scholarly journals Spatio-temporal control of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis by inducible complementation of a cinnamate 4-hydroxylase mutant

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeong Im Kim ◽  
Christopher Hidalgo-Shrestha ◽  
Nicholas D. Bonawitz ◽  
Rochus B. Franke ◽  
Clint Chapple
Keyword(s):  
Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Developmental Abnormalities ◽  
Casparian Strip ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Phenolic Esters ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Developmental Window

ABSTRACTCinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H) is a cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase that catalyzes the second step of the general phenylpropanoid pathway. Arabidopsis reduced epidermal fluorescence 3 (ref3) mutants, which carry hypomorphic mutations in C4H, exhibit global alterations in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and have developmental abnormalities including dwarfing. Here we report the characterization of a conditional Arabidopsis C4H line (ref3-2pOpC4H), in which wild-type C4H is expressed in the ref3-2 background. Expression of C4H in plants with well-developed primary inflorescence stems resulted in restoration of fertility and the production of substantial amounts of lignin, revealing that the developmental window for lignification is remarkably plastic. Following induction of C4H expression in ref3-2pOpC4H, we observed rapid and significant reductions in the levels of numerous metabolites, including several benzoyl and cinnamoyl esters and amino acid conjugates. These atypical conjugates were quickly replaced with their sinapoylated equivalents, suggesting that phenolic esters are subjected to substantial amounts of turnover in wild-type plants. Furthermore, using localized application of dexamethasone to ref3-2pOpC4H, we show that phenylpropanoids are not transported appreciably from their site of synthesis. Finally, we identified a defective Casparian strip diffusion barrier in the ref3-2 mutant root endodermis, which is restored by induction of C4H expression.HighlightThe work presented this paper provides evidence of metabolite turnover, plasticity of the developmental window for lignification, and the impact of reduced and restored cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H) expression on the Casparian strip.

scholarly journals Spatio-temporal control of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis by inducible complementation of a cinnamate 4-hydroxylase mutant

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeong Im Kim ◽  
Christopher Hidalgo-Shrestha ◽  
Nicholas D Bonawitz ◽  
Rochus B Franke ◽  
Clint Chapple
Keyword(s):  
Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Developmental Abnormalities ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Phenolic Esters ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Background Expression ◽  
Root Endodermis ◽  
Restoration Of Fertility

Abstract Cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H) is a cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase that catalyzes the second step of the general phenylpropanoid pathway. Arabidopsis reduced epidermal fluorescence 3 (ref3) mutants, which carry hypomorphic mutations in C4H, exhibit global alterations in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and have developmental abnormalities including dwarfing. Here we report the characterization of a conditional Arabidopsis C4H line (ref3-2  pOpC4H), in which wild-type C4H is expressed in the ref3-2 background. Expression of C4H in plants with well-developed primary inflorescence stems resulted in restoration of fertility and the production of substantial amounts of lignin, revealing that the developmental window for lignification is remarkably plastic. Following induction of C4H expression in ref3-2  pOpC4H, we observed rapid and significant reductions in the levels of numerous metabolites, including several benzoyl and cinnamoyl esters and amino acid conjugates. These atypical conjugates were quickly replaced with their sinapoylated equivalents, suggesting that phenolic esters are subjected to substantial amounts of turnover in wild-type plants. Furthermore, using localized application of dexamethasone to ref3-2  pOpC4H, we show that phenylpropanoids are not transported appreciably from their site of synthesis. Finally, we identified a defective Casparian strip diffusion barrier in the ref3-2 mutant root endodermis, which is restored by induction of C4H expression.

scholarly journals Multivariate statistical analysis and numerical modelling for the hydrogeological and hydrochemical characterization of a closed MSW landfill: the case study of Vizzolo-Predabissi

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Letizia Fumagalli ◽  
Gennaro Alberto Stefania ◽  
Chiara Zanotti ◽  
Davide Sartirana ◽  
Giuseppe Raffaello Di Martino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Model ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Groundwater Flow Model ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Hydrochemical Data ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hydrochemical Characterization

This work aims at assessing the impact on groundwater resources of a leachate overflow occurred in the landfill of Vizzolo-Predabissi (Milan, Italy) after its closure. Hydrogeological sections, piezometric maps, spatio-temporal and multivariate analysis of hydrochemical data enabled to define a conceptual model and to build a groundwater flow model, solved and calibrated by means of MODFLOW-NWT and PEST. The results of the study pointed out that the leachate overflow produced an impulsive contamination, currently in attenuation, which behaved differently in areas with different redox characteristics.

