scholarly journals On the theory of the catalysis of the ortho-para transformation by paramagnetic gases

1935 ◽  
Vol 150 (871) ◽  
pp. 520-533 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Spin ◽  
Transition Probability ◽  
Electronic Configuration ◽  
Statistical Weight ◽  
Quantum Numbers ◽  
Symmetry Properties ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Paramagnetic Molecules ◽  
The One ◽  
The Magnetic Field

According to quantum statistics, there exists for a diatomic molecule containing similar atoms an important difference between states with even and uneven rotational quantum numbers j . These two kinds of states have different statistical weights in the ratio of (S + 1)/S or S/(S + 1) where S is the nuclear spin. Whether the states of larger statistical weight possess even or uneven values of j depends on the symmetry properties of the electronic configuration and on the nuclear statistics. The states with the larger weight are called the ortho-states, those with the smaller weight the para-states. Under normal conditions, the transition probability between ortho-and para-states is zero. There are, however, two ways of inducing an ortho-para transformation. The one consists in dissociating the molecules, after which the atoms will recombine at random. The other possibility is to introduce a perturbation which depends both on the spins and on the positions of the nuclei. Under such conditions a transition may take place for the following reason: the unperturbed eigenfunction can be written as a product of two factors Ψ = ψ ( q 1 , q 2 ) ψ (s 1 , s 2 ) depending respectively on the space-co-ordinates q and the spin-vectors s of the two nuclei. Now, in order that an ortho-para transition may take place, it is necessary that the symmetry properties with respect to a permutation of the nuclei shall be changed in both factors. A simultaneous transition in ψ( q 1 , q 2 ) and ψ(s 1 , s 2 ) can, however, only occur if the perturbation contains a term depending both on q and s. It is due to a perturbation of this kind that the ortho-para hydrogen transformation is catalysed by paramagnetic gases as was found by Farkas and Sachsse. The interaction between the magnetic field of the paramagnetic molecules and the magnetic moment of the H-nuclei depends on the nuclear spin and, as the field is inhomogeneous, it also involves the nuclear positions. The theory of this catalysis was given by Wigner.

Regional household poverty and mobility analysis – a transition probability approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 286-302
Author(s):  
Damian Mowczan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Transition Probability ◽  
General Level ◽  
Transition Matrices ◽  
Equivalent Unit ◽  
Central Statistical ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Probability Matrices ◽  
General Mobility ◽  
One Year ◽  
The One

The main objective of this paper was to estimate and analyse transition-probability matrices for all 16 of Poland’s NUTS-2 level regions (voivodeship level). The analysis is conducted in terms of the transitions among six expenditure classes (per capita and per equivalent unit), focusing on poverty classes. The period of analysis was two years: 2015 and 2016. The basic aim was to identify both those regions in which the probability of staying in poverty was the highest and the general level of mobility among expenditure classes. The study uses a two-year panel sub-sample of unidentified unit data from the Central Statistical Office (CSO), specifically the data concerning household budget surveys. To account for differences in household size and demographic structure, the study used expenditures per capita and expenditures per equivalent unit simultaneously. To estimate the elements of the transition matrices, a classic maximum-likelihood estimator was used. The analysis used Shorrocks’ and Bartholomew’s mobility indices to assess the general mobility level and the Gini index to assess the inequality level. The results show that the one-year probability of staying in the same poverty class varies among regions and is lower for expenditures per equivalent units. The highest probabilities were identified in Podkarpackie (expenditures per capita) and Opolskie (expenditures per equivalent unit), and the lowest probabilities in Kujawsko-Pomorskie (expenditures per capita) and Małopolskie (expenditures per equivalent unit). The highest level of general mobility was noted in Małopolskie, for both categories of expenditures.

Some Important Factors Hindering the Civic Integration of Ethnic Minorities

2021 ◽  
Vol X (2) ◽  
pp. 35-48
Author(s):  
Kakha Gabunia ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
General System ◽  
Language Barrier ◽  
The State ◽  
Minority Languages ◽  
Local Staff ◽  
Majority Group ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The One ◽  
Political Economic

The purpose of this article is to compile and group the list of problems that hinder the integration of ethnic minorities in the political, economic and cultural life of the country, based on research conducted by various organizations over the past 10 yearს. According to these studies, the main problem is, on the one hand, the language barrier and, on the other hand, ethnic-nationalist tendencies and stereotypes. These national mythologies and notions play one of the crucial roles in the formation of national self-identification. Ethno-nationalist tendencies are strong both in minorities and in ethnic Georgians. There are several factors behind the emergence of the ethnonationalism in Georgia First of all, it is the legacy of Soviet totalitarianism, as well as the result of the current socio-political situation. Understanding these two factors will give us a better answer as to why ethnic-nationalist sentiments are still prevailing in Georgia and why the integration of the ethnic minorities is hindered, despite being repeatedly declared by the state. The language barrier of ethnic minorities is also an important problem in the process of integration into society. The education system should make the knowledge of the state language accessible to ethnic minorities and, at the same time, ensure the protection of minority languages. To do this, the state must maximize and encourage local staff; The general system of education should ensure the upbringing of the citizen of the country and not put any group (even the majority) in an advantageous situation. show the advantage of any (even the majority) group.

