scholarly journals Community prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in England during April to September 2020: Results from the ONS Coronavirus Infection Survey

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koen B Pouwels ◽  
Thomas House ◽  
Emma Pritchard ◽  
Julie V Robotham ◽  
Paul J Birrell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Substantial Proportion ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Multilevel Regression ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Second Period ◽  
Over Time

AbstractBackgroundDecisions regarding the continued need for control measures to contain the spread of SARS-CoV-2 rely on accurate and up-to-date information about the number of people and risk factors for testing positive. Existing surveillance systems are not based on population samples and are generally not longitudinal in design.MethodsFrom 26 April to 19 September2020, 514,794 samples from 123,497 individuals were collected from individuals aged 2 years and over from a representative sample of private households from England. Participants completed a questionnaire and nose and throat swab were taken. The percentage of individuals testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA was estimated over time using dynamic multilevel regression and post-stratification, to account for potential residual non-representativeness. Potential changes in risk factors for testing positive over time were also evaluated using multilevel regression models.FindingsBetween 26 April and 19 September 2020, in total, results were available from 514,794 samples from 123,497 individuals, of which 489 were positive overall from 398 individuals. The percentage of people testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 changed substantially over time, with an initial decrease between end of April and June, followed by low levels during the summer, before marked increases end of August and September 2020. Having a patient-facing role and working outside your home were important risk factors for testing positive in the first period but not (yet) in the second period of increased positivity rates, and age (young adults) being an important driver of the second period of increased positivity rates. A substantial proportion of infections were in individuals not reporting symptoms (53%-70%, dependent on calendar time).InterpretationImportant risk factors for testing positive varied substantially between the initial and second periods of higher positivity rates, and a substantial proportion of infections were in individuals not reporting symptoms, indicating that continued monitoring for SARS-CoV-2 in the community will be important for managing the epidemic moving forwards.FundingThis study is funded by the Department of Health and Social Care. KBP, ASW, EP and JVR are supported by the National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at the University of Oxford in partnership with Public Health England (PHE) (NIHR200915). AG is supported by U.S. National Institute of Health and Office of Naval Research. ASW is also supported by the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and by core support from the Medical Research Council UK to the MRC Clinical Trials Unit [MC_UU_12023/22] and is an NIHR Senior Investigator. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the National Health Service, NIHR, Department of Health, or PHE.Research in contextEvidence before this studyUnprecedented control measures, such as national lockdowns, have been widely implemented to contain the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Decisions regarding the continued need for social distancing measures in the overall population, specific subgroups and geographic areas heavily rely on accurate and up-to-date information about the number of people and risk factors for testing positive. We searched PubMed and medRxiv and bioRxiv preprint servers up to 6 June 2020 for epidemiological studies using the terms “SARS-CoV-2” and “prevalence” or “incidence” without data or language restrictions. Most studies were small or had only information about current presence of the virus for a small subset of patients, or used data not representative of the community, such as hospital admissions, deaths or self-reported symptoms. Large population-based studies, such as the current study, are required to understand risk factors and the dynamics of the epidemic.Added value of this studyThis is the first longitudinal community survey of SARS-CoV-2 infection at national and regional levels in the UK. With more than 500,000 swabs from more than 120,000 individuals this study provides robust evidence that the percentage of individuals from the general community in England testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 clearly declined between end of April and June 2020,, followed by consistently low levels during the summer, before marked increases end of August and September 2020. Risk factors for testing positive varied substantially between the initial and second periods of higher positivity rates, with having a patient-facing role and working outside your home being important risk factors in the first period but not (yet) in the second period, and age (young adults) being an important driver of the second period of increased positivity rates. Positive tests commonly occurred without symptoms being reported.Implications of all the available evidenceThe observed decline in the percentage of individuals testing positive adds to the increasing body of empirical evidence and theoretical models that suggest that the lockdown imposed on 23 March 2020 in England was associated, at least temporarily, with a decrease in infections. Important risk factors for testing positive varied substantially between the initial and second periods of higher positivity rates, and a substantial proportion of infections were in individuals not reporting symptoms, indicating that continued monitoring for SARS-CoV-2 in the community will be important for managing the epidemic moving forwards.

