scholarly journals Effect of intensity of agronomic practices on the yield of two breeding types of winter oilseed rape cultivars

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Wójtowicz ◽  
Andrzej Wójtowicz ◽  
Ewa Jajor ◽  
Marek Korbas ◽  
Franciszek Wielebski
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilisation ◽  
Fungicide Application ◽  
Abiotic Stress Factors ◽  
Full Flowering

AbstractThe effect of three fungicide treatment programmes and the level of spring nitrogen fertilisation on the seed yield of two types of cultivars of Brassica napus L. sown at two different seeding rates was studied in a field experiment carried out in a split-split-plot design. The subject of the study was an open-pollinated cultivar (Casoar) and a restored hybrid cultivar (Visby). Three plant protection programmes, two levels of spring nitrogen fertilisation (160 and 220 kg N·ha-1), and two different seeding rates for each cultivar (Visby—50 and 70 seeds·m-2; Casoar—60 and 80 seeds·m-2) were included. The most intensive protection programme comprised three fungicide treatments: first in autumn at the six-leaves-unfolded stage—BBCH 16, second in spring at the stem elongation stage—BBCH 33, and third at the full flowering stage—BBCH 65. One of two less intensive programmes of plant protection included fungicide application in autumn at the six-leaves-unfolded stage—BBCH 16 and at the full flowering stage—BBCH 65, while the second included fungicide application in spring at the stem elongation stage—BBCH 33 and at the full flowering stage—BBCH 65.The effectiveness of the protection programmes and nitrogen fertilisation was influenced by the intensity of abiotic stress factors. However, the average yield from the plots protected against pathogens was significantly higher than that from the untreated plots. The increase of nitrogen fertilisation from 160 to 220 kg·ha-1 also caused significant increase of average seed yield. The yield of cultivar Visby was higher and less dependent on the seeding rate compared to cultivar Casoar. Cultivars responded similarly to plant protection programmes and the rate of nitrogen fertilisation in spring. Higher yields of Visby cultivar can be attributed to the higher number of seeds per silique and the higher number of siliques per m2.

Fungicide Management of Pasmo of Flax and Sensitivity of Septoria linicola to Pyraclostrobin and Fluxapyroxad

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tonima Islam ◽  
Cecil Vera ◽  
Jan Slaski ◽  
Ramona Mohr ◽  
Khalid Y Rashid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Fungicide Application ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Continuous Use ◽  
Fungicide Insensitivity ◽  
Microtiter Assay

Among the diseases that have the potential to cause damage to flax every year, pasmo, caused by Septoria linicola, is the most important. Fungicide application and a diverse crop rotation are the most important strategies to control this disease because there is little variation in resistance among flax cultivars. However, few fungicide products are available to flax growers. Field studies were conducted at four locations in Western Canada in 2014, 2015 and 2016 to determine the effect of two fungicide active ingredients applied singly and in combination: pyraclostrobin, fluxapyroxad and fluxapyroxad+pyraclostrobin; and two application timings (early-flower, mid-flower and at both stages) on pasmo severity, seed yield and quality of flaxseed. The results indicated that among the three fungicide treatments, both pyraclostrobin and fluxapyroxad+pyraclostrobin controlled pasmo effectively, however, fluxapyroxad+pyraclostrobin was the most beneficial to improve the quality and quantity of the seed at most of the site-years. Disease severity in the fungicide-free control was 70%, application of fluxapyroxad+pyraclostrobin decreased disease severity to 18%, followed by pyraclostrobin (23%) and fluxapyroxad (48%). Application of fluxapyroxad+pyraclostrobin also improved seed yield to 2562 kg ha-1 compared with 1874 kg ha-1 for the fungicide-free control, followed by pyraclostrobin (2391 kg ha-1) and fluxapyroxad (2340 kg ha-1). Fungicide application at early and mid-flowering stage had the same effects on disease severity and seed yield; however, seed quality was improved more when fungicide was applied at mid-flowering stage. Continuous use of the same fungicide may result in the development of fungicide insensitivity in the pathogen population. Thus, sensitivity of S. linicola isolates to pyraclostrobin and fluxapyroxad fungicides were determined by the spore germination and microtiter assay methods. Fungicide insensitivity was not detected among the 73 isolates of S. linicola tested against either of these fungicides.

scholarly journals Phenotyping Flowering in Canola (Brassica napus L.) and Estimating Seed Yield Using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Based Imagery

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ti Zhang ◽  
Sally Vail ◽  
Hema S. N. Duddu ◽  
Isobel A. P. Parkin ◽  
Xulin Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Good Predictor ◽  
Subjective Time ◽  
Canola Seed ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Full Flowering ◽  
Pod Number ◽  
Flowering Intensity ◽  
Over Time

