scholarly journals Some phenomena connected with the transfer of heat by radiation and turbulence in the lower atmosphere

1930 ◽  
Vol 130 (812) ◽  
pp. 98-104 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Black Body ◽  
Black Body Radiation ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Absolute Temperature ◽  
Lower Atmosphere ◽  
Lapse Rate ◽  
A Value ◽  
Radiative Diffusion ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Very High

One of the most outstanding facts of observation of the distribution of temperature in the atmosphere is the constancy of the mean lapse-rate of temperature at all heights within the troposphere and in all latitudes. The variation about the mean value, which is roughly one-half of the dry adiabatic lapse-rate, is very slight at all heights greater than a few hundred metres above the ground, but in the layer nearest the ground the extent of the variation is very considerable. At night, and particularly during clear nights in winter, the sign of the lapse-rate in the lowest layer is changed, and the temperature increases with height instead of decreasing. On sunny summer afternoons the lapse-rate in the lowest layers attains very high values, the change of temperature from 1/2 metre to 1 metre above the ground amounting to the equivalent of 100 to 200 times the dry adiabatic lapse-rate. Observations in the layers still nearer to the ground are not yet available, but the nature of the values hitherto observed suggests that the lapse-rate increases in a marked manner as we approach the surface. This raises a very natural question. Is there any limit to the lapse-rate which physically capable of foundation in the atmosphere immediately above the ground? In an earlier paper, I have shown that the outward flux of heat (W-radiation) by radiation can be represented by — k ∂͞T/∂͞z calories/cm. 2 /min., where k is 115/ p m at a temperature of 275° A., p w being the vapour pressure in millibars, and T representing the absolute temperature at a height z above the ground. The average amount of incoming radiation which has to be disposed of is given ( loc. cit .) as 0∙275 calories/cm. 2 /min. This, however, is the average over all latitudes, and over day and night, and is too low a value for our present purposes. We shall adopt instead an amount equal to black body radiation at 280° A. amounting to 0∙509 calories/cm. 2 /min. Of this, an amount 0∙290 calories/cm. 2 /min. leaves the ground as W-radiation. These figures would roughly correspond with afternoon sunshine in the British Isles. If we assume the temperature gradient in the layer near the ground to be ∂͞T/∂͞z, then it has been shown ( loc. cit .) that in this layer the amount of W-radiation transported outward by radiative diffusion is —1/2 k ∂͞T/∂͞z. If the lapse-rate has the value given by the equation.

scholarly journals Analysis of the coefficient of variation in shear and tensile bond strength tests

2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fábio Lourenço Romano ◽  
Gláucia Maria Bovi Ambrosano ◽  
Maria Beatriz Borges de Araújo Magnani ◽  
Darcy Flávio Nouer
Keyword(s):  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
A Value ◽  
Statistical Analysis System ◽  
Strength Tests ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Very High

The coefficient of variation is a dispersion measurement that does not depend on the unit scales, thus allowing the comparison of experimental results involving different variables. Its calculation is crucial for the adhesive experiments performed in laboratories because both precision and reliability can be verified. The aim of this study was to evaluate and to suggest a classification of the coefficient variation (CV) for in vitro experiments on shear and tensile strengths. The experiments were performed in laboratory by fifty international and national studies on adhesion materials. Statistical data allowing the estimation of the coefficient of variation was gathered from each scientific article since none of them had such a measurement previously calculated. Excel worksheet was used for organizing the data while the sample normality was tested by using Shapiro Wilk tests (alpha = 0.05) and the Statistical Analysis System software (SAS). A mean value of 6.11 (SD = 1.83) for the coefficient of variation was found by the data analysis and the data had a normal distribution (p>0.05). A range classification was proposed for the coefficient of variation from such data, that is, it should be considered low for a value lesser than 2.44; intermediate for a value between 2.44 and 7.94, high for a value between 7.94 and 9.78, and finally, very high for a value greater than 9.78. Such classification can be used as a guide for experiments on adhesion materials, thus making the planning easier as well as revealing precision and validity concerning the data.

scholarly journals A climatic thermostat making Earth habitable

2005 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter D. Ditlevsen
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Temperature Control ◽  
Black Body ◽  
Black Body Radiation ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Snowball Earth ◽  
Greenhouse Warming ◽  
Radiative Balance ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Warm State

