scholarly journals Enhancing the natural toxicity of Salmonella Typhimurium towards tumours

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (7A) ◽  
Author(s):  
Najla Alfaqeer ◽  
Donal Wall
Keyword(s):  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Level Of Invasion ◽  
Mutant Strains ◽  
High Level ◽  
Initial Results ◽  
Number Of Bacteria

Background and objective: Salmonella is the underlying cause of foodborne diseases and poses a major public health problem worldwide. Research has developed a method to efficiently treat cancer using some of the same bacteria behind food poisoning, one of these bacteria is Salmonella which targets and penetrats tumours specifically by being attracted to the compounds produced by tumour cells and accumulating at the tumour site and inducing inflammation. In this project we aim to investigate the mechanism of Salmonella Typhimurium which has a tremendous ability to invade, replicate and compete to survive inside the cells by virtue of effector proteins such as: sipA, sipB, and AvrA which it possesses. Method: The S.Typhimurium strains used are wild-type SL1344 ( ΔsipA, ΔsipB, ΔavrA and VV341) and attenuated strain of SL7207. Bacteria were cultured in LB broth in a 37 °C shaker overnight to reach a stationary phase before using it to infect B16F10 (mouse melanoma). Results: The initial results show that the infection of B16F10 with wild-type SL1344 had a high level of invasion compared to the low number of bacteria with the deletion of sipB which impaired its entry into the cell. Similarly, the mutant strains ΔsipA and ΔavrA show an increasing number of intracellular bacteria, like the wild-type strain. We will be investigating further on the innate mechanisms of Salmonella in disrupting tumour growth and progression, that might help maximize the potential of using these bacteria in monotherapy or in tandem with other useful therapies.

Medically Important Vector Borne Disease Control-Botanical Plant Extract Trials

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 513
Author(s):  
Rakhshan .
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Vector Borne Disease ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Synthetic Pesticides ◽  
High Level ◽  
Continuous Use ◽  
Chemical Pesticides

Mosquitoes are vectors of many pathogens which causes serious human diseases like Malaria, Filariasis, Japanese encephalitis, Dengue fever, Chikungunya, Yellow fever and Zika virus which constitute a major public health problem globally. Mosquito borne diseases cause high level of economic impact all over the world and result in millions of death every year. They infect around 700,000,000 people annually worldwide and 40,000,000 only in India. The continuous use of synthetic pesticides to control vector mosquitoes has caused physiological resistance, toxic effect on human health, environmental pollution and addition to these, its adverse effects can be observed on non-target organisms. Synthetic chemical pesticides have been proved to be effective, but overall in last 5 decades indiscriminate use of synthetic pesticides against vector borne disease control have originated several ecological issues due to their residual accumulation and development of resistance in target vectors and their chronic effects.

scholarly journals Molecular Analyses of TEM Genes and Their Corresponding Penicillinase-Producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae Isolates in Bangkok, Thailand

2011 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 916-920 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu-ichi Nakayama ◽  
Chanwit Tribuddharat ◽  
Sasiprapa Prombhul ◽  
Ken Shimuta ◽  
Somporn Srifuengfung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Sexual Network ◽  
Genetic Event ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Resistance To Penicillin ◽  
High Level ◽  
International Awareness

ABSTRACTNeisseria gonorrhoeaeis a major public health problem globally, especially because the bacterium has developed resistance to most antimicrobials introduced for first-line treatment of gonorrhea. In the present study, 96N. gonorrhoeaeisolates with high-level resistance to penicillin from 121 clinical isolates in Thailand were examined to investigate changes related to their plasmid-mediated penicillin resistance and their molecular epidemiological relationships. A β-lactamase (TEM) gene variant,blaTEM-135, that may be a precursor in the transitional stage of a traditionalblaTEM-1gene into an extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), possibly causing high resistance to all extended-spectrum cephalosporins inN. gonorrhoeae, was identified. Clonal analysis using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) andN. gonorrhoeaemultiantigen sequence typing (NG-MAST) revealed the existence of a sexual network among patients from Japan and Thailand. Molecular analysis of theblaTEM-135gene showed that the emergence of this allele might not be a rare genetic event and that the allele has evolved in different plasmid backgrounds, which results possibly indicate that it is selected due to antimicrobial pressure. The presence of theblaTEM-135allele in the penicillinase-producingN. gonorrhoeaepopulation may call for monitoring for the possible emergence of ESBL-producingN. gonorrhoeaein the future. This study identified ablaTEMvariant (blaTEM-135) that is a possible intermediate precursor for an ESBL, which warrants international awareness.