Phenotyping crop performance is critical for line selection and variety development in plant breeding. Canola (Brassica napus L.) flowers, the bright yellow flowers, indeterminately increase over a protracted period. Flower production of canola plays an important role in yield determination. Yellowness of canola petals may be a critical reflectance signal and a good predictor of pod number and, therefore, seed yield. However, quantifying flowering based on traditional visual scales is subjective, time-consuming, and labor-consuming. Recent developments in phenotyping technologies using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) make it possible to effectively capture crop information and to predict crop yield via imagery. Our objectives were to investigate the application of vegetation indices in estimating canola flower numbers and to develop a descriptive model of canola seed yield. Fifty-six diverse Brassica genotypes, including 53 B. napus lines, two Brassica carinata lines, and a Brassica juncea variety, were grown near Saskatoon, SK, Canada from 2016 to 2018 and near Melfort and Scott, SK, Canada in 2017. Aerial imagery with geometric and radiometric corrections was collected through the flowering stage using a UAV mounted with a multispectral camera. We found that the normalized difference yellowness index (NDYI) was a useful vegetation index for representing canola yellowness, which is related to canola flowering intensity during the full flowering stage. However, the flowering pixel number estimated by the thresholding method improved the ability of NDYI to detect yellow flowers with coefficient of determination (R2) ranging from 0.54 to 0.95. Moreover, compared with using a single image date, the NDYI-based flowering pixel numbers integrated over time covers more growth information and can be a good predictor of pod number and thus, canola yield with R2 up to 0.42. These results indicate that NDYI-based flowering pixel numbers can perform well in estimating flowering intensity. Integrated flowering intensity extracted from imagery over time can be a potential phenotype associated with canola seed yield.

Seeding rate, fertilizer level and disease management effects on hybrid versus open pollinated canola (Brassica napus L.)

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Brandt ◽  
S. S. Malhi ◽  
D. Ulrich ◽  
G. P. Lafond ◽  
H. R. Kutcher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Fungicide Application ◽  
Oil Concentration

New canola cultivars have much higher yield potential than conventional canola cultivars and changes in production practices may be needed to achieve optimum yield from these cultivars. Studies were conducted to investigate the influence of seeding rates (2.8, 5.6 and 8.4 kg ha-1), fertilizer level (67% – low, 100% – medium, 133% – high of the commercial recommendation) and fungicide application on growth, dry matter accumulation, seed yield and seed quality using two high-yielding canola cultivars [cv. Quantum, open pollinated (OP), and cv. Invigor™, hybrid (HYB)]. The studies were conducted from 1999 to 2001 at three sites in the Parkland region of the Canadian prairies. The two cultivars did not differ in their responses to seeding and fertilizer rates, or fungicide application. Plant density was lower for the HYB than the OP because the HYB had larger seeds, with fewer seeds per kilogram. Emergence declined slightly at high fertilizer levels in some site-years due to fertilizer induced seedling damage, but increased with seeding rate. Time to onset of flowering and maturity showed no consistent influence of cultivar, and tended to be somewhat prolonged with an increase in fertilizer levels, but reduced by an increase in seeding rate. On average, the HYB produced 822 kg ha-1 more biomass and 200 kg ha-1 more seed yield than the OP. Sclerotinia stem rot incidence was very low, except at Melfort in 2000, and fungicide application generally failed to benefit the crop. Seed yield was generally increased when seeding rate was increased, with the largest increase occurring from 2.8 to 5.8 kg ha-1. Seed yield responses to the high rates of seeding or fertilizer only occurred where both inputs were at the highest level, indicating that the optimum level of one was dependent upon the level of the other input. Oil and protein concentration in the seed was higher for the HYB than the OP. High fertilizer levels generally increased the total yield of biomass and seed, and protein concentration in the seed, but usually reduced oil concentration in the seed. Increased seeding rate resulted in a small increase in oil concentration and a small reduction in protein concentration in the seed. Net returns were greatest and least variable for the HYB cultivar. Overall, the HYB performed better than the OP, and the full economic value of high-yielding canola cultivars was only realized when fertilizer and seeding rates were at or above the current recommended rates. Key words: Canola (Brassica napus L.), fertilizer rate, fungicide, hybrid canola, oil content, open pollinated canola, protein content, seeding rate, seed quality, yield

GRAFTED TOMATOES – ECOLOGICAL ALTERNATIVE FOR CHEMICAL DISINFECTION OF SOIL

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorin Sora ◽  
Mădălina Doltu
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum L ◽  
Abiotic Stress Factors ◽  
Increase Productivity ◽  
Tomato Cultivars ◽  
Chemical Disinfection

