scholarly journals Death happy: adaptive ageing and its evolution by kin selection in organisms with colonial ecology

2021 ◽  
Vol 376 (1823) ◽  
pp. 20190730
Author(s):  
Evgeniy R. Galimov ◽  
David Gems
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Computer Modelling ◽  
Social Benefits ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Selected Traits ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Viscous Populations

Standard evolutionary theory, supported by mathematical modelling of outbred, dispersed populations predicts that ageing is not an adaptation. We recently argued that in clonal, viscous populations, programmed organismal death could promote fitness through social benefits and has, in some organisms (e.g. Caenorhabditis elegans ), evolved to shorten lifespan. Here, we review previous adaptive death theory, including consumer sacrifice, biomass sacrifice and defensive sacrifice types of altruistic adaptive death. In addition, we discuss possible adaptive death in certain semelparous fish, coevolution of reproductive and adaptive death, and adaptive reproductive senescence in C. elegans . We also describe findings from recent tests for the existence of adaptive death in C. elegans using computer modelling. Such models have provided new insights into how trade-offs between fitness at the individual and colony levels mean that senescent changes can be selected traits. Exploring further the relationship between adaptive death and social interactions, we consider examples where adaptive death results more from action of kin than from self-destructive mechanisms and, to describe this, introduce the term adaptive killing of kin. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Ageing and sociality: why, when and how does sociality change ageing patterns?’

scholarly journals Dominance relationships and coalitionary aggression against conspecifics in female carrion crows

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedikt Holtmann ◽  
Julia Buskas ◽  
Matthew Steele ◽  
Kristaps Solokovskis ◽  
Jochen B. W. Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Social Rank ◽  
Social Benefits ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
The Third ◽  
Dominance Relationships ◽  
Dominant Individual ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Cooperation is a prevailing feature of many animal systems. Coalitionary aggression, where a group of individuals engages in coordinated behaviour to the detriment of conspecific targets, is a form of cooperation involving complex social interactions. To date, evidence has been dominated by studies in humans and other primates with a clear bias towards studies of male-male coalitions. We here characterize coalitionary aggression behaviour in a group of female carrion crows consisting of recruitment, coordinated chase, and attack. The individual of highest social rank liaised with the second most dominant individual to engage in coordinated chase and attack of a lower ranked crow on several occasions. Despite active intervention by the third most highly ranked individual opposing the offenders, the attack finally resulted in the death of the victim. All individuals were unrelated, of the same sex, and naïve to the behaviour excluding kinship, reproduction, and social learning as possible drivers. Instead, the coalition may reflect a strategy of the dominant individual to secure long-term social benefits. Overall, the study provides evidence that members of the crow family engage in coordinated alliances directed against conspecifics as a possible means to manipulate their social environment.

scholarly journals Frankly, We Do Give a Damn

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 816-826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilad Feldman ◽  
Huiwen Lian ◽  
Michal Kosinski ◽  
David Stillwell
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Aggregate Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

There are two conflicting perspectives regarding the relationship between profanity and dishonesty. These two forms of norm-violating behavior share common causes and are often considered to be positively related. On the other hand, however, profanity is often used to express one’s genuine feelings and could therefore be negatively related to dishonesty. In three studies, we explored the relationship between profanity and honesty. We examined profanity and honesty first with profanity behavior and lying on a scale in the lab (Study 1; N = 276), then with a linguistic analysis of real-life social interactions on Facebook (Study 2; N = 73,789), and finally with profanity and integrity indexes for the aggregate level of U.S. states (Study 3; N = 50 states). We found a consistent positive relationship between profanity and honesty; profanity was associated with less lying and deception at the individual level and with higher integrity at the society level.

Perceived Police Authority as a Function of Uniform Hat and Sex

1988 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 815-824 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet M. Volpp ◽  
Sharron J. Lennon
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Stimulus Person ◽  
Nonparametric Analysis ◽  
Exploratory Research ◽  
Perceptual Cues ◽  
Job Tasks ◽  
Context Variable ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

