scholarly journals An Overview on Dry Eye Treatment: Approaches for Cyclosporin A Delivery

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Burçin Yavuz ◽  
Sibel Bozdağ Pehlivan ◽  
Nurşen Ünlü
Keyword(s):  
Cyclosporin A ◽  
Dry Eye ◽  
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Underlying Disease ◽  
Ocular Infection ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Systemic Delivery ◽  
Treatment Approaches ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Dry eye syndrome (DES, Keratoconjunctivitis sicca) is a common disorder of the tear film caused by decreased tear production or increased evaporation. Changes in tear composition also promote inflammation on the ocular surface by various mechanisms. Artificial tear drops, tear retention treatment, stimulation of tear secretion, or anti-inflammatory drugs may be used for dry eye treatment according to the severity of the disease. For untreated patients, the risk of ocular infection increases at considerable level and clinical course of the disease may proceed up to infection, corneal ulcer, and blindness. Artificial tears and/or punctual occlusions are used for tear replacement or preservation. New treatment approaches are designed to modify the underlying disease process. For the treatment of severe dry eye disease, cyclosporin A (CsA), the first one of the new generation immunomodulatory drugs, which has an anti-inflammatory effect, is frequently used. CsA has immunosuppressive effects following systemic application. Following local administration of CsA, it is expected to obtain effective drug concentration at the target area and to avoid the various side effects associated with systemic delivery. Microspheres, implants, and liposomes have been developed for administration of CsA subconjunctivally in order to enhance its efficiency.

Drug-Induced Movement Disorders

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 70-77
Author(s):  
Amy Lustig ◽  
Cesar Ruiz
Keyword(s):  
Movement Disorders ◽  
Medical Management ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Underlying Disease ◽  
Extrapyramidal Symptoms ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
General Overview ◽  
Management Approaches ◽  
Broad Understanding ◽  
Underlying Disease Process

The purpose of this article is to present a general overview of the features of drug-induced movement disorders (DIMDs) comprised by Parkinsonism and extrapyramidal symptoms. Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) who work with patients presenting with these issues must have a broad understanding of the underlying disease process. This article will provide a brief introduction to the neuropathophysiology of DIMDs, a discussion of the associated symptomatology, the pharmacology implicated in causing DIMDs, and the medical management approaches currently in use.

Cyclosporin A: Ein Überblick über Anwendung, Wirksamkeit und Sicherheit bei Hunden

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (05) ◽  
pp. 333-343
Author(s):  
M. Linek ◽  
J. Linek ◽  
S. Kaps ◽  
L. Mecklenburg
Keyword(s):  
Cyclosporin A ◽  
Klinische Studien ◽  
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca ◽  
Klinische Relevanz ◽  
Topische Applikation

Zusammenfassung: Gegenstand und Ziel: Das Immunmodulativum Cyclosporin A (CsA) wird beim Hund in zunehmendem Maße zur Therapie von Erkrankungen der Haut und des Auges eingesetzt. Da es jedoch nur wenige plazebokontrollierte Studien zur Wirksamkeit gibt, treten bei Tierärzten und Tierbesitzern häufig Fragen zur Effektivität und Sicherheit von CsA auf. Material und Methoden: Diese Übersichtsarbeit fasst alle gegenwärtigen Anwendungsgebiete von CsA beim Hund zusammen, erläutert die in klinischen Studien nachgewiesene Wirksamkeit und diskutiert das Risikopotenzial von unerwünschten Nebenwirkungen. Ergebnisse: CsA-Formulierungen für Hunde sind in Deutschland für die Therapie der atopischen Dermatitis (AD) und der Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) zugelassen. Die Wirksamkeit wurde darüber hinaus bei perianalen Fisteln nachgewiesen. Bei Sebadenitis, steriler nodulärer Pannikulitis, Keratitis superficialis und lymphoplasmazellulärer Konjunktivitis liegen erste Daten zur Wirksamkeit von CsA vor. Sowohl die orale als auch die topische Applikation am Auge haben ein sehr begrenztes Spektrum an Nebenwirkungen. Schlussfolgerung: Beim Hund ist CsA ein effektives und bei kurzzeitiger Anwendung weitestgehend sicheres Therapeutikum bei einer Vielzahl immunologischer Erkrankungen. Die Effektivität in einigen Indikationsgebieten muss jedoch durch größere klinische Studien belegt werden. Daten zur Sicherheit bei Langzeitanwendung sind spärlich. Klinische Relevanz: Bei AD und KCS kann CsA problemlos gemäß der Anwendungshinweise eingesetzt werden. Bei einigen anderen Ekrankungen ist sein Einsatz von Fall zu Fall in Erwägung zu ziehen, weil es inzwischen viele Daten zur Effektivität und Sicherheit von CsA gibt.

