scholarly journals Nitrogen Efficiency in Agriculture in Europe and India

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 148-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaas W. Van der Hoek
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Production System ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Animal Production ◽  
Nitrogen Efficiency ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Balance Sheets

Nitrogen balance sheets are useful tools for studying the quantitative aspects of nutrients. Nitrogen balance sheets have been prepared for the animal production system, crop production system, and for the agricultural sector as a whole for all 15 member states of the European Union (EU15) and for the Indian subcontinent. The EU15 and India were chosen for this study on nitrogen efficiency using balance sheets because they each occupy roughly 300 million ha of land and use about 65 kg nitrogen fertiliser per hectare of agricultural land. Balance sheets were constructed for three systems: animal production, crop production, and the agricultural sector as a whole. In addition to detailed descriptions of the nitrogen balance sheets, brief recommendations for reducing nitrogen surpluses are also given. Surprisingly, the balance sheets for crop production and the agricultural sector as a whole showed a surplus of about 60 kg of nitrogen per hectare of agricultural land.

scholarly journals Restoring nutrient circularity in a nutrient-saturated area in Germany requires systemic change

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernou Zoë van der Wiel ◽  
Jan Weijma ◽  
Corina Everarda van Middelaar ◽  
Matthias Kleinke ◽  
Cees Jan Nico Buisman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Waste ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Animal Production ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Soil Accumulation

AbstractRegions with intensive agriculture often encounter environmental problems caused by nutrient excess of agro-food-waste systems that have become increasingly linear over previous decades. In this study, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and carbon (C) flows in the whole agro-food-waste system of district Cleves in Germany were quantified simultaneously using substance flow analysis. Moreover, nutrient use inefficiency hotspots were identified to establish options to improve nutrient self-sufficiency as a first step towards nutrient circularity. Data on mass flows and nutrient contents was acquired for the year 2016 from stakeholders, statistical databases, literature and modelling. Organic C was included for flows with potential as organic fertilizer. Results show that animal production drives the nutrient flows in the export-oriented district, with feed import, manure application and losses from housing and manure storage accounting for 40, 45 and 60% of all N, P and K flows, respectively. In particular agriculture is responsible for N losses, with 150 kg N lost ha−1 agricultural land. Crop production surplus and with that soil accumulation of P and K are 515 t and 4100 t respectively. Stoichiometry of N:P:K:C in the different organic materials does not allow direct application and meeting crop requirements without exceeding demand of especially P. Processing of biomass is therefore required. Based on mass, especially manure holds potential for processing into bio-based fertilizers. To improve nutrient cycling and soil C conservation, being an important element for a sustainable agricultural sector, local balances between crop and animal production need to be considered.

scholarly journals Economic and financial position of agricultural enterprises in the period before the accession to the European Union

2012 ◽  
Vol 50 (No. 11) ◽  
pp. 486-494
Author(s):  
Z. Chrastinová
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Business Success ◽  
Agricultural Cooperatives ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Adverse Weather ◽  
Legal Entities

In the year before the accession to the European Union, the Slovak agricultural sector reported a loss of SKK 2.4 billion and following a profitable year, the earnings were reduced by SKK 2.8 billion. The situation was caused by a number of reasons, namely reduced sales of agricultural products, damage resulting from adverse weather effects (cold weather, hail, drought and  swine fever), as well as widening of the price gap compared to the year before (increasing input prices in agriculture and decreasing purchase prices of agricultural products, especially in livestock production). Legal entities and natural persons experienced mixed business success. While 51% of legal entities made profit, the figure rose to 76% in the group of natural persons. Both the agricultural cooperatives and trading companies performed with a loss. The loss per hectare of agricultural land (a.l.) was substantially lower in the case of business companies. Natural persons - private farmers were profitable over the period. The gap between the profitable and loss-making enterprises has widened. Some 60% of profitable enterprises owned by legal entities made only a small profit below SKK 0.5 million. The loss-making performance was typical for more productive areas of Slovakia. This was related to stronger effects of adverse climate in 2003.

scholarly journals Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Norwegian Agriculture: The Regional and Structural Dimension

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 2506
Author(s):  
Klaus Mittenzwei
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Animal Production ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Agricultural Activity ◽  
Resource Base ◽  
Farm Structure

