Absolute parallelism and metric in the expanding universe theory

1935 ◽  
Vol 151 (873) ◽  
pp. 357-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. McVittie ◽  
Edmund Taylor Whittaker
Keyword(s):  
Special Relativity ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Expanding Universe ◽  
Interacting Particles ◽  
Relativistic Model ◽  
Fundamental Notion ◽  
Absolute Parallelism ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Definition Of

In the existing theories of the expanding universe, the idea of metric or, alternatively, that of distance between two non-neighbouring points is taken as the starting-point. Thus in general relatively metric is the basis. When the metric is found and it is required to compare the predictions of theory with observation, further definitions, giving rise to different kinds of distance, must be made. On the other hand, Milne takes a definition of distance as the basis of his theory. This definition involves two assumptions. Firstly, it is supposed that observers only use the time-measures of their clocks by which to define distance, and secondly they define it is an special relativity. In each relativistic model there is therefore some ambiguity as to what is meant by distance, whilst Milne’s theory is open to the objection that there is no reason why observers should, in fact, adopt his definition of distance. The question therefore arises: up to what point is it possible to construct a theory of the mechanics of the expanding universe without using the ideas of metric and distance at all? We attempt to provide an answer by employing the theory of absolute or distant parallelism, so that we substitute the idea of direction for that of metric (or of distance) as the fundamental notion. The resulting theory is similar to that of Milne and its generalization recently proposed, but differs from them in the use of non-metrical equations. When metric and distance are eventually introduced, their function is merely to interpret, and not to obtain, formulae already found by non-metrical methods. A physical picture of the situation we wish to deal with is as follows. Consider a hydrodynamical fluid consisting of non-interacting particles in a state of continuous flux. We suppose that in this fluid there is a set of observers moving with it and making measurements of the state of the fluid around them. These observers make similar kinds of measurements. Each observer finds that the fluid recedes from him with a velocity proportional to distance from himself, as in the system of the spiral nebulae regarded as forming a “fluid”.

Jainism in Danger? Temple entry and the rhetoric of religion and reform in post-colonial India

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-37
Author(s):  
MANISHA SETHI
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Colonial India ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Debates ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Open The Doors ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract A bitter debate broke out in the Digambar Jain community in the middle of the twentieth century following the passage of the Bombay Harijan Temple Entry Act in 1947, which continued until well after the promulgation of the Untouchability (Offences) Act 1955. These laws included Jains in the definition of ‘Hindu’, and thus threw open the doors of Jain temples to formerly Untouchable castes. In the eyes of its Jain opponents, this was a frontal and terrible assault on the integrity and sanctity of the Jain dharma. Those who called themselves reformists, on the other hand, insisted on the closeness between Jainism and Hinduism. Temple entry laws and the public debates over caste became occasions for the Jains not only to examine their distance—or closeness—to Hinduism, but also the relationship between their community and the state, which came to be imagined as predominantly Hindu. This article, by focusing on the Jains and this forgotten episode, hopes to illuminate the civilizational categories underlying state practices and the fraught relationship between nationalism and minorities.

scholarly journals Legal aspect of social entrepreneurship

2019 ◽  
Vol 91 ◽  
pp. 08071 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uliana Filatova ◽  
Nina Semeryanova ◽  
Svetlana Suslova ◽  
Alena Gabudina ◽  
Anna Kopytova
Keyword(s):  
Social Entrepreneurship ◽  
Legal Aspect ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Entrepreneurs ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

The article discusses the main issues of definition of social entrepreneurship, both from economic and legal point of view. Since Russian legislature is only at the beginning of the way to create legal framework for activities, legislation on social entrepreneurship seems fragmentary and inconsistent. All of that adversely affects development of social entrepreneurship. Official city statistics (Nizhnevartovsk) show that less than a third of all entrepreneurs are interested in this type of activity; entrepreneurs who already have business in the field of social entrepreneurship mostly do not plan to expand current activities in this area. Analysis can contribute to creation of developed socio-economic relations in Russia. It can be achieved by building effective relations between social entrepreneurs and beneficiaries on the one hand, and also between social entrepreneurs and the state on the other.