scholarly journals The natural course of DSM-IV somatoform disorders and syndromes among adolescents and young adults: a prospective-longitudinal community study

2002 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 321-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roselind Lieb ◽  
Petra Zimmermann ◽  
Robert H Friis ◽  
Michael Höfler ◽  
Sven Tholen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Somatoform Disorders ◽  
Epidemiologic Study ◽  
Natural Course ◽  
Adolescents And Young Adults ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal ◽  
Over Time

SummaryObjective.Although somatoform disorders are assumed to be chronic clinical conditions, epidemiological knowledge on their natural course based on representative samples is not available.Method.Data come from a prospective epidemiologic study of adolescents and young adults in Munich, Germany. Respondents’ diagnoses (N = 2548) at baseline and follow-up on average 42 months later are considered. The follow-up incidence, stability as well as selected baseline risk factors (sociodemographics, psychopathology, trauma exposure) for the incidence and stability of somatoform disorders and syndromes are prospectively examined. Diagnostic information was assessed by using the standardized Munich-Composite International Diagnostic Interview (M-CIDI).Results.Over the follow-up period, incidence rate for any of the covered somatoform diagnoses was 25.7%. Stability for the overall group of any somatoform disorder/syndrome was 48%. Female gender, lower social class, the experience of any substance use, anxiety and affective disorder as well as the experience of traumatic sexual and physical threat events predicted new onsets of somatoform conditions, while stability was predicted by being female, prior existing substance use, affective and eating disorders as well as the experience of a serious accident.Conclusions.At least for a substantial proportion of individuals, the overall picture of somatization seems to be relatively stable, but with fluctuation in the symptom picture over time. Being female, the experience of substance use as well as anxiety disorder seem to constitute risk factors for the onset of new somatoform conditions as well as for a stable course over time.

scholarly journals Community prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in England: Results from the ONS Coronavirus Infection Survey Pilot

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koen B Pouwels ◽  
Thomas House ◽  
Julie V Robotham ◽  
Paul Birrell ◽  
Andrew B Gelman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Credible Interval ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Direct Patient Contact ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Over Time

Objective: To estimate the percentage of individuals infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) over time in the community in England and to quantify risk factors. Design: Repeated cross-sectional surveys of population-representative households with longitudinal follow-up if consent given. Setting: England. Participants: 34,992 Individuals aged 2 years and over from 16,722 private residential households. Data were collected in a pilot phase of the survey between 26 April and 28 June 2020. Main outcome measures: Percentage of individuals in the community testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA using throat and nose swabs. Individuals were asked about any symptoms and potential risk factors. Results: The percentage of people in private-residential households testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 reduced from 0.32% (95% credible interval (CrI) 0.19% to 0.52%) on 26 April to 0.08% (95% CrI 0.05% to 0.12%) on 28 June, although the prevalence stabilised near the end of the pilot. Factors associated with an increased risk of testing positive included having a job with direct patient contact (relative exposure (RE) 4.06, 95% CrI 2.42 to 6.77)), working outside the home (RE 2.49, 95% CrI 1.39 to 4.45), and having had contact with a hospital (RE 2.20, 95% CrI 1.09 to 4.16 for having been to a hospital individually and RE 1.95, 95% CrI 0.81 to 4.09 for a household member having been to a hospital). In 133 visits where individuals tested positive, 82 (61%, 95% CrI 53% to 69%) reported no symptoms, stably over time. Conclusion: The percentage of SARS-CoV-2 positive individuals declined between 26 April and 28 June 2020. Positive tests commonly occurred without symptoms being reported. Working outside your home was an important risk factor, indicating that continued monitoring for SARS-CoV-2 in the community will be essential for early detection of increases in infections following return to work and other relaxations of control measures.