scholarly journals Dysbiosis Triggers ACF Development in Genetically Predisposed Subjects

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 283
Author(s):  
Stefania De Santis ◽  
Marina Liso ◽  
Mirco Vacca ◽  
Giulio Verna ◽  
Elisabetta Cavalcanti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Histological Analysis ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Fecal Transplant ◽  
16S Rdna Gene ◽  
Common Cancer ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
The Impact

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide, characterized by a multifactorial etiology including genetics, lifestyle, and environmental factors including microbiota composition. To address the role of microbial modulation in CRC, we used our recently established mouse model (the Winnie-APCMin/+) combining inflammation and genetics. Methods: Gut microbiota profiling was performed on 8-week-old Winnie-APCMin/+ mice and their littermates by 16S rDNA gene amplicon sequencing. Moreover, to study the impact of dysbiosis induced by the mother’s genetics in ACF development, the large intestines of APCMin/+ mice born from wild type mice were investigated by histological analysis at 8 weeks. Results: ACF development in 8-week-old Winnie-APCMin/+ mice was triggered by dysbiosis. Specifically, the onset of ACF in genetically predisposed mice may result from dysbiotic signatures in the gastrointestinal tract of the breeders. Additionally, fecal transplant from Winnie donors to APCMin/+ hosts leads to an increased rate of ACF development. Conclusions: The characterization of microbiota profiling supporting CRC development in genetically predisposed mice could help to design therapeutic strategies to prevent dysbiosis. The application of these strategies in mothers during pregnancy and lactation could also reduce the CRC risk in the offspring.

scholarly journals Do ACE and ACE2 Polymorphisms Influence in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Nephropathy?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Adamski da Silva Reis ◽  
Elisângela Gomes da Silva ◽  
Kamilla de Faria Santos ◽  
Laura Raniere Borges dos Anjos ◽  
Rodrigo da Silva Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Nephropathy ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Central Brazil ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Encoding Genes ◽  
Circulating Levels

Abstract BackgroundIn this study, we reported the impact of polymorphisms in the ACE and ACE2 encoding genes on diabetic nephropathy (DN) susceptibility in Brazilian subjects from the Goiânia region of central Brazil. These genes have been increasingly highlighted, mainly due to their relationship with the severity of COVID-19. Methods and ResultsIn this study, 196 diabetic individuals (101 patients with DN and 95 without DN) were investigated. Genotyping of the ACE gene was performed by real-time PCR, and ACE2 gene analysis was conducted through PCR/RFLP. Our results indicate that the I/D genotype presented increased risk in the development of DN (OR=2.5; p=0.01). This finding shows the D allele influences the circulating levels of angiotensin II and, as a consequence, arterial pressure increases, the glomeruli will be affected, culminating in glomerular damage and, consequently, DN. By combining ACE and ACE2 genotypes, we observed an evident risk tendency (OR=2.51; p=0.07) associated with the combination of ACE (I/D or D/D) and wild type ACE2 (GG) polymorphisms, as well as for the combination of the same polymorphism and ACE2 heterozygous or mutant (GA or AA or A) (OR=2.61; p=0.08). ConclusionsOur findings suggest that ACE polymorphism could have an important role in the DN pathogenesis, as well as in the variations of the clinical parameters investigated in this research. However, ACE2 polymorphism was not correlated with DN. Thus, characterization of ACE and ACE2 polymorphisms in patients with Diabetes Mellitus need more studies for appropriate and effective clinical conducts based in genotype.

scholarly journals A new sampling capability for uncertainty quantification in the Ice-sheet and Sea-level System Model v4.19 using Gaussian Markov random fields

