scholarly journals On the optical and physical properties of tabasheer. By David Brewster, LL. D. F. R. S. Lond. and Edin. In a letter to the Right Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. G. C. B. P. R. S. &c

1833 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 115-116
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
The State ◽  
Index Of Refraction ◽  
Flint Glass ◽  
The Third ◽  
Refractive Power ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Right

Tabasheer is a substance found in the cavities of the bamboo, existing originally in the state of a transparent fluid, but gradually indurating into a solid of different degrees of hardness: it consists of 70 silica, + 30 potash and lime. One variety has a milky transparency, transmitting a yellowish, and reflecting a bluish light; another is translucent, and a third opake: the two first varieties become transparent, and evolve air when immersed in water: the third evolves air also, but remains opake. If the first varieties be only slightly wetted they become quite opake. The property of acquiring transparency by the evolution of air from, and the absorption of water by its pores, belongs also to the hydrophanous opal; but the faculty of becoming opake by a small quantity, and transparent by a larger, of water, shows a singularity of structure in tabasheer. As the tabasheer disengages more air than hydrophane, its pores must be more numerous; and therefore the transmission of light, so as to form a perfect image, indicates either a very feeble refractive power or some peculiarity in the construction of its pores. To determine this, Dr. Brewster formed a prism of tabasheer with an angle of 34° 15', and upon measuring its refractive power found it very low, though various in different specimens, the index of refraction varying from 1·11 to 1·18, that of water being 1·33, of flint-glass 1·60, of sulphur 2·11, of phosphorus 2·22, and of the diamond 2·47. So that tabasheer has a lower refractive power than any other solid or liquid, and holds an intermediate place between water and the gases. Dr. Brewster then gives a formula for computing the absolute refractive power of bodies, and a table of results, from which it appears that, in this respect, the refractive power of tabasheer is so low as to be separated by a considerable interval from all other bodies. The author next proceeds to detail a variety of experiments upon the absorbent powers of the different kinds of tabasheer, in respect to several liquids, and the corresponding effects upon its optical properties and specific gravity, and concludes with observations on the cause of the paradox exhibited by the transparent tabasheer, in becoming opake by absorbing a small quantity of water, and transparent when the quantity is increased.

scholarly journals On new properties of light exhibited in the optical phenomena of mother-of-pearl, and other bodies to which the superficial structure of that substance can be communicated. By David Brewster, LL. D . F. R. S. Edin. and F. S. A. Ed. In a letter addressed to the Right Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. K. B. P. R. S

1832 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 502-504
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Angular Distance ◽  
Transmitted Light ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Common ◽  
Optical Phenomena ◽  
The Right

The first section of this paper is devoted to the optical properties peculiar to mother-of-pearl; the second to the communication of these properties to other bodies; the third to the consideration of the cause of these phenomena; and the fourth to the description of the peculiar species of polarization produced by this substance. Dr. Brewster observes, mother-of-pearl is composed of laminae, much resembling in their arrangement those of the agate; that when it is imperfectly polished, a coloured image of a candle is seen in it by reflection in the neighbourhood of the common image, having its blue extremity towards this image, and being always situated, with respect to it, in the direction of an axis of extraordinary reflection, the angular distance varying with the inclination and situation of the rays, and being also different in magnitude in different specimens, but always observing certain laws. There is also a mass of coloured light, crimson at great angles of incidence, and green at smaller, beyond the regular coloured image, its distance varying according to a different law; becoming brighter when the substance is polished, and varying also with its thickness. Similar appearances are observed in a surface obtained by fracture; but a higher polish produces a new coloured image on the opposite side of the common image, and nearly as bright as the former, which is rendered somewhat less brilliant by the operation of polishing. Similar appearances, but somewhat less distinct, are observed when a candle is viewed through a thin piece of mother-of-pearl; and it is remarkable, that the image which is the brighter when seen by reflection, is the less bright when seen by transmission. When the opposite surfaces happen to have different axes of extraordinary reflection, they produce the appearance of four images in the transmitted light.