Regional and indigenous identities in the high north: enacting social boundaries

Polar Record ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sidsel Saugestad
Keyword(s):  
Coming Out ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Boundaries ◽  
Cultural Tradition ◽  
Theoretical Discussion ◽  
The North ◽  
Communicative Strategies ◽  
Time And Being ◽  
Definition Of

ABSTRACTThis paper addresses two processes of social and cultural mobilisation. The first example is a regional movement, as manifested in social and cultural expressions of a north Norwegian identity that was particularly marked in the 1970s and early 80s. The other is the Saami movement, coming out strongly at about the same time, and being part of a global process of indigenous mobilisation. It is argued that although they are similar in the way they articulate a sense of identity and belonging in contrast to an overarching and encompassing state, they are different in their stated objectives, in their relation to the state and the type of achievements gained. The north Norwegian regional movement strived for inclusion into a wider national cultural tradition, and integration has been achieved by broadening the definition of what is considered Norwegian culture. The objective of the Saami movement was the opposite: to gain recognition as a people with a distinct culture, different from but equal in value with the Norwegian culture. The article is introduced by a theoretical discussion of the issues involved, framing the analysis of communicative strategies.

Theoretical and Empirical Background to the eBook

2017 ◽  
pp. 150-172
Author(s):  
Azza A Abubaker ◽  
Joan Lu
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Education Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Sentence Structure ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
History Of ◽  
Use Of The Internet ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Textual Content

A textbook in any e-educational system is an important element that requires a closer look at its components and structure, as well as identifying the barriers that affect the level of learning. This can be achieved in different aspects such as the analysis of textual content or sentence structure which is one of the concerns of linguists. On the other hand, examining the textual content can determine the appropriateness of the education level for students. This type of assessment is part of educators' concerns and by examining and defining the factors that could affect reading a text on screen, this is usually related to the way of displaying text such as font size, colour, background colour, amount of text and the location of the text on the screen. This is a key focus of this research. In this chapter, the concern will be to define the concepts and the structure of an e- document as a starting point to investigate the usability of e-texts as it covers the following: definition of e-document; history of eBook; structure of e-textbook; contribution of e-textbook for education; comparison between reading electronic and paper book; young people and the use of the internet and computer; statistical data for using the internet in Arabic countries; designing an e-textbook.

Quality Concept - Applicable Aspects for Management of Research Projects

2021 ◽  
Vol 110 ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
Daniela Alice Manolescu ◽  
Adrian Ioana ◽  
Daniela Tufeanu ◽  
Claudiu Nicolicescu ◽  
Bogdan Florea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Production Management ◽  
The Other ◽  
Iso 9001 ◽  
Efficient Production ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Mutual Dependence ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Definition Of

The notion of quality is defined as the totality of the attributes and essential aspects by virtue of which one is what it is, distinguishing itself from the other things. The article has as its starting point the definition of quality according to SR EN ISO 9001:2015. This standard defines the quality like „the set of properties and features of a product or service that gives it the ability to meet the expressed and implied needs of the customers”. Our article treats three categories of expressed and implicit necessities: the expressed and implied needs of clients, as beneficiaries of Products/Work/Services (P/W/S); the expressed and implied necessities of an efficient production management; the expressed and implicit necessities of society as a whole. In the article we present and analyze the components of quality (decalogue of quality) and the correlations between them. The quality term involves two main aspects (components), namely: utility, expressed by degree of utility (this component quantifies the extent to which the P/W/S meets the customer's needs and consequently sells). Technical component (intrinsic), which refers strictly to the technical characteristics of P/W/S. It is obvious that there is mutual dependence between the two components of the concept of quality (biunivoc).

scholarly journals The Arab World and the Occident: Toward the Construction of an Occidentalist Discourse

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-222
Author(s):  
Zahia Smail Salhi
Keyword(s):  
Arab World ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Reverse Relationship ◽  
Style Of Thought ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
East West