This paper studies the hypothesis that farm structure and the regional distribution of agricultural activity themselves have a significant impact on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agriculture. Applying a dynamic model for the Norwegian agricultural sector covering the entire farm population, the model results support the hypothesis. Even without mitigation options, GHG emissions decline by 1.4 per cent if agriculture becomes regionally concentrated and increase by 1.5 per cent if a policy that favors a small-scale farm structure is put in place. Adding a carbon tax to a policy that leads to regional concentration, may help to reconcile competing policy objectives. A switch from animal production to crop production, and an extensification of animal production keeps a large resource base across the country while cutting GHG emissions.

scholarly journals Transformation of agriculture in Hungary in the period 1990‑2020

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 33-72
Author(s):  
József Lennert ◽  
Farkas Jenő Zsolt
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Economic Transition ◽  
Production Structure ◽  
Historical Outline ◽  
Dramatic Decline ◽  
Legislative Framework ◽  
Production Output ◽  
Changing Role

This paper aspires to provide a thorough overview of the transformation of the Hungarian agricultural sector from 1990 through to 2020. After a brief historical outline, three decades of changes and the present state are discussed in the context of the legislative framework, farm and ownership structure, production structure, land use and ecological sustainability. The changing role played by agriculture in the Hungarian economy and rural societies is also taken into consideration, while the overarching effects of EU accession and the introduction of the CAP are also investigated. The establishment of a legislative framework for privatisation and compensation in respect of the former collectivisation proved one of the major challenges during the transition to a market economy. As a result, this evened out the shares of all agricultural land in private and legal holdings in the first decade, with the number of smallholders exceeding one million. However, the following two decades were characterised by concentration, as the overall number of private holdings fell quickly, while there was an increase in numbers of those with more than 10 ha of utilised agricultural land. Hungary’s political and economic transition was followed immediately by a dramatic decline in terms of production output. However, after the initial plunge, crop production started to rise again rapidly, so that by the early 2000s it had surpassed what had been achieved during the communist era. In contrast, the crisis in livestock production proved to be more prolonged.

scholarly journals Baltic Sea eutrophication status is not improved by the first pillar of the European Union Common Agricultural Policy

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 2465-2476
Author(s):  
Torbjörn Jansson ◽  
Hans E. Andersen ◽  
Bo G. Gustafsson ◽  
Berit Hasler ◽  
Lisa Höglind ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Common Agricultural Policy ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Fertiliser Use ◽  
The Baltic

Abstract Agriculture is an important source of nitrogen and phosphorous loads to the Baltic Sea. We study how the European Union’s (EU) Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), and in particular how its first pillar, containing most of the budget and the decoupled farm payments, affects eutrophication. To aid our study, we use three simulation models, covering the agricultural sector in the EU, a hydrological nutrient flow model and a model of eutrophication in the Baltic Sea. We compute changes in key eutrophication indicators in a business-as-usual baseline and in a hypothetical situation where the first pillar of the CAP, containing the direct payments, greening and accompanying measures, is not present. Comparing the outcomes, we find that in the scenario without the first pillar, production and agricultural land use is lower, while yields and fertiliser use per hectare are higher, causing less nitrogen and phosphorous loads (0.5 to 4% depending on the basin) and less eutrophication in the Baltic Sea as net effect. We therefore conclude that the policies of the first pillar of the CAP contribute to increased eutrophication in the Baltic Sea.

scholarly journals Memoir and Farming Structures under Soil-Less Culture (Hydroponic Farming) and the Applicability for Africa: A Review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret S. Gumisiriza ◽  
Patrick A. Ndakidemi ◽  
Ernest R. Mbega
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Working Population ◽  
Address Climate Change

Agriculture is the economic back-borne of majority of developing countries worldwide. The sector employs over 50% of the working population and contributes about 33% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in majority of African states. However, such contribution by the agricultural sector is likely to be affected by climate change, increasing human population and urbanization which impact on available agricultural land in various ways. There is thus an urgent need for developing countries to create or adopt technologies such as; soil-less farming that will not only address climate change challenges but also enhance crop production for improved food security. This paper reviews the science, origin, dynamics and farming systems under the soil-less agriculture precisely hydroponic farming to assist in widening the scope of knowledge of the hydroponic technologies and their implementation in Africa.

scholarly journals Assessment of the agricultural activity in the EU-27 countries

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 653-662
Author(s):  
Vaida Šapolaitė
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Agricultural Activity ◽  
Land Resources ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Intermediate Consumption ◽  
Agricultural Census ◽  
The Eu