The mean surface temperature on Earth and other planets with atmospheres is determined by the radiative balance between the non-reflected incoming solar radiation and the outgoing long-wave black-body radiation from the atmosphere. The surface temperature is higher than the black-body temperature due to the greenhouse warming. Balancing the ice-albedo cooling and the greenhouse warming gives rise to two stable climate states. A cold climate state with a completely ice-covered planet, called Snowball Earth, and a warm state similar to our present climate where greenhouse warming prevents the total glaciation. The warm state has dominated Earth in most of its geological history despite a 30% fainter young Sun. The warming could have been controlled by a greenhouse thermostat operating by the temperature control of the weathering process depleting CO2 from the atmosphere. This temperature control has permitted life to evolve as early as the end of the heavy bombardment 4 billion years ago.

Fertility investigations on the black earth wheatlands of the Darling Downs, Queensland. III. Mineral nitrogen in the soil and its relation to the wheat crop

1960 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
SA Waring ◽  
LJH Teakle
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Nitrogen Accumulation ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The One ◽  
Growing Crop

The level of mineral nitrogen in the soil under fallow and crop was measured for the years 1951 to 1953. Relationships of mineral nitrogen at planting to yield and nitrogen content of wheat grain and straw were examined. Values for nitrate nitrogen at the end of the fallow period ranged most commonly from 10 to 20 µg/g in the surface 2 ft and from 0 to 10 µg/g at 2-4 ft. Approximately one-third of the sites showed an increase from the third to the fourth foot. One site showed extremely high values throughout the profile, particularly at 3-4 ft where a value of 127 µg/g was recorded. Values for ammonia nitrogen were most commonly in the range of 0-3 µg/g . Under the growing crop, mineral nitrogen declined for most depths in the period from planting up to September or October, after which there was little further change to harvest. Uptake of mineral nitrogen was normally greatest from the surface 2 ft of soil. Below 3 ft there were two groups of sites. One group showed moderate to high uptake and the second group low uptake. The low uptake in the latter group provides a reason for mineral nitrogen accumulation below 3 ft at some sites. Mineral nitrogen to 4 ft at planting averaged 126 lb/ac, excluding the one site with exceptionally high values. This was double the mean value of 63 lb/ac for nitrogen recovered in grain and straw, for crops planted in May-June. These figures, combined with trends in the soil under crop, suggest that most of the nitrogen used by the crop was derived from that in the soil at planting. Correlations between mineral nitrogen at planting and grain yield were mostly non-significant, suggesting that in general nitrogen was not an important factor limiting yield. Low grain yield and protein percentage were recorded at a number of sites which had been cultivated more than 50 years.

scholarly journals On phenomena relating to the spectra of hydrogen and helium

1916 ◽  
Vol 93 (646) ◽  
pp. 27-28
Keyword(s):  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Principal Series ◽  
Black Body ◽  
Black Body Radiation ◽  
Balmer Series ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Carbon Arc ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual

In a previous paper the structure of broadened spectrum lines was investigated by a method involving the use of a neutral-tinted wedge as an accessory to the spectroscope. The present communication deals with a method for the accurate determination of the photographic intensities of spectrum lines and the reduction of such intensities to absolute values by comparison with the continuous black-body radiation of the carbon arc. These methods have been applied to a study of the relative intensity distribution in the spectra of helium and hydrogen under different conditions of excitation. It has been found that under certain specified conditions there is a transfer of energy from the longer to the shorter wave-lengths in any given series, and that, under such conditions, the associated series, and in particular the Diffuse series, are relatively enhanced at the expense of the Principal series. It has also been found that the distribution of intensity found in certain celestial spectra can be approximately reproduced in the laboratory. In any attempt to interpret the phenomena observed in connection with the Balmer series of hydrogen, it is necessary to know the particular type to which this series belongs. In order to decide this point a study has been made of the separations of the components of lines of the Balmer series of hydrogen, and the mean values of the separations of the doublets constituting the lines H a and H β have been found to be respectively 0.132 Å.U. and 0.033 Å.U. These values are consistent with the separations appropriate to a Principal series, and the first is in precise agreement with the value deduced by Buisson and Fabry. These results have been obtained by crossing a Lummer Gehrcke plate with the neutral wedge, and submitting the contours obtained to mathematical analysis, by means of which the distribution of intensity in the individual components, and the separation of the components, can be determined.