scholarly journals XIX. On the optical and physical properties of tabasheer. By David Brewster, LL. D. F. R. S. Lond. and Edin. In a letter to the Right Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. G. C. B. P. R. S. &c. &c. &c

1819 ◽  
Vol 109 ◽  
pp. 283-299 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
South America ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
The State ◽  
The West ◽  
Siliceous Earth ◽  
The Right ◽  
Interesting Account

My Dear Sir, The substance called Tabasheer, has been long used as a medicine in Turkey, Syria, Arabia, and Hindostan. It was first made generally known in Europe by Dr. Patrick Russell, who published in the Philosophical Transactions, for 1790, a very interesting account of its natural history, and of the process by which it seems to be formed. From his en­quiries it appears, that this substance is found in the cavities of the bamboo, the Arundo bambos of Linnæus; and that it exists originally in the state of a transparent fluid, which ac­quires by degrees the consistency of a mucilage resembling honey, and is afterwards converted by gradual induration into a white solid, called Tabasheer. From the analysis of Mr. Macie (now Mr. Smithson), it appeared to be “perfectly identical with common siliceous earth.” The celebrated traveller M. Humboldt, discovered the same substance in the bamboos which grow to the west of Pinchincha, in South America, and a portion of what he brought to Europe in 1804, was analyzed by Fourcroy and Vauquelin, who found it to consist of 70 parts of silex, and 30 of potash and lime.

scholarly journals Wilayah Al-Faqīh dalam Politik Shī’ah

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-34
Author(s):  
Fathullah
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Democratic System ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Right ◽  
New System

Historically the system of government of Shī‘ah refers to the imāmāh system, which is a political doctrine which states that the Islamic government after the death of the Prophet Muhammad was the absolute right of the ahl al-bait (family of the Prophet), namely Ali bin Abi Talib and eleven descendants. This is considered by many observers as not providing an opportunity for other parties to obtain the same rights, namely the right to be elected as the leader of the state. In Shī’ism, the term concept of the region of al-Faqīh (power of the faqīh), or an Islamic jurist, is known. With this new system, Shī‘ah Islam has begun a new chapter in a fairly democratic system of government. A system of government that practices the law of God, which is supervised by the experts of religious jurisprudence (faqīh), as in the practice of the al-Faqīh Region system, will outperform all systems of government that are unfair in this world. Because with a system of government like this, Muslims will avoid mistakes in carrying out the wheels of government. Keywords: shi’ah, imamiyah, wilayah al-Faqih

Part III, 11 Religious Group Autonomy

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahdar Rex ◽  
Leigh Ian
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Religious Group ◽  
Religious Communities ◽  
Religious Leaders ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
The Third ◽  
Matters Of Concern ◽  
The Right

This chapter examines religious group autonomy, which comprises the right of religious communities to determine and administer their own internal religious affairs without interference from the state. It begins with a brief survey of the law's recognition of religious group autonomy. It contrasts a liberal understanding of religious autonomy with that of the religious communities themselves. It then focuses upon three illustrative matters of concern in this area. One is the right of religious groups to select their own religious leaders and ministers. The second is the right of groups to assemble for worship in buildings and locations of their choosing. The third concern is the right of religious communities to determine for themselves who they will marry within the rites of their communities.

scholarly journals Why Does the State Have the Right to Control Immigration?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Song
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Political Theory ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Public Debate ◽  
The State ◽  
Immigration Law ◽  
Freedom Of Association ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Right ◽  
Normative Justification

Public debate about immigration proceeds on the assumption that each country has the right to control its own borders. But what, if anything, justifies the modern state’s power over borders? This chapter provides an answer in three parts. First, it examines the earliest immigration law cases in U.S. history and finds that the leading theorist they rely upon falls short of providing adequate normative justification of the state’s right to control immigration. In the second part, it turns to contemporary political theory and philosophy, critically assessing three leading arguments for the state’s right to control immigration: (1) national identity, (2) freedom of association, and (3) ownership/property. The third and final section offers an alternative argument based on the requirements of democracy.

