scholarly journals Invariant errors reveal limitations in motor correction rather than constraints on error sensitivity

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyosub E. Kim ◽  
J. Ryan Morehead ◽  
Darius E. Parvin ◽  
Reza Moazzezi ◽  
Richard B. Ivry
Keyword(s):  
Error Correction ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Error Reduction ◽  
Sensorimotor Adaptation ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Error Sensitivity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Learning Functions ◽  
Human Participants

Implicit sensorimotor adaptation is traditionally described as a process of error reduction, whereby a fraction of the error is corrected for with each movement. Here, in our study of healthy human participants, we characterize two constraints on this learning process: the size of adaptive corrections is only related to error size when errors are smaller than 6°, and learning functions converge to a similar level of asymptotic learning over a wide range of error sizes. These findings are problematic for current models of sensorimotor adaptation, and point to a new theoretical perspective in which learning is constrained by the size of the error correction, rather than sensitivity to error.

Dialogue as Generative Form of Positioning

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hubert J. M Hermans
Keyword(s):  
Learning Process ◽  
Main Part ◽  
Mikhail Bakhtin ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
The Self ◽  
David Bohm ◽  
Self Talk ◽  
Central Elements

For the development of a democratic self, dialogical relationships between different people and between different positions in the self are paramount. After a review of studies on self-talk, the main part of this chapter is devoted to a comparison of the works of two classic thinkers on dialogue, Mikhail Bakhtin and David Bohm. A third theoretical perspective is depicted in which central elements of the two theorists are combined. This perspective centers around the concept of “generative dialogue” that, as a learning process, has the potential of innovation in the form of new and common meanings without total unification of the different positions. Elaborating on central features of generative dialogue, a distinction is made between consonant and dissonant dialogue, the latter of which is inevitable in a time of globalization and localization in which people are increasingly interdependent and, at the same time, faced with their apparent differences.

scholarly journals Sex-related differences in response to masseteric injections of glutamate and nerve growth factor in healthy human participants

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelrahman M. Alhilou ◽  
Akiko Shimada ◽  
Camilla I. Svensson ◽  
Peter Svensson ◽  
Malin Ernberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nmda Receptors ◽  
Nerve Fiber ◽  
Masseter Muscle ◽  
Pain Sensitivity ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Neurophysiological Mechanisms ◽  
Human Participants ◽  
Positive Correlations

AbstractThe neurophysiological mechanisms underlying NGF-induced masseter muscle sensitization and sex-related differences in its effect are not well understood in humans. Therefore, this longitudinal cohort study aimed to investigate the effect of NGF injection on the density and expression of substance P, NMDA-receptors and NGF by the nerve fibers in the human masseter muscle, to correlate expression with pain characteristics, and to determine any possible sex-related differences in these effects of NGF. The magnitude of NGF-induced mechanical sensitization and pain during oral function was significantly greater in women than in men (P < 0.050). Significant positive correlations were found between nerve fiber expression of NMDA-receptors and peak pain intensity (rs = 0.620, P = 0.048), and expression of NMDA-receptors by putative nociceptors and change in temporal summation pain after glutamate injection (rs = 0.561, P = 0.003). In women, there was a significant inverse relationship between the degree of NGF-induced mechanical sensitization and the change in nerve fiber expression of NMDA-receptors alone (rs = − 0.659, P = 0.013), and in combination with NGF (rs = − 0.764, P = 0.001). In conclusion, women displayed a greater magnitude of NGF-induced mechanical sensitization that also was associated with nerve fibers expression of NMDA-receptors, when compared to men. The present findings suggest that, in women, increased peripheral NMDA-receptor expression could be associated with masseter muscle pain sensitivity.

scholarly journals Goal-driven active learning

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Bougie ◽  
Ryutaro Ichise
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Real World ◽  
Imitation Learning ◽  
Learning Approaches ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fixed Set ◽  
Complex Decision Making ◽  
Complex Decision