e+ e- ANNIHILATION INTO $\overline{N}N$ PAIRS

2003 ◽  
Vol 18 (02n06) ◽  
pp. 370-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. YAN ◽  
C. KOBDAJ ◽  
W. UCHAI ◽  
AMAND FAESSLER ◽  
T. GUTSCHE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Vector Meson ◽  
Quark Model ◽  
Step Process ◽  
Meson Decays ◽  
Quantum Numbers ◽  
One Step ◽  
The One

The reactions of electron-position annihilation into nucleon-antinucleon pairs have been studied in a nonperturbative quark model. The work suggests that the two-step process, in which the primary [Formula: see text] pair forms first a meson and then the meson decays into baryon pair, is dominant over the one-step process in which the primary [Formula: see text] pair is directly dressed by two additional [Formula: see text] pairs to form a baryon pair. The experimental data indicates that there exists a vector meson with quantum numbers IG(JPC) = 0-(1--) and a mass around 2 GeV.

scholarly journals The Political Debate on Basic Income and Welfare Reform in Spain

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
José A. Noguera
Keyword(s):  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
The Political ◽  
Basic Income ◽  
Political Debate ◽  
Stepping Stones ◽  
Welfare Policies ◽  
Radical Reform ◽  
Guarantee System ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The One

Two factors have boosted the debate on Basic Income (BI) in Spain in recent years: on the one hand, the combination of welfare budget cuts and growing poverty rates has spread claims for a radical reform of Spanish welfare policies; on the other hand, the emergence of Podemos as a new key actor in the Spanish political arena has generated a vivid discussion on BI and income guarantee proposals. By reviewing the political debates on these proposals, I will argue that economic feasibility concerns and implementation problems are closely related to their political feasibility. Significantly, the radical rejection of ‘means-testing’ by BI defenders fails to grasp the different types and degrees of conditions that an income guarantee system may establish. The main lesson from the Spanish experience is that BI supporters should be ready to compromise and accept generous means-tested guaranteed income programs as stepping-stones.

scholarly journals Dipolar stability in spherical simulations: The impact of an inner stable zone

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (S354) ◽  
pp. 185-188
Author(s):  
Bonnie Zaire ◽  
Laurène Jouve
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Rossby Number ◽  
Constant Ratio ◽  
Stellar Rotation ◽  
Convective Motions ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Magnetic Field ◽  
Stable Zone

AbstractMagnetic fields vary in complexity for different stars. The stability of dipolar magnetic fields is known to depend on different quantities, e.g., the stellar rotation, the stratification, and the intensity of convective motions. Here, we study the dipolar stability in a system with an inner stable zone. We present preliminary results of dynamo simulations using the Rayleigh number as a control parameter. The stiffness of the stable zone is accordingly varied to keep a constant ratio of the Brunt-Väisälä frequency to the angular velocity. Similarly to the completely convective spherical shell, we find that a transition exists between a regime where the magnetic field is dipolar to a multipolar regime when the Rossby number is increased. The value of the Rossby number at the transition is very close to the one of the fully convective case.

scholarly journals Rotating Melvin-like Universes and Wormholes in General Relativity

Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1306
Author(s):  
Kirill Bronnikov ◽  
Vladimir Krechet ◽  
Vadim Oshurko
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
General Relativity ◽  
Equation Of State ◽  
Symmetry Axis ◽  
Energy Condition ◽  
Flat Space ◽  
Stiff Matter ◽  
Cylindrically Symmetric ◽  
The One ◽  
The Magnetic Field

We find a family of exact solutions to the Einstein–Maxwell equations for rotating cylindrically symmetric distributions of a perfect fluid with the equation of state p=wρ (|w|<1), carrying a circular electric current in the angular direction. This current creates a magnetic field along the z axis. Some of the solutions describe geometries resembling that of Melvin’s static magnetic universe and contain a regular symmetry axis, while some others (in the case w>0) describe traversable wormhole geometries which do not contain a symmetry axis. Unlike Melvin’s solution, those with rotation and a magnetic field cannot be vacuum and require a current. The wormhole solutions admit matching with flat-space regions on both sides of the throat, thus forming a cylindrical wormhole configuration potentially visible for distant observers residing in flat or weakly curved parts of space. The thin shells, located at junctions between the inner (wormhole) and outer (flat) regions, consist of matter satisfying the Weak Energy Condition under a proper choice of the free parameters of the model, which thus forms new examples of phantom-free wormhole models in general relativity. In the limit w→1, the magnetic field tends to zero, and the wormhole model tends to the one obtained previously, where the source of gravity is stiff matter with the equation of state p=ρ.