scholarly journals Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Effects of the Grifola frondosa Natural Compound o-Orsellinaldehyde on LPS-Challenged Murine Primary Glial Cells. Roles of NF-κβ and MAPK

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 806
Author(s):  
Sarah Tomas-Hernandez ◽  
Jordi Blanco ◽  
Santiago Garcia-Vallvé ◽  
Gerard Pujadas ◽  
María José Ojeda-Montes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Compound ◽  
Underlying Disease ◽  
Grifola Frondosa ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
Inflammatory Mechanism ◽  
Inflammatory Phenotype ◽  
Mice Brain ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

In response to foreign or endogenous stimuli, both microglia and astrocytes adopt an activated phenotype that promotes the release of pro-inflammatory mediators. This inflammatory mechanism, known as neuroinflammation, is essential in the defense against foreign invasion and in normal tissue repair; nevertheless, when constantly activated, this process can become detrimental through the release of neurotoxic factors that amplify underlying disease. In consequence, this study presents the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of o-orsellinaldehyde, a natural compound found by an in silico approach in the Grifola frondosa mushroom, in astrocytes and microglia cells. For this purpose, primary microglia and astrocytes were isolated from mice brain and cultured in vitro. Subsequently, cells were exposed to LPS in the absence or presence of increasing concentrations of this natural compound. Specifically, the results shown that o-orsellinaldehyde strongly inhibits the LPS-induced inflammatory response in astrocytes and microglia by decreasing nitrite formation and downregulating iNOS and HO-1 expression. Furthermore, in microglia cells o-orsellinaldehyde inhibits NF-κB activation; and potently counteracts LPS-mediated p38 kinase and JNK phosphorylation (MAPK). In this regard, o-orsellinaldehyde treatment also induces a significant cell immunomodulation by repolarizing microglia toward the M2 anti-inflammatory phenotype. Altogether, these results could partially explain the reported beneficial effects of G. frondosa extracts on inflammatory conditions.

Measuring Disease Modification in Alzheimer's Disease

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (S1) ◽  
pp. 11-14
Author(s):  
Jeffrey L. Cummings
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Underlying Disease ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Disease Modification ◽  
Amyloid Disease ◽  
Therapeutic Modalities ◽  
Disease Modifying

AbstractWe appear to be on the brink of a new epoch of treatment for Alzheimer's disease. Compelling evidence suggests that Aβ42 secretion is the triggering event in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, and that tau aggregation may be an important secondary event linked to neurodegeneration. Prophylactic administration of anti-amyloid agents designed to prevent Aβ accumulation in persons with subclinical disease is likely to be more effective than therapeutic interventions in established Alzheimer's disease. Drug development programs in Alzheimer's disease focus primarily on agents with anti-amyloid disease-modifying properties, and many different pharmacologic approaches to reducing amyloid pathology and tauopathy are being studied. Classes of therapeutic modalities currently in advanced-stage clinical trial testing include forms of immunotherapy (active β -amyloid immunoconjugate and human intravenous immunoglobulin), a γ-secretase inhibitor, the selective Aβ42-lowering agent R-flurbiprofen, and the anti-aggregation agent tramiprosate. Non-traditional dementia therapies such as the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), valproate, and lithium are now being assessed for clinical benefit as anti-amyloid disease-modifying treatments. Positive findings of efficacy and safety from clinical studies are necessary but not sufficient to demonstrate that a drug has disease-modifying properties. Definitive proof of disease-modification requires evidence from validated animal models of Alzheimer's disease; rigorously controlled clinical trials showing a significantly improved, stabilized, or slowed rate of decline in cognitive and global function compared to placebo; and prospectively obtained evidence from surrogate biomarkers that the treatment resulted in measurable biological changes associated with the underlying disease process.