Purpose: This article aims to engage in a meaningful discussion of Occidentalism as a discourse that draws its roots from Orientalism. It scrutinizes the limitations of Occidentalism in investigating the East-West encounter from the perspective of Orientals (Arab intellectuals) and the multifarious ways the latter relate to and imagine the Occident. It will cast a critical eye on the multiple and diverse constructions of Occidentalism as a discourse, arguing that unlike Orientalism, which homogenizes the Orient, Occidentalism does not Occidentalize/homogenize the Occident. Methodology: We take as a starting point Edward Said’s definition of Orientalism as a style of thought based upon an ontological and epistemological distinction made between ‘the Orient’ and ‘the Occident’, and we explore the limitations and the possibilities of Occidentalism as a method to construe the colonial mechanisms of misrepresentation of the Other as everything different from the Self. This article compares and contrasts a plethora of existing definitions of Occidentalism as formulated by scholars from both the Arab world and the Occident. Findings: This paper concludes that the Oriental’s encounter with the Occident cannot, and should not, be projected as a reverse relationship, or, as some claim, as an ‘Orientalism in reverse’. Instead, it should be projected as a diverse set of relationships of Orientals who have experienced the Occident in a variety of manners. Furthermore, while Orientalism derives from a particular closeness experienced between the Occident and its Orient, often through real or imagined encounters, Occidentalism is also the outcome of a long cultural relationship between the Orient and its Occident. What differs between the Orient and Occident, however, is the position of power and hegemony, which characterizes the Occident’s encounter with the Orient. Originality: This article takes an all-inclusive view to discuss the term Occidentalism from the perspectives of both the Orient and the Occident. It teases out the limitations of this term. It challenges Orientalist methods of misrepresentation, which continues to blemish the Arab world and its discourse of Occidentalism as a discourse of hatred of the Occident. Furthermore, through the discussion of Alloula’s Oriental Harem, it offers insight into the suggested Occidentalism method, which emphasizes the disfigurations of the Orient while tactfully writing back to the Occident.

Vacant inheritance, heirless inheritance and claims from Warsaw Decree (part II)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 11-28
Author(s):  
Kamil Zaradkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Civil Code ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Inheritance Law ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Current Article ◽  
The Law ◽  
Post War ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

The second part of the article concerns the interpretation and application in the central parts of Poland of the provisions of the Napoleonic Code on vacant inheritances. The Code does not provide a definition of the vacant inheritance. The key to the interpretation of the provisions on the acquisition of vacant inheritances by the state is the term “is presumed to be” (a vacant inheritance) used in the former Article 811 of the Napoleonic Code (French: est réputée vacante), see the current Article 809 of the French Civil Code which omits the term “is presumed to be”).This indicates that, in the absence of suitable heirs, the law introduced a specific rebuttable presumption of a vacant inheritance, belonging to the state. Only after an appropriate period of time did the presumption turn into certainty, i.e. it resulted in the inability to invoke the inheritance title. In practice, this meant that thirty years after the time necessary to draw up an inventory of the inheritance and to deliberate (ad deliberandum), the inheritance ultimately fell to the State. The mechanism adopted in the Napoleonic Code made it possible, on the one hand, for the heir to acquire the inheritance, which remained under the supervision of a curator for the period when it was presumed vacant, and on the other hand, it prevented the existence of inheritances without a claimant, i.e. inheritances devoid of the persons entitled to take them over. In the post-war period, when the communist authorities passed subsequent legal acts concerning the provisions of the inheritance law, the deadlines for heirs to apply for inheritance changed. Ultimately, the legislator did not adopt the model of vacant inheritances in the regulations harmonising the inheritance law on the Polish lands since 1947; instead, a solution analogous to the one provided for in the German Civil Code of 1986 (BGB) was adopted. The “shortening” of the statute of limitations also influenced the assessment of the admissibility of further application of the provisions of the Napoleonic Code in regard to vacant inheritances during the period of the People’s Republic of Poland regime (despite the existence of different inheritance law solutions).