Clothing cues affect first impressions and social interactions. Results of a social interaction may depend in part on the influence of clothing cues on the initial first impression. For example, in many instances a policeperson needs to be perceived as authoritarian and formal to accomplish task objectives. A uniform that conveys an image of authority may enhance the ability of the policeperson to accomplish the job tasks. Research shows that the image conveyed by clothing may depend upon the context within which it is worn. Sex of the uniform wearer may be one such context variable. The present exploratory research was designed to study the relationship between uniform hats and perceived authority. A 2 (sex of stimulus person) × 9 (hat style) factorial laboratory experiment with repeated measures on both factors was conducted. Data were analyzed using Friedman's nonparametric analysis of variance. Uniform hats were important perceptual cues conveying differing degrees of authority. Generally, policepersons wearing any of the eight hats were seen as having more authority than policepersons not wearing a uniform hat. Perceived authority was not a function of the hat style per se but was influenced by the sex of the individual wearing the hat. Uniform hats had a greater influence on a policewoman's image than on a policeman's image. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for police attire in general and a policewoman's uniform in particular.

Do social interactions matter for borrowing behaviour of the Europeans aged 50+?

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Fernández-López ◽  
Djamila Daoudi ◽  
Lucía Rey-Ares
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Social Activities ◽  
Mortgage Debt ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Weak Evidence ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Household Borrowing ◽  
The Relationship

PurposeThis paper aims to explore the linkage between households' social interactions and credit context and how these interactions may influence household borrowing decisions.Design/methodology/approachBased on a sample of 45,907 individuals referred to 18 countries, drawn from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, different probit regressions are used to test the four hypotheses proposed.FindingsEmpirical evidence confirms that intensive and extensive sociability are positively related to consumer debt holding. However, when social activities are considered separately, there is weak evidence that they are also related to mortgage debt holding and over-indebtedness. Moreover, at this level of analysis, the different nature of the social activities in which the individual participates in may condition the relationship with borrowing behaviour. The findings also show that relative income plays a passive role in household borrowing behaviour, since low-income households are more likely to hold mortgage and informal loans or to be over-indebted in highly indebted countries.Originality/valueFirst, this paper extends the knowledge of the relationship between social interactions and borrowing behaviour by considering not only the intensity and diversity of the social activities in which the individual participates, but also the different nature of these activities. Second, it proposes that social interactions may play a passive role on borrowing decision, suggesting that household's behaviour might be passively affected by the density of borrowers surrounding it. To the best of our knowledge, there has not been any attempt to test this issue regarding household borrowing decisions. Third, unlike the few empirical papers on the topic, the paper also analyses previous issues by distinguishing between different types of debts; a distinction that revels the different role played by social interactions.

Social dominance and breeding activity in Spanish ibex (Capra pyrenaica) maintained in captivity

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 436 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Santiago-Moreno ◽  
A. Gómez-Brunet ◽  
A. Toledano-Díaz ◽  
A. Pulido-Pastor ◽  
A. López-Sebastián
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Dominance ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Dominance Status ◽  
Capra Pyrenaica ◽  
Dominance Hierarchies ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between ovulatory activity and social dominance was determined in 10 Spanish ibex females by recording their plasma progesterone and plasma cortisol levels. In a second experiment, the influence of dominance status on the establishment of pregnancy after introduction to males during late anoestrous (late October) was evaluated in another nine females. Dominance hierarchies were established in both groups by noting agonistic interactions between the individual females. Six high-ranking females of the 10 ibexes without male contact showed ovulatory activity with 1–3 progesterone cycles. The first progesterone cycle appeared in December (18 December ± 4 days). Dominance status correlated with age (R = 0.86, P < 0.01), bodyweight (R = 0.96, P < 0.001) and the number of progesterone cycles (R = 0.82, P < 0.01). Cortisol differences were associated with differences in reproductive function rather than social status per se. Introduction to males during late anoestrous brought forward the initiation of ovulatory activity (14 November ± 5 days) and resulted in three pregnancies in females with higher dominance ranks. The results suggest that social interactions are important in the control of ovulatory activity in the Spanish ibex.

When organization meets emotions, does the socio-relational framework fail?

2009 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 391-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frédéric Basso ◽  
Olivier Oullier
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Organizational Contexts ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Cost Benefits ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Relational Framework

AbstractWe suggest that the framework proposed by Vigil is useful in laboratory contexts but might come up short for in vivo social interactions. Emotions result from cost-benefits trade-offs but are not solely generated at the individual level to establish emotional social spheres. In organizational contexts, emotion expression can be a constitutive part of a professional activity, and observed sex differences might vanish.