scholarly journals Clinical Features and Outcomes of a Racially Diverse Population with Fibrillary Glomerulonephritis

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 248-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernanda Payan Schober ◽  
Meghan A. Jobson ◽  
Caroline J. Poulton ◽  
Harsharan K. Singh ◽  
Volker Nickeleit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Patient Characteristics ◽  
Underlying Disease ◽  
Fibrillary Glomerulonephritis ◽  
Black Patients ◽  
End Stage ◽  
20 Nm ◽  
The University

Background: Fibrillary glomerulonephritis is characterized by randomly arranged fibrils, approximately 20 nm in diameter by electron microscopy. Patients present with proteinuria, hematuria and kidney insufficiency, and about half of the reported patients progress to end-stage kidney disease within 4 years. The dependence of patient characteristics and outcomes on race has not been explored. In this study, we describe a cohort of patients with fibrillary glomerulonephritis and compare their clinical characteristics and outcomes with those of patients previously described. Methods: The University of North Carolina (UNC) Nephropathology Database was used to retrospectively identify patients diagnosed with fibrillary glomerulonephritis between 1985 and 2015. Of these patients, those treated at UNC were selected. Their demographic and clinical characteristics - including signs and symptoms, comorbidities, laboratory values, treatments and outcomes - were compared with those of patients described earlier. Results: Among the 287 patients identified, 42 were treated at the UNC Kidney Center. When compared to earlier cohorts, a higher frequency of black race, hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and use of hemodialysis were noted in both black and HCV-positive patients. Autoimmune diseases, infections and malignancies were frequently observed, present in over half of all cases. Conclusion: According to this study, fibrillary glomerulonephritis represents a secondary glomerular disease process (associated with autoimmune disease, infection or malignancy) in many cases and hence screening is essential. As the screening for comorbidities increased over time, more underlying causes were identified. We noted a high frequency of HCV among black patients, suggesting a possible causative association. Treatment of underlying disease is essential for patients for the best outcome.

scholarly journals Dry Eye Syndrome in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: Prevalence, Etiology, and Clinical Characteristics

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinyuan Zhang ◽  
Lin Zhao ◽  
Shijing Deng ◽  
Xuguang Sun ◽  
Ningli Wang
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Dry Eye ◽  
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Dry Eye Syndrome ◽  
Surface System ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Function Unit ◽  
Substantial Progress

There has been substantial progress in our understanding of the ocular surface system/lacrimal function unit in the past 15 years. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca, more commonly referred to as dry eye syndrome (DES), is the most frequently encountered condition and diabetes mellitus (DM) has been identified as one of the leading causes of DES. Poor glycemic control affects both the anterior and the posterior segments of the eye and increasing prevalence of diabetes-associated DES (DMDES) has been reported in recent years. The pathogenesis and specific features of DMDES remain uncertain and interventions are limited to those used in DES. This review outlines the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and the current preventive and treatment strategies for diabetes-related DES.

Management of the dry eye

1974 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 81-83
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Foreign Body ◽  
Dry Eye ◽  
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca ◽  
Sjogren’S Syndrome ◽  
Sjogren's Syndrome ◽  
Dry Mouth ◽  
Tear Flow ◽  
Specific Symptoms ◽  
Sjögren‘S Syndrome

A reduced tear flow may produce keratoconjunctivitis sicca. When this occurs with xerostomia (dry mouth) it comprises Sjogren’s syndrome which is usually associated with one of a variety of systemic disorders, particularly rheumatoid arthritis. Patients with keratoconjunctivitis sicca usually present with non-specific symptoms, such as soreness, grittiness or a feeling of a foreign body in the eye, and the lack of tears may be overlooked.