scholarly journals Transfer of embB Codon 306 Mutations into Clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strains Alters Susceptibility to Ethambutol, Isoniazid, and Rifampin

2008 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 2027-2034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan Safi ◽  
Brendan Sayers ◽  
Manzour H. Hazbón ◽  
David Alland
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Single Mutation ◽  
Variable Degree ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Growth Property ◽  
Major Mechanism ◽  
Mutant Strains ◽  
High Level ◽  
Competition Assays

ABSTRACT Implicated as a major mechanism of ethambutol (EMB) resistance in clinical studies of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, mutations in codon 306 of the embB gene (embB306) have also been detected in EMB-susceptible clinical isolates. Other studies have found strong associations between embB306 mutations and multidrug resistance, but not EMB resistance. We performed allelic exchange studies in EMB-susceptible and EMB-resistant clinical M. tuberculosis isolates to identify the role of embB306 mutations in any type of drug resistance. Replacing wild-type embB306 ATG from EMB-susceptible clinical M. tuberculosis strain 210 with embB306 ATA, ATC, CTG, or GTG increased the EMB MIC from 2 μg/ml to 7, 7, 8.5, and 14 μg/ml, respectively. Replacing embB306 ATC or GTG from two high-level EMB-resistant clinical strains with wild-type ATG lowered EMB MICs from 20 μg/ml or 28 μg/ml, respectively, to 3 μg/ml. All parental and isogenic mutant strains had identical isoniazid (INH) and rifampin (RIF) MICs. However, embB306 CTG mutants had growth advantages compared to strain 210 at sub-MICs of INH or RIF in monocultures and at sub-MICs of INH in competition assays. CTG mutants were also more resistant to the additive or synergistic activities of INH, RIF, or EMB used in different combinations. These results demonstrate that embB306 mutations cause an increase in the EMB MIC, a variable degree of EMB resistance, and are necessary but not sufficient for high-level EMB resistance. The unusual growth property of embB306 mutants in other antibiotics suggests that they may be amplified during treatment in humans and that a single mutation may affect antibiotic susceptibility against multiple first-line antibiotics.

scholarly journals Outcomes of patients presenting with central nervous system tuberculosis at a tertiary care center in India

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 138
Author(s):  
Santhosh Rajendran ◽  
Darshil Shah ◽  
Fatema Kapadia ◽  
Ruchi Jani ◽  
Jinal Pandya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Care Center ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Delayed Diagnosis ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Neurological Status ◽  
Neurological Deficits ◽  
Common Symptom ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
High Level

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health problem in India. Ten percent of all patients with TB have CNS involvement.  Delayed diagnosis of this disease is associated with increased mortality. This study assesses the socio-demographic profile as well as outcomes in patients with various forms of CNS TB.  Methods: A prospective observational study conducted at V.S. Hospital, Ahmedabad, between December-2016 and February-2018. Each patient was assessed from admission to 3- month follow up. The diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis (TBM) and tuberculoma was done as per the Ahuja and Rajashekhar criteria, respectively. Neurological status and functional outcome were graded based on modified Rankin score (mRS).  Results: Our study had 56 patients with a mean age of 35.01±11.46 years.  We observed that increasing age was associated with higher mRS (p=0.002). Fever was the most common symptom in patients with TBM (96. 15%), unlike seizures (100%) in patients with tuberculomas with or without TBM. Patients with either isolated TBM or tuberculoma had improvement in outcomes. On multivariate analysis, it was found that CN palsy (HR=0.38, p=0.003), duration of illness (HR=0.35, p=0.005) and age (HR=0.33, p=0.008) were the most significant predictor of worse outcomes.  Conclusions: Identification and evaluation of focal signs like seizures and focal neurological deficits along with certain non-focal signs like headache and fever should raise high level of suspicion for TB in tropical regions at the primary care levels for early diagnosis and treatment.

scholarly journals Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in Algeria: phenotypic and genotypic characterization of clinical isolates

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (01) ◽  
pp. 95-101
Author(s):  
Nabila Benamrouche ◽  
Badia Guettou ◽  
Fatma Zohra Henniche ◽  
Farida Assaous ◽  
Houcine Laouar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enterococcus Faecium ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant ◽  
High Level