This study aimed to identification of an ecological alternative for the chemical disinfection of soil in the greenhouses from Romania. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most popular vegetable crops in the world. The carbohydrate, vitamins, salts of important mineral elements and organic acids content of tomato fruits is very important. Tomato crops are very sensitive to climatic vagaries, so fluctuation in climatic parameters at any phase of growth can affect the yield and the fruit quality. Grafting on Solanaceae is a method which has improved and spread quickly during the past years, a similar approach to crop rotation, a practice meant to increase productivity, resistance or tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress factors and at increasing fruit quality. The research was conducted in a glass greenhouse of the Horting Institute, Bucharest, Romania. The biological material used was a Romanian tomato hybrid (Siriana F1), a Dutch tomato hybrid (Abellus F1) and four rootstocks, a Dutch tomato hybrid (Emperador F1) and three Romanian tomato cultivars (L542, L543 and L544) obtained from the Research and Development Station for Vegetable Growing, Buzău, Romania. The rootstocks have had resistance to biotic stress factors (soil diseases and pests) and the chemical disinfection of soil has was eliminated. The result of this research are presented in this paper.

scholarly journals Nitrogen and Phosphorus Addition to Soil Improves Seed Yield, Foliar Stomatal Conductance, and the Photosynthetic Response of Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 483
Author(s):  
Esmaeil Zangani ◽  
Kamran Afsahi ◽  
Farid Shekari ◽  
Eileen Mac Sweeney ◽  
Andrea Mastinu
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Quantum Yield ◽  
Photosystem Ii ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Phosphorus Levels

The effects of nitrogen and phosphorus levels on the physiological traits, yield, and seed yield of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), were studied in a farm research project of Zanjan University. Three levels of nitrogen (0, 100, and 200 kg/ha) and three levels of phosphorus (0, 75, and 150 kg/ha) were considered. The results showed that an increase in nitrogen level caused an increase in the leaf chlorophyll content so that the application of 200 kg/ha of nitrogen increased the chlorophyll content of the leaves until the mid-grain filling stage. Nitrogen application lowered leaf stomatal conductance in the early flowering stage whereas the stomatal conductance was increased during the late flowering stage. Nitrogen application (100 and 200 kg/ha) also increased the quantum yield of photosystem II. On the other hand, with the application of 150 kg/ha and 75 kg/ha of phosphorus, the leaf stomatal conductance and the quantum yield of photosystem II in the early flowering stage increased respectively. The results showed that the application of 200 kg/ha of nitrogen and 75 kg/ha of phosphorus significantly increased seed and oil yield compared to the control. In addition, the number of siliques per plant and the weight of 1000 seeds showed an increasing trend that was affected by nitrogen and phosphorus levels. This study demonstrated that nitrogen enhanced the chlorophyll content, leaf area, and consequently, the quantum yield of photosystem II. Nitrogen also augmented the seed filling duration, seed yield, and oil yield by increasing gas exchange. As a result, the application of 100 kg/ha of nitrogen together with 75 kg/ha phosphorus showed the greatest effect on the qualitative and quantitative yield of rapeseed. However, the application of 200 kg/ha of nitrogen alone or in combination with different levels of phosphorus did not significantly increase many of the studied traits.

scholarly journals Individual and Combined Effects of Planting Date, Seeding Rate, Relative Maturity, and Row Spacing on Soybean Yield

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 605
Author(s):  
Peder K. Schmitz ◽  
Hans J. Kandel
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Beginning Of Flowering

Planting date (PD), seeding rate (SR), relative maturity (RM) of cultivars, and row spacing (RS) are primary management factors affecting soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) yield. The individual and synergistic effects of PD, SR, RM, and RS on seed yield and agronomic characteristics in North Dakota were herein investigated. Early and late PD, early and late RM cultivars, two SR (408,000 and 457,000 seed ha−1), and two RS (30.5 and 61 cm) were evaluated in four total environments in 2019 and 2020. Maximizing green canopy cover prior to the beginning of flowering improved seed yield. Individual factors of early PD and narrow RS resulted in yield increase of 311 and 266 kg ha−1, respectively. The combined factors of early PD, late RM, high SR, and narrow RS improved yield by 26% and provided a $350 ha−1 partial profit over conventional practices. Canopy cover and yield had relatively weak relationships with r2 of 0.36, 0.23, 0.14, and 0.21 at the two trifoliolate, four trifoliolate, beginning of flowering, and beginning of pod formation soybean growth stages, respectively. Producers in the most northern soybean region of the USA should combine early planting, optimum RM cultivars, 457,000 seed ha−1 SR, and 31 cm RS to improve yield and profit compared to current management practices.

scholarly journals Antioxidant and Signaling Role of Plastid-Derived Isoprenoid Quinones and Chromanols

