Computerized balance and cognitive test performance were assessed at initial and follow-up time-points. Machine learning was used to define: (1) a model employing initial ncRNA levels to predict persistent post-concussion symptoms (PPCS) ≥ 21 days post-injury; and (2) a model employing follow-up ncRNA levels to identify symptom recovery. Performance of the models was compared against a validated clinical prediction rule, and balance/cognitive test performance, respectively. Results An algorithm using age and 16 ncRNAs predicted PPCS with greater accuracy than the validated clinical tool and demonstrated additive combined utility (area under the curve (AUC) 0.86; 95% CI 0.84–0.88). Initial balance and cognitive test performance did not differ between PPCS and non-PPCS groups (p > 0.05). Follow-up balance and cognitive test performance identified symptom recovery with similar accuracy to a model using 11 ncRNAs and age. A combined model (ncRNAs, balance, cognition) most accurately identified recovery (AUC 0.86; 95% CI 0.83–0.89). Conclusions ncRNA biomarkers show promise for tracking recovery from mTBI, and for predicting who will have prolonged symptoms. They could provide accurate expectations for recovery, stratify need for intervention, and guide safe return-to-activities.

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