scholarly journals SAHNYA PERKAWINAN MENURUT UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 1 TAHUN 1974 TENTANG PERKAWINAN DITINJAU DARI HUKUM PERJANJIAN

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Trusto Subekti
Keyword(s):  
Family Law ◽  
The State ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Legal Certainty ◽  
Marriage Law ◽  
Arranged Marriage ◽  
The Third ◽  
Regulatory Aspects ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Right

Legal certainty is an indicator for a legal into good legal category, the fact about  the validity of marriage has led a multi interpretation among the experts and the society, especially among Muslims. This is shown in the society members statement that "the secret marriage" as a valid marriage according to religious even it is not listed. " Arranged marriage in a society is intended to solve problems within the scope of family law and marriage, not to create new problems in society. the problem is how the legitimacy of the marriage law seen from the viewpoint of the agreement, with expectations  to obtain certainty about the right interpretation of the validity of marriage, so the confusion about the validity of a marriage can be resolved. Seen from the viewpoint of the legal agreements, Marriage included in family laws agreements and according to the provisions this agreements are categorized as a formal agreements, it means that the agreement was born and legally binding if the requirements and procedures (formality) of marriage according Act No. 1 Year 1974 jo. No PP. 9 Year 1975 fulfilled. Afterwards, from the binding aspect, the function of marriage records juridically is a requirement in order to obtain recognition and protection from the state and binding the third party: (others). According to the regulatory aspects the procedure and the registration of marriages reflect a legal certainty, as the result the existence of marriage proved by  a marriage certificate.As a further consequence, in the law viewpoint a marriage is invalid if the marriage did not comply the procedure and registration of marriage.Keyword: Validity of marriages, Law Agreement

scholarly journals O DIREITO DE HOSPITALIDADE UNIVERSAL E O COLONIALISMO NO PENSAMENTO DE KANT

Alamedas ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-133
Author(s):  
Márcio Bonini Notari
Keyword(s):  
17Th Century ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
The State ◽  
The Third ◽  
Perpetual Peace ◽  
The World ◽  
Cosmopolitan Law ◽  
The Right

RESUMONa segunda seção, Kant menciona: “Os artigos definitivos para a paz perpétua entre os Estados são três: o primeiro, a Constituição civil em cada Estado deve ser republicana. A constituição de um Estado preocupado com a liberdade das pessoas, enquanto componentes de uma sociedade, da sua dependência a uma legislação comum e da sua igualdade como cidadãos. O direito das gentes deve ser fundado sobre um federalismo de Estados livres. Para garantir um estado de paz, Kant sugere a formação de uma união entre os povos, que não seria o mesmo que um Estado congregando povos, pois cada um tem e deve conservar a sua individualidade e o terceiro, o direito cosmopolita deve ser limitado às condições da hospitalidade universal. Essa ultima concepção, Kant no final do século XVII, já falava do “direito da posse comunitária da superfície da Terra”, e que, em virtude de suas dimensões limitadas, somos obrigados a conviver uns com os outros, tornando-se necessário exercitar. Essa ultima concepção, permite problematizar a questão dos estrangeiros e do colonialismo reforçando a necessidade da liga das nações em assegurar o direito cosmopolita, regulador das relações entre Estado e Cidadãos de outros estados (Estrangeiros), em não ser tratados com hostilidade em qualquer parte do globo, numa perspectiva de uma cidadania universal.Palavras chaves: Direito dos povos, direito cosmopolita, colonialismo.In the second section, Kant mentions: “There are three definitive articles for perpetual peace between states: the first, the civil constitution in each state must be republican. The constitution of a State concerned with people's freedom, as components of a society, of their dependence on common legislation and of their equality as citizens. People's law must be founded on a federalism of free states. To guarantee a state of peace, Kant suggests the formation of a union between peoples, which would not be the same as a State congregating peoples, since each one has and must preserve its individuality and the third, the cosmopolitan right must be limited to conditions of universal hospitality. This last conception, Kant at the end of the 17th century, already spoke of the “right to community possession of the Earth's surface”, and that, due to its limited dimensions, we are obliged to live with each other, making it necessary to exercise. This latter conception allows us to problematize the issue of foreigners and colonialism, reinforcing the need for the league of nations to ensure the cosmopolitan right, which regulates relations between the State and Citizens of other states (Foreigners), in not being treated with hostility anywhere in the world. globe, in a perspective of universal citizenship.Key words: Peoples' law, cosmopolitan law, colonialism 