Postscripts

1979 ◽  
Vol 287 (1022) ◽  
pp. 479-488 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Western Region ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Desert Locust ◽  
Red Sea Coast ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
And Control ◽  
Sea Coast

The period since the Discussion Meeting in June 1977 has witnessed the development of another major Desert Locust upsurge. What in retrospect may have been a key stage had occurred less than 3 weeks before the Meeting. The 1977-8 upsurge showed some striking similarities to earlier upsurges but also some individual characteristics. In the latter part of 1976 the main Desert Locust populations were: in the western region, gregarious hoppers and young adults in northeast Mali, northwest Niger and southern Algeria and, arising from these, a few swarms in southwest Libya and adjacent Algeria, in the central region, groups of hoppers and adults on the Red Sea coast of Sudan; in the eastern region, gregarious populations in India and Pakistan had been reduced to low levels by insecticides. Details of the main populations (using the same criteria as Rainey & Betts in this symposium) and control measures are given in appendix 1 and their probable or possible interconnections are shown in figure 1.

Housing Trajectories, Risk Factors, and Resources among Individuals Who Are Homeless or Precariously Housed

2021 ◽  
Vol 693 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-122
Author(s):  
Tim Aubry ◽  
Ayda Agha ◽  
Cilia Mejia-Lancheros ◽  
James Lachaud ◽  
Ri Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Housing Affordability ◽  
Subsidized Housing ◽  
Income Support ◽  
Housing Stability ◽  
Support Strategies ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Over Time

This study identifies time-patterned trajectories of housing stability among homeless and vulnerably housed individuals who participated in a multisite four-year longitudinal study in Canada. Findings show four distinct trajectories for the homeless and vulnerably housed: high levels of sustained housing stability, improving levels over time leading to high levels of housing stability, decreasing levels of housing stability over time, and low levels of housing stability over time. The presence of resources rather than risk factors differentiated the trajectories of participants who achieved housing stability from those who had low levels of housing stability. Participants who had better housing stability were more likely to live in subsidized housing. Findings highlight the need for programs and policies directed at addressing the housing affordability problem through income support strategies and the creation of affordable housing.

Abstract P142: Light Smoking is Associated With Metabolic Syndrome Risk Factors in Chilean Young Adults

Circulation ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 137 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Evaline Cheng ◽  
Raquel Burrows ◽  
Paulina Correa-Burrows ◽  
Estela Blanco ◽  
Sheila Gahagan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Serum Glucose ◽  
Fasting Serum ◽  
Fasting Serum Glucose ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Low Hdl ◽  
Low Levels

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of risk factors for CVD and DM2 that includes abdominal obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia. While cigarette smoking has been associated with MetS risk factors in adults, young adulthood is an under-studied, susceptible period for developing long-term morbidity and mortality related to MetS. Objective: This study aims to examine the association between cigarette smoking and MetS in Chilean young adults. We hypothesized that cigarette smoking, even at low levels of exposure (< 30 per week), is associated with an increased risk of developing MetS in young adults. Methods: We studied 243 Chilean young adults who were part of infancy studies related to iron deficiency and recruited for a study of cardiovascular risk at age 16. Participant BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting serum glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, and HDL were measured. MetS was defined using IDF and AHA/NHLBI criteria, and MetS risk z-scores were calculated using published equations. Participants self-reported smoking and drinking habits using standardized questionnaires. Logistic regressions examined associations between smoking and each MetS risk factor. All models were adjusted for sex, MetS at adolescence, and frequency of alcohol consumption. Results: Participants were mean 22.5 years old and 49.8% male (121 of 243). The prevalence of obesity and MetS was 24.3% (59 of 243) and 15.3% (37 of 243) respectively. Among smokers (125 of 243), mean age of smoking initiation was 14.6 years and mean consumption was smoking 28 cigarettes per week. Smokers had significantly higher fasting serum glucose levels, lower HDL, and higher MetS risk scores compared to non-smokers. Smoking was significantly associated with greater odds of fasting hyperglycemia (OR 2.41, CI 1.04 - 5.59) and low HDL (OR 1.87, CI 1.05 - 3.31). Conclusion: Cigarette smoking was associated with MetS risk factors, specifically fasting hyperglycemia and low HDL cholesterol levels, in a population-based sample of Chilean young adults. Since our sample had low levels of smoking exposure (< 30 cigarettes per week), these risk factors may herald the onset of MetS associated with light cigarette smoking. Increased emphasis should be placed on preventing the initiation of smoking or promoting cessation during this crucial risk period.

scholarly journals Gestational age and arterial characteristics at 29 years of age in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Young Adults (ARYA) study.