The rational use of land, capital and labor determine the growth of economic efficiency of agricultural production and income of farmers together. The aim is to estimate the use of production resources in the EU-27 agricultural sector, using macro-economic indicators. The analysis and assessment of the use of land resources in agriculture have been conducted on the basis of data on economic accounts for agriculture and agricultural census to describe agricultural production intensity by type of farming and its impact on farm income. This paper examines the use of land resources in agriculture, measured by using relative indicators of agricultural output, intermediate consumption per hectare of agricultural land, the revenue per average employee and the comparative analysis these indicators in the farms of the European Union (EU) is presented.

scholarly journals Agricultural land use in the post-reform period (2000-2020) in a market economy

2021 ◽  
Vol 937 (3) ◽  
pp. 032103
Author(s):  
Yu M Rogatnev ◽  
I V Khorechko ◽  
M N Veselova
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
General Characteristic ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Agricultural Land Use ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Reform Period

Abstract The formation of agricultural land use adequate to the tasks of the market economy is the most important task of the post-reform period. Agrarian transformations were of a social and political nature and solved the problems of transition from a planned to a market economy. To implement them, we used not the experience of Russia in previous years, but examples from the practice of advanced economies of the European Union. Therefore, the appearance of such a phenomenon as unused land (in general, characteristic of the crisis periods of the market economy) caused a negative perception. The paper considers this problem as an important social and economic phenomenon and suggests ways to solve it. For this purpose, the technology of identifying and detailed study of the state of the land is proposed. The identification of the natural suitability for the cultivation of the main agricultural crops is confirmed by ensuring sufficient efficiency of crop production. Based on the analysis of the conditions of land use (labor, capital and energy supply) and their legal status, the economic feasibility of involving unused plots in economic turnover is established. This will make it possible to make the necessary and reasonable decisions to restore the land and resource potential of agricultural production. To ensure the controlled and systematic implementation of the program to solve the problem, a state-commercial center is being created in the subject of the Federation, which organizes, controls and finances the activities carried out.

PROSPECTS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF THE EXPORT POTENTIAL OF THE CROP IN UKRAINE

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viacheslav Pylypenko ◽  
◽  
Inna Hryshchenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
The Past ◽  
Livestock Products ◽  
Processed Products ◽  
The One

The article analyzes the prospects for the development of the export potential of the crop industry in Ukraine. Based on the analysis of statistical data over the past 20 years, it has been established that the reform of the agricultural sector of the economy, which took place in the early 2000s, led to the creation of large agricultural companies, which concentrated in their hands most of the agricultural land and were able to significantly increase the volume of exports. agricultural products. It was revealed that the growth rates of exports of crop products significantly exceed the growth rates of exports of both products of the agricultural sector as a whole, and exports in general for the Ukrainian economy as a whole. The basis of the export potential is made up of grains and oilseeds. At the same time, it is shown that the last 4 years, the export of oilseeds, and over the last 2 years and cereals to a certain extent, has stabilized, which indicates a possible approach to the border of export opportunities for traditional types of agricultural products. The share of crop production over the past decade has increased by about 3 times, and grain - by 4 times. On the one hand, this is evidence of the growing importance of the agricultural sector of the Ukrainian economy in the national economy, and on the other hand, it is evidence of the fact that our country is a supplier of raw materials. According to the authors, Ukraine has almost reached the export potential of the physical volumes of crop production. Their further increase can lead to serious disruptions in the domestic market and cause a significant reduction in the production of livestock products, which already do not meet the needs of the population in livestock food. Over the past 7 years, the volume of physical exports has grown by 76%, and in value terms - by 43.6%. This is evidence of the fact that building up export potential through increased sales of raw materials is strategically unprofitable. It is concluded that it is necessary to change the structure of exports in favor of processed products of crop production.

scholarly journals The Impacts of the European Union’s Common Agricultural Policy on Agriculture in Slovakia/ Dopady společné zemědělské politiky Evropské unie na zemědělství Slovenska

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 51-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Némethová ◽  
Alena Dubcová ◽  
Hilda Kramáreková
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Common Agricultural Policy ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Agricultural Areas ◽  
European Union Member States

Abstract The impacts of the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union on Slovak agriculture since the accession of Slovakia to the European Union, are discussed in this paper. Structural changes that were made are reflected in the developmental trends of various agricultural areas. In this paper, the changes in agricultural land use and its categories, in particular landscape types, as well as changes in the numbers and structure of the labour force, changes in the organizational structure of agricultural holdings, the development of cropland areas of the most important crops in crop production, and changes in the number of livestock, are discussed. This analysis also focuses on Slovakia’s position in terms of overall agricultural production within the European Union member states.

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