Creating a Competitive Advantage by Occupying Critical Position: Analysis of the Tourism Academy Network in Taiwan

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Chih-Hsing Liu ◽  
Bernard Gan
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Creation ◽  
Research Funding ◽  
Critical Position ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Tourism Management ◽  
Knowledge Quality ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Southern Taiwan ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

This study analyzed the relationship between the critical network position and knowledge creation at the individual level. The hypothesis was tested among a sample of 109 tourism research scholars from 24 universities with tourism management departments. The majority of these universities are located in northern, middle, or southern Taiwan. The analyses tracked 466 scholars’ publications, 651 applications for research funding, and 675 coauthorships between 1993 and 2012. The results revealed trade-offs and nonlinear relationships between the critical position and the quality/quantity of knowledge created. Furthermore, research funding played important moderating roles, as it positively moderated the association between critical position and knowledge quality but negatively moderated knowledge quantity.

scholarly journals On the evolution of baboon greeting rituals

2020 ◽  
Vol 375 (1805) ◽  
pp. 20190420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federica Dal Pesco ◽  
Julia Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Contest Competition ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
And Function ◽  
Aggressive Signals

To balance the trade-offs of male co-residence, males living in multi-male groups may exchange ritualized greetings. Although these non-aggressive signals are widespread in the animal kingdom, the repertoire described in the genus Papio is exceptional, involving potentially harmful behaviours such as genital fondling. Such greetings are among the most striking male baboon social interactions, yet their function remains disputed. Drawing on the comprehensive analysis from our own research on wild Guinea baboons, combined with a survey of the literature into other baboon species, we review the form and function of male–male ritualized greetings and their relation to the various social systems present in this genus. These ritualized signals differ between species in their occurrence, form and function. While ritualized greetings are rare in species with the most intense contest competition, the complexity of and risk involved in greeting rituals increase with the degree of male–male tolerance and cooperation. The variety of societies found in this genus, combined with its role as a model for human socioecological evolution, sheds light on the evolution of ritualized behaviour in non-human primates and rituals in humans. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Ritual renaissance: new insights into the most human of behaviours’.

Accent Policy and Accent Modification Enterprises as Potential Indicators of Intercultural Power Relations: A Call for an Updated Research Agenda

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brynne D. Ovalle ◽  
Rahul Chakraborty
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Identity Construction ◽  
Social Theory ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Cultural Organization ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This article has two purposes: (a) to examine the relationship between intercultural power relations and the widespread practice of accent discrimination and (b) to underscore the ramifications of accent discrimination both for the individual and for global society as a whole. First, authors review social theory regarding language and group identity construction, and then go on to integrate more current studies linking accent bias to sociocultural variables. Authors discuss three examples of intercultural accent discrimination in order to illustrate how this link manifests itself in the broader context of international relations (i.e., how accent discrimination is generated in situations of unequal power) and, using a review of current research, assess the consequences of accent discrimination for the individual. Finally, the article highlights the impact that linguistic discrimination is having on linguistic diversity globally, partially using data from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and partially by offering a potential context for interpreting the emergence of practices that seek to reduce or modify speaker accents.

Investigating the Relationship Between Self-Esteem and Stigma Among Young Adults With History of Suicide Attempts

Crisis ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 265-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meshan Lehmann ◽  
Matthew R. Hilimire ◽  
Lawrence H. Yang ◽  
Bruce G. Link ◽  
Jordan E. DeVylder
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
High Risk Population ◽  
High Functioning ◽  
People With Mental Illness ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. Background: Self-esteem is a major contributor to risk for repeated suicide attempts. Prior research has shown that awareness of stigma is associated with reduced self-esteem among people with mental illness. No prior studies have examined the association between self-esteem and stereotype awareness among individuals with past suicide attempts. Aims: To understand the relationship between stereotype awareness and self-esteem among young adults who have and have not attempted suicide. Method: Computerized surveys were administered to college students (N = 637). Linear regression analyses were used to test associations between self-esteem and stereotype awareness, attempt history, and their interaction. Results: There was a significant stereotype awareness by attempt interaction (β = –.74, p = .006) in the regression analysis. The interaction was explained by a stronger negative association between stereotype awareness and self-esteem among individuals with past suicide attempts (β = –.50, p = .013) compared with those without attempts (β = –.09, p = .037). Conclusion: Stigma is associated with lower self-esteem within this high-functioning sample of young adults with histories of suicide attempts. Alleviating the impact of stigma at the individual (clinical) or community (public health) levels may improve self-esteem among this high-risk population, which could potentially influence subsequent suicide risk.

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