scholarly journals Neutral Saturated Lapse Rate: An Experimental Check from CALJET-1998 and PACJET-2001

2009 ◽  
Vol 137 (12) ◽  
pp. 4382-4385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renzo Richiardone ◽  
Massimiliano Manfrin
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Lapse Rate ◽  
Temperature Profiles ◽  
Experimental Check ◽  
Rate Distribution ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Lapse Rates ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract The lapse rates of high-resolution temperature profiles during nearly neutral, saturated conditions are compared with the saturated adiabatic lapse rate and with that proposed by Richiardone and Giusti. A good agreement between the latter and the mean value of the observed lapse rate is found, whereas the saturated adiabatic lapse rate differs significantly, confirming experimentally that it is not completely correct to assess the moist neutrality from a comparison with the saturated adiabatic lapse rate. The lapse-rate distribution supports the hypothesis that the lapse-rate statistics is a local collection of saturated adiabatic lapse rates in a background normal distribution centered around the neutrality.

scholarly journals PENGARUH METODE WAFA TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN ANAK MEMBACA AL-QUR’AN DI MI AL-HIDAYAH MANGKUJAJAR KEMBANGBAHU LAMONGAN

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Musa'adatul Fithriyah
Keyword(s):  
Elementary Education ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
T Test ◽  
Paired Sample ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
A Value ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Experimental Type ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right

The Qur'an learning is very fundamental in Islamic education, especially in elementary education. The Qur'an is one of the subjects that must be taught to children. Early education in the Qur'an is expected to produce young people having a strong mental foundation, education not only makes children as prosperous in the world, but also provides sufficient provisions to both improve their religion and practice their scriptures. To be able to practice the Holy Qur'an correctly, children must be guided and taught how to read the Qur'an properly in accordance with the rules of true recitation. In fact the Qur'an learning at MI AL-Hidayah Mangkujajar Kembangbahu Lamongan initially tended to be monotonous for being dominated by conventional learning methods. As a result,  the Qur'an learning only produced generations that could read the Qur'an with the average ability without any sense of love and closeness to the Qur'an instead of having enthusiasm in learning it well. As time goes by, the Qur'an learning at MI Al-Hidayah has increasingly developed by applying the so-called Wafa method. This method teaches children to be able to read and memorize the Qur'an by maximizing the right brain. This is classified as a new method, but it is quite practical and fun in the learning process. The research was aimed at determining the effect of the Wafa method on the ability of children to read the Qur'an at MI Al-Hidayah Mangkujajar Kembangbahu Lamongan. The research method is quantitative with the experimental type of one group pretest-post test, data analysis techniques use the mean pretest and posttest, in addition, to testing the hypothesis it uses the Paired Sample T-Test with the SPSS 16. The results showed the influence of the Wafa method on the children ability to read the Qur'an at MI Al-Hidayah Mangkujajar Kembangbahu Lamongan. It was proven from the results of the analysis through the mean pretest formula, it was obtained a value of 82.92 and increased in the acquisition of the mean value of posttest amounted to 85.75. In addition, in the Paired Sample T-Test based on significance values with SPSS 16, it is known that the Sig. (2-tailed) value is 0,000 <0,05, because sig. (2-tailed) of 0,000 is smaller than 0.05, then the hypothesis is accepted and it could be concluded that there is an influence of the WAFA Method on the ability to read the Qur'an at MI Al-Hidayah Mangkujajar Kembangbahu Lamongan.

scholarly journals Surface Radio Refractivity of Akure and Ondo town, Southwest Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 212-219
Author(s):  
IP Onujagbe ◽  
F Ahmed-Ade ◽  
M Mopah ◽  
AJ David
Keyword(s):  
Meteorological Parameters ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
K Value ◽  
Earth Radius ◽  
A Value ◽  
Daily Data ◽  
Southwest Nigeria ◽  
The Mean