AbstractDeep reinforcement learning methods have achieved significant successes in complex decision-making problems. In fact, they traditionally rely on well-designed extrinsic rewards, which limits their applicability to many real-world tasks where rewards are naturally sparse. While cloning behaviors provided by an expert is a promising approach to the exploration problem, learning from a fixed set of demonstrations may be impracticable due to lack of state coverage or distribution mismatch—when the learner’s goal deviates from the demonstrated behaviors. Besides, we are interested in learning how to reach a wide range of goals from the same set of demonstrations. In this work we propose a novel goal-conditioned method that leverages very small sets of goal-driven demonstrations to massively accelerate the learning process. Crucially, we introduce the concept of active goal-driven demonstrations to query the demonstrator only in hard-to-learn and uncertain regions of the state space. We further present a strategy for prioritizing sampling of goals where the disagreement between the expert and the policy is maximized. We evaluate our method on a variety of benchmark environments from the Mujoco domain. Experimental results show that our method outperforms prior imitation learning approaches in most of the tasks in terms of exploration efficiency and average scores.

Decoupling countermands nonselective response inhibition during selective stopping

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corey George Wadsley ◽  
John Cirillo ◽  
Arne Nieuwenhuys ◽  
Winston D Byblow
Keyword(s):  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Interference Effect ◽  
Complex Form ◽  
Functional Coupling ◽  
Response Preparation ◽  
Response Delay ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Human Participants ◽  
Goal Directed Behavior ◽  
Effector Response

Response inhibition is essential for goal-directed behavior within dynamic environments. Selective stopping is a complex form of response inhibition where only part of a multi-effector response must be cancelled. A substantial response delay emerges on unstopped effectors when a cued effector is successfully stopped. This stopping-interference effect is indicative of nonselective response inhibition during selective stopping which may, in-part, be a consequence of functional coupling. The present study examined selective stopping of (de)coupled bimanual responses in healthy human participants of either sex. Participants performed synchronous and asynchronous versions of an anticipatory stop-signal paradigm across two sessions while mu (µ) and beta (β) rhythm were measured with electroencephalography. Results showed that responses were behaviorally decoupled during asynchronous go trials and the extent of response asynchrony was associated with lateralized sensorimotor µ and β desynchronization during response preparation. Selective stopping produced a stopping-interference effect and was marked by a nonselective increase and subsequent rebound in prefrontal and sensorimotor β. In support of the coupling account, stopping-interference was smaller during selective stopping of asynchronous responses, and negatively associated with the magnitude of decoupling. However, the increase in sensorimotor β during selective stopping was equivalent between the stopped and unstopped hand irrespective of response synchrony. Overall, the findings demonstrate that decoupling facilitates selective stopping after a global pause process and emphasizes the importance of considering the influence of both the go and stop context when investigating response inhibition.

Absence of systematic relationships between REMS duration episodes and spectral power Delta and Ultra-Slow bands in contiguous NREMS episodes in healthy humans

2013 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 162-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Le Bon ◽  
P. Linkowski
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Power ◽  
Sleep Cycle ◽  
Consecutive Series ◽  
Sleep Regulation ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Sleep Quantity ◽  
Healthy Humans ◽  
Crucial Component ◽  
Sleep Physiology ◽  
Human Participants

Previous studies in animals and humans have reported correlations between the durations of rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) episodes and immediately preceding or subsequent non-REMS (NREMS) episodes. The relationship between these two types of sleep is a crucial component in understanding the regulation and neurophysiology of ultradian alternations that occur during sleep. Although the present study replicated previous studies, we also measured NREMS in terms of spectral power Delta and Ultra-Slow bands in addition to duration in examining correlations. The spectral power Delta band, also known as slow-wave activity, measures sleep quantity and is believed to reflect sleep physiology better than mere episode durations. The Ultra-Slow spectral power band was analyzed in parallel. Healthy human participants of both sexes ( n = 26, age range 15–45 yr, n = 12 female) were carefully selected to participate in two consecutive series of home polysomnograms performed after 2 nights of habituation to the equipment. In the analyses, REMS episode durations (minutes) were compared with immediately preceding and immediately subsequent NREMS episodes (Delta and Ultra-Slow power) in each sleep cycle. REMS episode duration was more strongly correlated with preceding NREMS episodes than with subsequent NREMS episodes. However, in most cases, no correlations were observed in either direction. One ultradian sleep regulation hypothesis, which is based on stronger correlations between REMS and subsequent NREMS episode durations, holds that the main purpose of REMS is to reactivate NREMS during each sleep cycle. The present results do not support that hypothesis.