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Bulthuis ◽  
Eric Y. Larour
Keyword(s):  
Random Fields ◽  
Ice Sheet ◽  
The Finite Element Method ◽  
Sources Of Uncertainty ◽  
Temporal Correlations ◽  
Matérn Covariance ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Matern Covariance ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Assessing the impact of uncertainties in ice-sheet models is a major and challenging issue that needs to be faced by the ice-sheet community to provide more robust and reliable model-based projections of ice-sheet mass balance. In recent years, uncertainty quantification (UQ) has been increasingly used to characterize and explore uncertainty in ice-sheet models and improve the robustness of their projections. A typical UQ analysis involves first the (probabilistic) characterization of the sources of uncertainty followed by the propagation and sensitivity analysis of these sources of uncertainty. Previous studies concerned with UQ in ice-sheet models have generally focused on the last two steps but paid relatively little attention to the preliminary and critical step of the characterization of uncertainty. Sources of uncertainty in ice-sheet models, like uncertainties in ice-sheet geometry or surface mass balance, typically vary in space and potentially in time. For that reason, they are more adequately described as spatio(-temporal) random fields, which account naturally for spatial (and temporal) correlation. As a means of improving the characterization of the sources of uncertainties in ice-sheet models, we propose in this paper to represent them as Gaussian random fields with Matérn covariance function. The class of Matérn covariance functions provides a flexible model able to capture statistical dependence between locations with different degrees of spatial correlation or smoothness properties. Samples from a Gaussian random field with Matérn covariance function can be generated efficiently by solving a certain stochastic partial differential equation. Discretization of this stochastic partial differential equation by the finite element method results in a sparse approximation known as a Gaussian Markov random field. We solve this equation efficiently using the finite element method within the Ice-sheet and Sea-level System Model (ISSM). In addition, spatio-temporal samples can be generated by combining an autoregressive temporal model and the Matérn field. The implementation is tested on a set of synthetic experiments to verify that it captures well the desired spatial and temporal correlations. Finally, we demonstrate the interest of this sampling capability in an illustration concerned with assessing the impact of various sources of uncertainties on the Pine Island Glacier, West Antarctica. We find that both larger spatial and temporal correlations lengths will likely result in increased uncertainty in the projections.

Subtle Impact of Akt1 and Akt3 on Exploratory Behavior in Gene Targeted Mice

2015 ◽  
Vol 223 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Leibrock ◽  
Michael Hierlmeier ◽  
Undine E. Lang ◽  
Florian Lang
Keyword(s):  
Forced Swimming Test ◽  
Open Field Test ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Average Speed ◽  
Closed Area ◽  
Light Area ◽  
Swimming Test ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Center Area ◽  
Dark Transition

Abstract. The present study explored the impact of Akt1 and Akt3 on behavior. Akt1 (akt1-/-) and Akt3 (akt3-/-) knockout mice were compared to wild type (wt) mice. The akt1-/- mice, akt3-/- mice, and wt mice were similar in most parameters of the open-field test. However, the distance traveled in the center area was slightly but significantly less in akt3-/- mice than in wt mice. In the light/dark transition test akt1-/- mice had significantly lower values than wt mice and akt3-/- mice for distance traveled, number of rearings, rearing time in the light area, as well as time spent and distance traveled in the entrance area. They were significantly different from akt3-/- mice in the distance traveled, visits, number of rearings, rearing time in the light area, as well as time spent, distance traveled, number of rearings, and rearing time in the entrance area. In the O-maze the time spent, and the visits to open arms, as well as the number of protected and unprotected headdips were significantly less in akt1-/- mice than in wt mice, whereas the time spent in closed arms was significantly more in akt1-/- mice than in wt mice. Protected and unprotected headdips were significantly less in akt3-/- mice than in wt mice. In closed area, akt3-/- mice traveled a significantly larger distance at larger average speed than akt1-/- mice. No differences were observed between akt1-/- mice, akt3-/- mice and wt-type mice in the time of floating during the forced swimming test. In conclusion, akt1-/- mice and less so akt3-/ mice display subtle changes in behavior.

Functional characterization of the H+/K+ ATPase in wild type and gastrin knock-out mice

2007 ◽  
Vol 45 (05) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Schnur ◽  
P Hegyi ◽  
V Venglovecz ◽  
Z Rakonczay ◽  
I Ignáth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Knock Out ◽  
Knock Out Mice

The Analyses of Learning Strategies in English as a Second Language: Theoretical Classification and Measurement Test

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-129
Author(s):  
Asti Gumartifa ◽  
◽  
Indah Windra Dwie Agustiani
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
English Learners ◽  
English Language ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Effective Learning ◽  
The Impact

Gaining English language learning effectively has been discussed all years long. Similarly, Learners have various troubles outcomes in the learning process. Creating a joyful and comfortable situation must be considered by learners. Thus, the implementation of effective learning strategies is certainly necessary for English learners. This descriptive study has two purposes: first, to introduce the classification and characterization of learning strategies such as; memory, cognitive, metacognitive, compensation, social, and affective strategies that are used by learners in the classroom and second, it provides some questionnaires item based on Strategy of Inventory for Language Learning (SILL) version 5.0 that can be used to examine the frequency of students’ learning strategies in the learning process. The summary of this study explains and discusses the researchers’ point of view on the impact of learning outcomes by learning strategies used. Finally, utilizing appropriate learning strategies are certainly beneficial for both teachers and learners to achieve the learning target effectively.

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