The surface radio refractivity, refractivity gradient at 1km above ground surface and the effective earth radius factor, K over Akure and Ondo town of South west Nigeria has been investigated using Ten (10) years daily data of the meteorological parameters of Pressure, air temperature and humidity. The result showed that the mean monthly value of the surface refractivity at the Ondo station is generally slightly higher than that of Akure. The monthly mean value of refractivity at the two stations was found to be strongly correlated with a value of 0.915. The most negative refractive gradient value observed at Ondo and Akure are of -46.48N-units/km and -45.64N-units/km respectively and the least effective earth radius factor, k value of 1.421 and 1.410 were observed at the station respectively. These results showed that the Ondo and Akure station were generally super-refractive. The Ondo station was however found to be slightly more super-refractive than the Akure station.

scholarly journals PROGRESSION OF AUTOANTIBODIES ANTI-GAD AND ANTI-IA2 IN TYPE 1A DIABETICS AGED OF 5 TO 21 YEARS IN CÔTE D’IVOIRE

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aïssé Florence Judith Trébissou ◽  
Chiayé Claire Antoinette Yapo-Crezoit ◽  
Pascal Sibailly ◽  
Mamadou Sanogo ◽  
Amos Ankotché ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cote D'ivoire ◽  
Côte D’Ivoire ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Cote D’Ivoire ◽  
Gad Autoantibodies ◽  
A Value ◽  
Côte D'ivoire ◽  
Study Population ◽  
The Mean

AbstractBackgroundDiabetes autoantibodies are indispensable markers of diabetes classification.Objectiveto research autoantibodies anti-GAD and anti-IA2 in type 1A diabetics (T1D) aged 5 to 21 years, and to follow the progression of these autoantibodies in T1D patients, in Côte d’Ivoire.MethodsThe study population composed of 28 T1D patients, aged 5 to 21 years. T1D were followed up in two diabetes care centers in Abidjan district, Endocrinology departments of U.H.C of Yopougon and Treichville. Anti-GAD and anti-IA2 autoantibodies were researched by ELISA.Resultsanti-GAD and anti-IA2 were present in T1D and their siblings. After 2 years of diabetes, the titer of the anti-GAD autoantibodies increased to the mean value of 677.10 ± 353.20 IU / ml. Then, a fall of the anti-GAD autoantibodies until the cancellation was observed from the 8th to the 9th with values of 117 IU / ml to 10.14 IU / ml. Anti-IA2 autoantibodies fall at 9th year of diabetes with a value of 55.10 IU / ml.Conclusionanti-GAD and anti-IA2 autoantibodies persist after 9 years of diabetes, causing total destruction over time of the pancreatic β-cell mass in patients from Côte d’Ivoire, leading them to the death.

The thermal neutron activation cross section of 59Co

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (20) ◽  
pp. 2325-2329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet S. Merritt ◽  
R. E. Green
Keyword(s):  
Neutron Activation ◽  
Thermal Neutron ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Thermal Neutron Flux ◽  
Systematic Errors ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Thermal Neutron Activation ◽  
Activation Cross Section ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Mean

The 2200 m/s neutron activation cross section of 59Co has been determined with respect to 197Au by irradiating gold and cobalt foils in a thermal neutron flux. The result for the production of 5.261-year 60Co both directly and through 60Com is[Formula: see text]based on a value of σ0 = 98.7 b for, 197Au. Allowing for the 60Com that decays directly to levels in 60Ni yields a value for the 2200 m/s capture cross section of[Formula: see text]The standard deviation of the mean value of seven determinations was ± 0.06 %. The quoted error of ± 0.27 b has been derived from estimates of systematic errors that are discussed.

Apparent volume of the biliary tree in the dog

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 524-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
James L. Barnhart ◽  
Burton Combes
Keyword(s):  
Bile Flow ◽  
Bolus Injection ◽  
Common Duct ◽  
Biliary Tree ◽  
Apparent Volume ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Maximal Concentration ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Mean

The apparent volume of the biliary tree (ABV) in the dog was determined by measuring the mean biliary transit time of injected [14C]taurocholate ([14C]TC). After bolus injection of [14C]TC, entry of bile salt into the lumen of the biliary tree is signaled by an increase in bile flow. The volume of bile collected at the common duct from onset of choleresis until maximal concentration of 14C radioactivity is reached in bile minus the calculated quantity of bile that contains radioactivity and the cannula volume yields a value for the volume of the biliary tree present just prior to injection of [14C]TC. The mean value for ABV in 19 dogs was 2.49 ± 0.65 μL/g liver (mean ± SD).

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