scholarly journals Recombination Lasers in the XUV Spectral Region

1984 ◽  
Vol 86 ◽  
pp. 234-240
Author(s):  
G.J. Pert
Keyword(s):  
Transition Probability ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Ultra Violet ◽  
Statistical Weight ◽  
Laser Medium ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Spontaneous Transition ◽  
Spectral Bands ◽  
Conventional Laser

In a conventional laser operating in the near ultra-violet, optical or infra-red spectral bands the photon energies, not exceeding lOeV, are closely matched to the electronic or molecular energy levels of neutral and weakly ionised atoms. Consequently typical photon energies (~ eV), and transition lifetimes (~ ns) closely match the characteristics of fast electrical circuitry feeding a weakly ionised discharge which may be used to pump either directly or indirectly the laser medium.In a X-ray laser operating at about 10Å, photon energies are about 1 keV, and lifetimes about 10−14s (l0fs). In consequence the power required to pump the laser must be expected to increase rapidly as the wavelength decreases. The gain per unit length is given by:where ζ is the line shape factor, A the spontaneous transition probability, λ the wavelength, and Δν the width of the line, and (n2,g2) and (n3,g3) the population density and statistical weight of the lower and upper laser states respectively. The total power loss per unit area, p, of the medium must exceed that emitted by spontaneous decay of the laser transition.

scholarly journals Equation of State of a Magnetized Dense Neutron System

Universe ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Efrain J. Ferrer ◽  
Aric Hackebill
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Equation Of State ◽  
Chemical Potential ◽  
Compact Objects ◽  
Field Direction ◽  
Neutron Density ◽  
Magnetic Field Direction ◽  
System Equation ◽  
The One ◽  
The Magnetic Field

We discuss how a magnetic field can affect the equation of state of a many-particle neutron system. We show that, due to the anisotropy in the pressures, the pressure transverse to the magnetic field direction increases with the magnetic field, while the one along the field direction decreases. We also show that in this medium there exists a significant negative field-dependent contribution associated with the vacuum pressure. This negative pressure demands a neutron density sufficiently high (corresponding to a baryonic chemical potential of μ = 2.25 GeV) to produce the necessary positive matter pressure that can compensate for the gravitational pull. The decrease of the parallel pressure with the field limits the maximum magnetic field to a value of the order of 10 18 G, where the pressure decays to zero. We show that the combination of all these effects produces an insignificant variation of the system equation of state. We also found that this neutron system exhibits paramagnetic behavior expressed by the Curie’s law in the high-temperature regime. The reported results may be of interest for the astrophysics of compact objects such as magnetars, which are endowed with substantial magnetic fields.

The Culgoora Magnetograph

1971 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 24-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. V. Ramsay ◽  
R. G. Giovanelli ◽  
H. R. Gillett
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Angular Resolution ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Large Field ◽  
Sensitive Line ◽  
The One ◽  
The Magnetic Field

The magnetograph is based on a high-resolution filter which serves in place of a spectrograph, except that a reasonably large field of view (one-quarter of the Sun's diameter) can be observed at the one instant. Observations are made by obtaining filtergrams of opposite circular polarizations simultaneously in the wing of a magnetically sensitive line. Exposure times are about 0.3 s, the angular resolution of the magnetic field is about 2 arc s, closest frame repetition rates about 8 s. The filtergrams are processed subsequently by photographic or television subtraction. Semiautomatic photographic and/or TV subtractions yield magnetograms suitable for cinematographic projection though the subtractions are not yet as perfect as those obtained by individual subtraction.

scholarly journals The Wooden Architecture Route as an Example of a Regional Tourism Product in Poland

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (18) ◽  
pp. 5128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Zdon-Korzeniowska ◽  
Monika Noviello
Keyword(s):  
Sense Of Belonging ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
The Other ◽  
Regional Tourism ◽  
Modern Economy ◽  
Tourism Product ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Historical Heritage ◽  
The One

In the modern economy, there is a significant increase in interest in tourism, both at the level of states, regions, communes and individual places. Tourism is seen primarily as an opportunity for economic development, but also for social development and activation of local communities. Well-managed tourism can become a way to preserve and protect the natural, cultural and historical heritage of specific places or regions by exploring and nurturing it. Heritage elements become, on the one hand, attractions around which unique tourism products are created, and on the other hand, a kind of distinguishing feature of a given place or region, based on which local communities build their identity and sense of belonging. The concept of creating regional tourism products could integrate these two factors, i.e., tourism and heritage. The article presents the concept of a regional tourist product on the example of the Wooden Architecture Route (case study).

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