scholarly journals LA FORMACIÓN DIDÁCTICO-MATEMÁTICA DE DOCENTES: RESULTADOS TEÓRICOS

PARADIGMA ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 271-288
Author(s):  
Nancy Montes de Oca Recio
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Mathematical Education ◽  
School Teachers ◽  
Mathematical Communication ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Teaching Learning ◽  
Theoretical Results

El objetivo del presente artículo es comunicar el proceso y los resultados teóricos de unainvestigación relacionada con la formación didáctico matemática de docentes, generada a partirde las insuficiencias detectadas en el desempeño de docentes de Matemática en el ejercicio dela profesión. La investigación aborda aspectos relacionados con: la comprensión de los objetosde la Geometría Plana; la gestión didáctica de las demostraciones matemáticas, la promoción deuna valoración positiva hacia la Matemática, la producción de problemas, el dominio deconceptos básicos del Álgebra Lineal y la expresión al comunicarse en matemática, desde unaperspectiva teórica que integra el enfoque histórico cultural del desarrollo humano y losenfoques ontosemiótico, comunicativo y contextualizado de la enseñanza-aprendizaje de laMatemática. Los resultados responden a la labor realizada por un equipo de trabajo constituidopor profesores que imparten docencia en carreras de formación de docentes de Matemática,maestrías y doctorados de la Universidad de Camagüey y la Universidad Autónoma de SantoDomingo.Palabras clave: Formación Didáctico-Matemática, Educación Matemática, Docentes deMatemática, Gestión DidácticaA Formação Didático-Matemática de Pedagogos: implicações teóricasAbstractO objetivo deste artigo presente é comunicar o processo e os resultados teóricos de umainvestigação relacionados com o processo de aprendizagem didático-matemático de pedagogos;este estudo começou a levar em conta as insuficiências descobriu no processo de ensinoaprendizagemde Matemática administrado por professores escolares. Esta investigação chegaaspectos relacionados com: a compreensão de objetos de Geometria Planos; a administraçãodidática de demonstrações de Matemáticas, a promoção de uma estimação positiva paraMatemática, a geração de problemas didáticos, o dominando de conceitos básicos de ÁlgebraLinear e comunicação matemática, de uma perspectiva teórica que integra a aproximaçãohistórica cultural de desenvolvimento humano e o ontosemiotico, comunicativo e contextualfocaliza do ensino-aprendizagem de Matemática. Os resultados apresentados são um resultadodo trabalho levado a cabo por um time constituiu por professores que ensinam Matemática empre-serviço, mestres e cursos de doutorado em Universidade de Camaguey e a UniversidadeAutônoma de Santo Domingo.Palavras chave: Formação Didático-Matemática, Educação Matemática, Educação deMatemática, Administração didática.The Didactic and Mathematical Formation of Teachers: theoric resultsAbstractThe objective of this present article is to communicate the process and the theoretical results of an investigation related with the didactic-mathematical learning process of educators; this study began taking into account the inadequacies detected in the teaching-learning process of Mathematics managed by school teachers. This investigation approaches aspects related with: the understanding of Plane Geometry objects; the didactic management of Maths demonstrations, the promotion of a positive valuation towards Mathematics, the generation of didactic problems, the mastering of basic concepts of Lineal Algebra and mathematical communication, from a theoretical perspective that integrates the cultural historical approach of human development and the ontosemiotic, communicative and contextual focuses of the teaching-learning of Mathematics. The results presented is a result of the work carried out by a team constituted by professors that teach Mathematics in pre-service, masters and doctorates courses at Camaguey University and the Autonomous University of Santo Domingo.Key words: Didactic-Mathematical Formation, Mathematical Education, Education of Mathematics, Didactic Management.

scholarly journals Exploring Sellers' Experiences in the C2C Online Auction Environment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Mai Anh Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Learning Process ◽  
Online Auctions ◽  
Distribution Channel ◽  
Market Model ◽  
Online Auction ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Flea Markets ◽  
Buying Behaviour