scholarly journals The notion of comfort, from word to concept

2019 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 02071
Author(s):  
Ştefan Dună ◽  
Ioan Silviu Doboşi ◽  
Dragoș Mihăilă ◽  
Daniel Teodorescu ◽  
Laura Troi
Keyword(s):  
Quality Standard ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Human Attitude ◽  
The One ◽  
Living Being

The notion of comfort emerged from a background of constraints caused by environmental, social, psychological, technological etc. factors, as a human attitude and endeavor to diminish these constraints and then to improve other elements that could ensure a different quality standard of life. In the last two decades, one can perceive an intensification of the efforts put into revealing the factors, together with their limitations, which contribute to achieving the state of comfort in various types of buildings considered isolated or in relation to others, in a rural or urban setting, and putting them into a standardized format that is to be taken into account. The increasing debates between specialists on the one hand and between specialists and occupants/users/residents on the other hand regarding the addition of new factors or the preeminence of their importance generates the re-contextualization of the notion of “comfort”, whose elements are presented in this study. The last chapter proposes a different approach and understanding of the notion of comfort which can thus become a concept that finds its starting point in the way man is structured as a living being and takes

scholarly journals Afterword: Interrogating naturalisation, naturalised uncertainty and anxious states

Ethnicities ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 395-407
Author(s):  
Anne-Marie Fortier
Keyword(s):  
Political Ideology ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Political Process ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Neoliberal Governance ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The One

This afterword addresses four broad questions raised by this special issue: uncertainty as a mode of governance, the ontological politics of naturalisation, the citizen-noncitizen distinction, and performative (anxious) states. First, taking uncertainty as a mode of neoliberal governance as the starting point of analysis, this afterword invites the scrutiny of the ways in which the artifice and uncertainty of citizenship are concealed or rendered irrelevant in naturalisation processes. Second, the contributions to this special issue consider naturalisation as a social and political process, rather than solely as a legal status. Pushing this conception further, this afterword considers naturalisation as transactional in two ways: on the one hand, migrants navigate a number of formal and informal requirements and ‘tests’, where some transactions are needed along the way, be they financial, practical, or symbolic. On the other hand, transactions will also occur in the translation of political ideology into policy. Third, naturalisation regimes both blur and reify the citizen-noncitizen and the citizen-migrant distinctions. Distinctions which this afterword unpacks by unravelling the assumed separation between citizenship and migration. How are citizens and migrants migratised? How are migrants and citizens citizenised? Fourth, a further element of the analysis concerns how state-citizen relations are enacted and by extension, how the state itself is ‘made up’ and ‘anxious’. The affective politics of ‘anxious states’ are telling of the frames of desire of naturalisation, which are founded on a threefold principle: the desirability of citizenship, the desire for desirable citizens, and the desirability of the state itself.

scholarly journals Trends and Perspectives in Didactic Evaluation in Higher Education

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 60-90
Author(s):  
Liliana-Luminița Todorescu ◽  
Gabriel-Mugurel Dragomir ◽  
Anca Greculescu
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
The State ◽  
Research Tool ◽  
The Other ◽  
Continuous Training ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Senior Students

This article addresses trends and perspectives in didactic evaluation in technical higher education and in order to assist teachers in their continuous training through the results obtained. Thus, 263 students from Politehnnica University of Timisoara were interviewed. The research tool was a questionnaire with 25 items, of which 5 were factual. The issues addressed were related to an analysis of the state of affairs of the evaluation, as well as the proposals made by the interviewees to improve the evaluation. The suggested changes tackle a greater understanding and empathy on the teachers’ part, their objectivity, as well as a better correlation of the evaluation with the students’ psychological and personality traits. Regarding evaluation, particularly interesting was the suggestion of replacing teachers with senior students or even with computers. On the other hand, there is a reluctance of respondents to replace evaluators with intelligence devices or gadgets. The article can also be a starting point for future indepth research on the matter of evaluation.

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