Introduction: vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) is a major public health problem worldwide. The aim of our study was to determine the microbiological, epidemiological and molecular characteristics of VREfm isolated in north-central, eastern and western Algeria. Methodology: a collection of 48 VREfm isolated from September 2010 to April 2017 in several Algerian hospitals were studied. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by E-test method according to CLSI guidelines. the detection of van genotype of all strains was performed by PCR. Clonal relationship of five VREfm targeted by region were characterized using multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Results: All isolates have multidrug-resistance (MDR) and were resistant to at least five classes of antibiotics; however, all were susceptible to tigecycline and daptomycin with MIC50 at 0.094 µg/mL and 2 µg/mL respectively. All strains belonged to vanA genotype and have high level of resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin. MLST revealed two sequence types (STs): ST80 (from the four regions of Algeria) and ST789, both belonging to the former hospital-adapted clonal complex CC17. Conclusions: the alarming dissemination of MDR E. faecium vanA and the ST80 in several regions of Algeria suggest a clonal spread of VREfm strains, which urgently require implementation of adequate infection control measures.

scholarly journals Site-Specific Contributions of Glutamine-Dependent Regulator GlnR and GlnR-Regulated Genes to Virulence of Streptococcus pneumoniae

2008 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 1230-1238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wouter T. Hendriksen ◽  
Tomas G. Kloosterman ◽  
Hester J. Bootsma ◽  
Silvia Estevão ◽  
Ronald de Groot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Glutamate Uptake ◽  
Glutamate Metabolism ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Infection Models ◽  
Mutant Strains ◽  
Bacterial Fitness ◽  
Number Of Bacteria

ABSTRACT The transcriptional regulator GlnR of Streptococcus pneumoniae is involved in the regulation of glutamine and glutamate metabolism, controlling the expression of the glnRA and glnPQ-zwf operons, as well as the gdhA gene. To assess the contribution of the GlnR regulon to virulence, D39 wild-type and mutant strains lacking genes of this regulon were tested in an in vitro adherence assay and murine infection models. All of the mutants, except the ΔglnR mutant, were attenuated in adherence to human pharyngeal epithelial Detroit 562 cells, suggesting a contribution of these genes to adherence during the colonization of humans. During murine colonization, only the ΔglnA mutant and the glnP-glnA double mutant (ΔglnAP) were attenuated, in contrast to ΔglnP, indicating that the effect is caused by the lack of GlnA expression. In our pneumonia model, only ΔglnP and ΔglnAP showed a significantly reduced number of bacteria in the lungs and blood, indicating that GlnP is required for survival in the lungs and possibly for dissemination to the blood. In intravenously infected mice, glnP and glnA were individually dispensable for survival in the blood whereas the ΔglnAP mutant was avirulent. Finally, transcriptome analysis of the ΔglnAP mutant showed that many genes involved in amino acid metabolism were upregulated. This signifies the importance of glutamine/glutamate uptake and synthesis for full bacterial fitness and virulence. In conclusion, several genes of the GlnR regulon are required at different sites during pathogenesis, with glnA contributing to colonization and survival in the blood and glnP important for survival in the lungs and, possibly, efficient transition from the lungs to the blood.

scholarly journals Vancomycin intermediate and high level vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates in Osogbo, Nigeria

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Samuel Sunday Taiwo ◽  
Titilope Bosede Bamigboye ◽  
Osatohanmwen Odaro ◽  
Olusegun Adelowo Adefioye ◽  
Solomon Olufemi Fadiora
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Disk Diffusion ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Disk Diffusion Test ◽  
Mueller Hinton ◽  
Mueller Hinton Agar ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant ◽  
High Level ◽  
Broth Dilution

<p>The decreased vancomycin susceptibility and subsequent emergence of vancomycin resistant <em>Staphylococcus aureus </em>(VRSA) strains already multi-resistant to antibiotics is a major public health problem. In 2009, the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) altered its guidelines for vancomycin susceptibility testing in <em>S. aureus</em> and recent data suggests the possibility that VRSA may emerge more frequently than previously expected. Against this background, we conducted a study to ascertain the susceptibility status of clinical <em>S. aureus</em> isolates to vancomycin in our environment using vancomycin agar screen, disk diffusion and broth dilution methods. Of the total 49 <em>S. aureus </em>invasive strains isolated, 25 (51.0%) had vancomycin MIC of ≤2µg/ml by the CLSI standard broth dilution method and are classed as vancomycin susceptible; 18 (36.7%) had MIC of 4-8µg/ml (vancomycin intermediate resistant) and 6 (12.2%) had MIC of &gt;256µg/ml (high level vancomycin resistant). Vancomycin agar screen with Mueller-Hinton agar containing 3µg/ml vancomycin (MHA-V3) correctly identified 20 of 25 (80%) vancomycin susceptible isolates; detected all 6 vancomycin resistant isolates and 16 of 18 (88.9%) vancomycin intermediate strains. Similarly, Mueller-Hinton agar containing 6µg/ml vancomycin (MHA-V6) correctly identified 23 of 25 (92%) vancomycin susceptible isolates and all 6 vancomycin resistant isolates but detected 14 (77.8%) of 18 vancomycin intermediate strains. Vancomycin disk diffusion test correctly identified all the 25 vancomycin susceptible <em>S. aureus</em> isolates giving 100% specificity but detected only 1 of 18 (5.6%) vancomycin intermediate and none (0%) of vancomycin resistant isolates. This result shows the occurrence of VISA and high level VRSA isolates in our environment, which contrary to current belief, may indicate widespread dissemination of VRSA. MHA-V3 agar is a useful alternative screening medium for vancomycin non-susceptibility detection in clinical <em>S. aureus</em> isolates but vancomycin disk diffusion is not useful in this regard.</p>