<p>Online auction websites are becoming increasingly important as an intermediary for both sellers and buyers. They offer consumers an alternative source of goods to those sold at retail stores and other second-hand traditional consumer-to-consumer (C2C) channels, such as garage sales or flea markets. They also represent a new market model which incorporates a new distribution channel and a new means of establishing prices. Some researchers predict that retailers are now facing a new competition and the potential for declining sales as a result of the cannibalisation effect of the C2C online auction market. Noticeably, although much research has been carried out in an attempt to understand online auctions in relation to buying behaviour, little effort has been made to investigate the dynamic nature of individual sellers, in particular C2C sellers, in the online auction environment. Therefore, this study is aimed at filling in the gaps by exploring the sellers' behaviour and experiences in the C2C online auction environment. Its objectives are: (1) to explore the learning process that individual sellers go through in the C2C online auction environment; and (2) to find out what skills and techniques are commonly used by sellers and how these skills have been applied when marketing their products in the online auction environment. This study used a qualitative method, and a market-oriented ethnography was adopted. Data was collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews with sellers on TradeMe and from a wide range of archival documents. Nineteen sellers were recruited to participate into this study. Consequently, a learning model has been built, based on the consumer socialisation model, to explain the learning process of sellers as they become experienced in the C2C online auction environment. The findings from this study highlighted that sellers went through a learning process to become more experienced in online auctions. Moreover, different learning methods occurred at different stages of the learning process, including social interaction, observing and imitating, rewards and punishments, and other sources of information. This study also demonstrated the fact that sellers both implicitly and explicitly perceived the importance of marketing strategies and tactics and had extensively applied them. Several implications and recommendations arise from this study, including the need for more in-depth research on sellers' behaviour and experiences, using a longitudinal approach. Additionally, it is recommended that TradeMe should continue to improve their auction site in order to attract more sellers which, in turn, will lead to a greater number of buyers.</p>

scholarly journals EXPRESS: Sources of Variation In Search and Foraging A Theoretical Perspective

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182110503
Author(s):  
Alastair David Smith ◽  
Carlo De Lillo
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Search Space ◽  
Visual Exploration ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Search Behaviour ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Search Processes ◽  
Sources Of Variation ◽  
The Individual

Search – the problem of exploring a space of alternatives in order to identify target goals – is a fundamental behaviour for many species. Although its foundation lies in foraging, most studies of human search behaviour have been directed towards understanding the attentional mechanisms that underlie the efficient visual exploration of two-dimensional scenes. With this review, we aim to characterise how search behaviour can be explained across a wide range of contexts, environments, spatial scales, and populations, both typical and atypical. We first consider the generality of search processes across psychological domains. We then review studies of interspecies differences in search. Finally, we explore in detail the individual and contextual variables that affect visual search and related behaviours in established experimental psychology paradigms. Despite the heterogeneity of the findings discussed, we identify that variations in control processes, along with the ability to regulate behaviour as a function of the structure of search space and the sampling processes adopted, to be central to explanations of variations in search behaviour. We propose a tentative theoretical model aimed at integrating these notions and close by exploring questions that remain unaddressed.

scholarly journals Hamming Codes: Error Reducing Techniques

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1972-1974
Author(s):  
Rohitkumar R Upadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Lower Bound ◽  
Error Correction ◽  
Coding Theory ◽  
Hamming Distance ◽  
Error Reduction ◽  
Error Correcting Codes ◽  
Significant Other ◽  
Hamming Codes ◽  
Decoding Algorithms ◽  
Reducing Properties

Abstract: Hamming codes for all intents and purposes are the first nontrivial family of error-correcting codes that can actually correct one error in a block of binary symbols, which literally is fairly significant. In this paper we definitely extend the notion of error correction to error-reduction and particularly present particularly several decoding methods with the particularly goal of improving the error-reducing capabilities of Hamming codes, which is quite significant. First, the error-reducing properties of Hamming codes with pretty standard decoding definitely are demonstrated and explored. We show a sort of lower bound on the definitely average number of errors present in a decoded message when two errors for the most part are introduced by the channel for for all intents and purposes general Hamming codes, which actually is quite significant. Other decoding algorithms are investigated experimentally, and it generally is definitely found that these algorithms for the most part improve the error reduction capabilities of Hamming codes beyond the aforementioned lower bound of for all intents and purposes standard decoding. Keywords: coding theory, hamming codes, hamming distance

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