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 2950
Author(s):  
Beatrycze Nowicka ◽  
Agnieszka Trela-Makowej ◽  
Dariusz Latowski ◽  
Kazimierz Strzalka ◽  
Renata Szymańska
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Oxygenic Photosynthesis ◽  
Ros Generation ◽  
Main Site ◽  
Storage Lipids ◽  
Abiotic Stress Factors ◽  
Cell Components ◽  
And Function

Plant prenyllipids, especially isoprenoid chromanols and quinols, are very efficient low-molecular-weight lipophilic antioxidants, protecting membranes and storage lipids from reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are byproducts of aerobic metabolism that can damage cell components, they are also known to play a role in signaling. Plants are particularly prone to oxidative damage because oxygenic photosynthesis results in O2 formation in their green tissues. In addition, the photosynthetic electron transfer chain is an important source of ROS. Therefore, chloroplasts are the main site of ROS generation in plant cells during the light reactions of photosynthesis, and plastidic antioxidants are crucial to prevent oxidative stress, which occurs when plants are exposed to various types of stress factors, both biotic and abiotic. The increase in antioxidant content during stress acclimation is a common phenomenon. In the present review, we describe the mechanisms of ROS (singlet oxygen, superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical) production in chloroplasts in general and during exposure to abiotic stress factors, such as high light, low temperature, drought and salinity. We highlight the dual role of their presence: negative (i.e., lipid peroxidation, pigment and protein oxidation) and positive (i.e., contribution in redox-based physiological processes). Then we provide a summary of current knowledge concerning plastidic prenyllipid antioxidants belonging to isoprenoid chromanols and quinols, as well as their structure, occurrence, biosynthesis and function both in ROS detoxification and signaling.

Effect of varying seeding rates on hybrid and conventional summer rape performance in Manitoba

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 635-641 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Van Deynze ◽  
P. B. E. McVetty ◽  
R. Scarth ◽  
S. R. Rimmer
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Seed Formation ◽  
Matter Production

To compare the effects of varying seeding rate on the agronomic performance, phenology and seed quality of hybrid and conventional summer rape cultivars, four hybrid and two conventional summer rape cultivars were seeded at 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0 and 9.0 kg ha−1 at two locations for 3 yr. The hybrid cultivars were, very importantly, 24% higher yielding and produced 50% more total dry matter than the conventional cultivars. The hybrid cultivars were, on average, 1.3% lower in seed oil content, 1.0% higher in seed protein content and equal in sum of oil and protein in the seed compared with the conventional cultivars. The hybrid cultivars were on average, 1.3 d later to 50% flowering and 1.1 d later to maturity than the average for the conventional cultivars, (i.e., equal or earlier to flowering and maturity than Regent). The hybrid cultivars were also 3.9% lower in harvest index and 1.3 ppm lower in chlorophyll content than the conventional cultivars. In spite of these differences, there were no significant cultivar-by-seeding-rate interactions, indicating that the hybrid and conventional cultivars responded similarly to varying seeding rate. Lodging, days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, harvest index, survival, oil content and protein content displayed significant linear responses to varying seeding rate. Stand at maturity, seed yield and total dry matter production displayed significant linear and quadratic responses to varying seeding rate. Varying seeding rate had no effect on seed formation period, the sum of oil and protein content, or chlorophyll content. A seeding rate of 6 kg ha−1 maximized seed yield for both hybrid and conventional summer rape cultivars.Key words: Brassica napus, canola, seed quality, agronomy, phenology

EFFECT OF PASMO DISEASE ON SEED YIELD AND THOUSAND KERNEL WEIGHT OF FLAX

1950 ◽  
Vol 28c (5) ◽  
pp. 493-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. Sackston
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
Seedling Stage ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Thousand Kernel Weight ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Field Plots

The pasmo pathogen sporulated freely on potato dextrose agar containing yeast extract. Spores suspended in water with gelatin as a spreader–sticker were sprayed onto flax plants at different stages of growth in field plots. Heaviest infections of pasmo resulted from inoculations at the flowering stage, lighter infections from inoculations on seedlings, and lightest infections from inoculations on ripening plants. Diluting the concentration of spores in the inoculum reduced disease intensity. The four flax varieties in the tests differed in reaction to pasmo. In decreasing order of susceptibility they were: Viking, Redwing, Royal, and Crystal. Heavy infections of pasmo caused premature ripening and reduced the seed yield and weight per thousand kernels of all four varieties. The effects of pasmo infection on seed yield and kernel weight were similar to those caused by a hot, dry climate, and by flax rust. Seed yield and kernel weight were reduced most markedly by inoculation at the flowering stage, less severely by inoculation at the seedling stage, and least of all by inoculation at the time of ripening. Seed yield and kernel weight from plots inoculated when the plants were ripening did not differ significantly from the uninoculated checks. Highly significant positive correlations between the data for seed yield and kernel weight indicated that much of the loss in yield resulted from a reduction in the size of individual seeds.

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