scholarly journals Pendidikan Akhlak Anak Dalam Perspektif Abdulah Nasih Ulwan dan Relevansinya dengan kondisi saat ini

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Erfa Ernawati
Keyword(s):  
Moral Education ◽  
The State ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
National Education ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Right ◽  
As If

The purpose of national education is to develop the potential of learners to become human beings who believe and cautious to God Almighty, have noble character, healthy, knowledgeable, capable, creative, independent, and become citizens of a democratic and responsible. In fact, although the number of educated people is increasing, there is still a lot of criminality, immorality, violation of law and other issues as if eliminating the identity of a nation that berpencasila. This is where the importance of morals, the role of morals in life is often beyond the role of science, for science without morality encourages people to the kebiadapan ". So it becomes a necessity for all educators, the public as well as the state to focus on matters of morality, by realizing that children's time is the right time to instill morals. An effective method is needed to instill morals to the children, and in this case we are referring to Abdullah Nasih Ulwan who has made the formula for the education of morals for children in accordance with the rules of the current education. Departing from the background mentioned above, In order for research to have direction, base and meaning, it is necessary writer to formulate the purpose of this research, namely: first, to know urgency of moral education in children according to Abdullah Nasih Ulwan, second to know the method and application of moral education on according to Abdullah Nasih Ulwan, the third to know its relevance to the current conditions.

scholarly journals KEDUDUKAN HUKUM PERSEWAAN TANAH NEGARA

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 139
Author(s):  
Iwan Permadi
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
The State ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Public Land ◽  
Regional Autonomy ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Third ◽  
Secondary Data Sources ◽  
The Right

<em>This paper examines how the legal status of leasing the public land in deal with the State's Right of Controlling is and how the further regulating them in the implementation of regional autonomy is. The used method is a normative legal research with secondary data sources through primary legal materials, secondary and tertiary. The results show that leasing the land that the object is a public land constitutes an action against the law, because the state is in fact not the owner of the land. The state only has the right to control the public land and the only the owner has the right to lease the land. Therefore, there is a smuggling law in case of leasing the public land through enacting the regional regulations that contain the permit to use the public land, that the third parties can use public land but the third party must pay a sum of money.</em>

scholarly journals A Brief Study on the Imposition of Mizoram Under President’s Rule

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-75
Author(s):  
R. Vanlalhmangaihsanga
Keyword(s):  
Central Government ◽  
The State ◽  
The Third ◽  
Executive Authority ◽  
State Administration ◽  
The Right ◽  
Union Territory ◽  
Do So ◽  
Union Government

Under Article 356 of the constitution of India, Union Government has the right to cease the executive authority of a state and impose it under President’s Rule. However, the President’s Rule is usually exercised only when the administration of the state cannot function properly according to the provision given in the Constitution of India. When a state is imposed under President’s Rule, the Governor will have authority over the state administration and he will do so under the provision of the central government. Mizoram has also been imposed under President’s Rule thrice. The first two times was during the period in which Mizoram was a Union Territory and the third time was after it attains statehood.

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