scholarly journals Assessment of quality of life in alcohol dependents taking treatment in government de-addiction centre, Chennai

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. 2755
Author(s):  
Selvaraj R. ◽  
Duraimurugan M.
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Major Portion ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Study Population ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Level ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

Background: Heavy alcohol drinking is a major public health problem in most of the developing countries. Each year about 3.3 million deaths is caused by alcohol consumption and this is the main causal factor for about 200 various diseases that contributes about 5.9% deaths. Quality of life (QoL) is affected in alcohol dependents significantly. This study was conducted to determine the QoL of alcohol dependent patients in government de-addiction centre and to study the factors associated with the QoL of alcohol dependents.Methods: Across sectional study done using validated semi structured questionnaire contains sociodemographic details, SADD and WHO QoL-BREF-26 questionnaire.Results: Almost half of the participants (46.7%) were less than 30 years old. The major portion of the participants (70%) belonged to the lower class. Almost half of them (46.6%) were either unmarried or separated. Major portion of the participants of the study population are having medium (46.67%) and high level (40%) of dependence. Around 83.3%of the participants were affected by any one of the psychiatric co-morbidities. Around 2/3rd of participants (66.7%) are started to work before the legal age to work. Half of the alcohol dependents (53.33%) having family members with harmful alcohol intake behaviour. The mean baseline score of QoL of study subjects were compared to the mean scores of the healthy individuals.Conclusions: The QoL is the most valuable tool for the interventional management and designing the management programme. Around 80% of the study population are literate and 90% of the study population having good intention towards recovery.

scholarly journals Incidence of psychrotrophs bacteria with potential public health implications in ice cream sold in Zakho markets

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 4247
Author(s):  
Yousif Abdulla AlBany ◽  
Reem Qasim Mohammed ◽  
Nagham Mohammed Azzo ◽  
Mohammad Ismail Al-Berfkani
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Ice Cream ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
High Prevalence

Background: Foodborne illness are caused by the consumption of food that is contaminated with either bacteria or their toxins and the most common causes are psychotropic bacteria which cause major public health problem. The aim was to detect and enumerate pathogenic bacteria in locally made ice cream.Methods: 250 locally made ice cream samples were randomly collected from automatic soft machines and dipping cabinets in the markets of Zakho city over a period of ten months starting in July 2016 to May 2017. All collected samples were transported to the microbiology laboratory. The most probable number methods used for detection and enumeration of pathogenic psychotropic bacteria.Results: In general, both types of ice cream samples were showed heavy contamination with aerobic bacteria. The Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) counts exceeded the standard limits in all samples; the count in dipping cabinets' samples was higher than automatic soft machines samples whereas Coliform count in automatic soft machines samples was higher than dipping cabinets' samples. High incidence of Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes had been detected in all ice cream samples and the range in samples from automatic soft machines were higher than samples obtained from dipping cabinets.Conclusions: This study indicates a high prevalence of pathogenic psychrotrophs in unpacked ice cream and poor hygiene during production, which make local ice cream unsuitable for consumption and it is indicating the need to monitor the hygienic quality of markets and the health authorities must be informed about such cases to avoid food poisoning. 

In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest (DRAFT)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Elmer ◽  
Abhishek Freyer
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Early Recognition ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Circulatory Support ◽  
Organ Support ◽  
Secondary Brain Injury ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
High Level ◽  
Hospital Cardiac Arrest ◽  
System Organ

In-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) is a major public health problem. Despite its prevalence, there remains a paucity of high-level evidence to guide patient management during and after resuscitation from IHCA and most guidelines are extrapolated from studies of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. This chapter reviews the cornerstones of IHCA management: early recognition, provision of high quality compressions, and early defibrillation of shockable rhythms. It also summarizes key actions in early post-resuscitation care, including multiple system organ support to prevent rearrest and restore hemodynamic stability and prevention of secondary brain injury. Finally, brief attention is given to adjuncts to traditional IHCA resuscitation including thrombolysis, corticosteroids, and extracorporeal circulatory support.

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