Circulation ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 103 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. 1356-1356
Author(s):  
Anath Oren ◽  
Lydia E Vos ◽  
Cuno SPM Uiterwaal ◽  
Annette AA Bak ◽  
Wim HM Gorissen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Subclinical Atherosclerosis ◽  
Birth Length ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Birth Characteristics

P28 Background: Several studies have indicated that prenatal condition may affect cardiovascular risk factors and thereby risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Based on these findings it has been suggested that impaired intra-uterine growth leads to increased risk of atherosclerosis. Data directly relating prenatal factors to vascular changes are limited and restricted to older individuals. In the ARYA study we evaluated whether birth characteristics are associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in young adults. Methods: The ARYA-study is a cohort study of 750 men and women aged 27-30 years. Information on birth characteristics (gestational age, birth weight, birth length) was obtained from the municipal health service medical files. At baseline, information on cardiovascular risk factors was obtained by questionnaire and measurements during two visits at the research centre. Arterial characteristics were non-invasively assessed by measuring common carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) at both carotid arteries and by measuring aortic stiffness by pulse wave velocity (PWV). At present, data on 204 subjects are available for analysis. Linear regression analysis was applied and results are adjusted for age, gender, smoking and family history. Results: This sub-analysis comprised of 204 young adults (47% men) with a mean age of 29.2 (0.5). Mean gestational age was 39.8 (1.8) weeks, birth weight 3420 (539) gram, birth length 51.0 (2.5) cm, CIMT 0.51 (0.05) mm and mean PWV 6.2 (1.0) m/s. With increasing gestational age (in weeks), CIMT decreased with 0.006 mm [CI: -0.010, -0.002], whereas PWV decreased with 0.112 m/s [CI: -0.217, -0.008]. These associations were independent of birth weight. Conclusion: This preliminary analysis of the ARYA-study indicates that decreased gestational age relates to subclinical atherosclerosis already in young adulthood.

scholarly journals Malaria in southeast Bangladesh: A descriptive study

2008 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 87-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Maude ◽  
A.M. Dondorp ◽  
M.A. Faiz ◽  
Emran Bin Yunus ◽  
R. Samad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Occupational Exposure ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Over Time

Malaria in Asia is thought to be grossly under-reported and this is evident from previously published statistics from Bangladesh. Malaria screening data from four Upazillas was analysed alongside census data to assess the trends in malaria incidence over time and distribution of malaria by age and gender. Malaria incidence in this area has decreased by around two thirds since 2003, although control measures were not significantly increased until 2005.  Malaria occurred in people of all ages with the highest incidence being in young adults. This is consistent with higher occupational exposure in this group. The probability of being screened for malaria decreased with age suggesting significant numbers of adults with malaria may be being missed.Keywords: Bangladesh; MalariaOnline: 29-1-2009DOI: 10.3329/bmrcb.v34i3.1757Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2008; 34: 87-89

Domestic Integration and Suicide in the Provinces of Canada

Crisis ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoon A. Leenaars ◽  
David Lester
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Negative Association ◽  
Birth Rates ◽  
Marriage Rates ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
The Social ◽  
Divorce Rates ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Over Time

Canada's rate of suicide varies from province to province. The classical theory of suicide, which attempts to explain the social suicide rate, stems from Durkheim, who argued that low levels of social integration and regulation are associated with high rates of suicide. The present study explored whether social factors (divorce, marriage, and birth rates) do in fact predict suicide rates over time for each province (period studied: 1950-1990). The results showed a positive association between divorce rates and suicide rates, and a negative association between birth rates and suicide rates. Marriage rates showed no consistent association, an anomaly as compared to research from other nations.

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