The Effect of an Anti-oxidative and Anti-inflammatory Functional Dietary Supplement in Dry Eye Syndrome

2008 ◽  
Vol 49 (9) ◽  
pp. 1397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae Hoon Kim ◽  
Ho Young Kim ◽  
Yang Hwan Ryu ◽  
Yeoun Sook Chun ◽  
In Cheon You ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Supplement ◽  
Dry Eye ◽  
Dry Eye Syndrome ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

scholarly journals Chloroquine Protects Human Corneal Epithelial Cells from Desiccation Stress Induced Inflammation without Altering the Autophagy Flux

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shivapriya Shivakumar ◽  
Trailokyanath Panigrahi ◽  
Rohit Shetty ◽  
Murali Subramani ◽  
Arkasubhra Ghosh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Dry Eye ◽  
Desiccation Stress ◽  
Autophagy Flux ◽  
Corneal Epithelial ◽  
Corneal Fibroblasts ◽  
Gene And Protein Expression ◽  
Human Corneal Epithelial Cells ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial ocular surface disorder affecting millions of individuals worldwide. Inflammation has been associated with dry eye and anti-inflammatory drugs are now being targeted as the alternate therapeutic approach for dry eye condition. In this study, we have explored the anti-inflammatory and autophagy modulating effect of chloroquine (CQ) in human corneal epithelial and human corneal fibroblasts cells exposed to desiccation stress, (anin-vitromodel for DED). Gene and protein expression profiling of inflammatory and autophagy related molecular factors were analyzed in HCE-T and primary HCF cells exposed to desiccation stress with and without CQ treatment. HCE-T and HCF cells exposed to desiccation stress exhibited increased levels of activated p65, TNF-α, MCP-1, MMP-9, and IL-6. Further, treatment with CQ decreased the levels of active p65, TNF-α, MCP-1, and MMP-9 in cells underdesiccation stress. Increased levels of LC3B and LAMP1 markers in HCE-T cells exposed to desiccation stress suggest activation of autophagy and the addition of CQ did not alter these levels. Changes in the phosphorylation levels of MAPKinase and mTOR pathway proteins were found in HCE-T cells under desiccation stress with or without CQ treatment. Taken together, the data suggests that HCE-T cells under desiccation stress showed NFκB mediated inflammation, which was rescued through the anti-inflammatory effect of CQ without altering the autophagy flux. Therefore, CQ may be used as an alternate therapeutic management for dry eye condition.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Thrombocytopenia

DICP ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis M. Hoffman ◽  
Rocco F. Caruso ◽  
Timothy Mirando
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Immune Globulin ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Underlying Disease ◽  
Asymptomatic Patients ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
A New Technique ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Thrombocytopenia has emerged as a major hematological manifestation associated with AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients. A study of homosexual patients with thrombocytopenia indicates 93 percent had serological evidence of HIV exposure whereas only 33 percent of homosexuals without thrombocytopenia exhibited this finding. Thrombocytopenia in patients with hemophilia has been identified as an increased risk factor for AIDS development and has been observed in about one-third of children with AIDS. The management of thrombocytopenia in HIV-infected patients poses a therapeutic dilemma for clinicians since many of the traditional modalities for treating immune thrombocytopenia may adversely affect the underlying disease process or further compromise the immune system. Splenectomy, corticosteroids, danazol, intravenous immune globulin, vincristine, and RHo(D) immune globulin have all been used with variable results. A new technique that physically removes antibodies and immune complexes associated with thrombocytopenia is under investigation. Due to either toxicity or the high incidence of transient response, asymptomatic patients may not be candidates for treatment.

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