scholarly journals Gender stereotype and the scientific career of women: Evidence from biomedical research centers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose G. Montalvo ◽  
Daniele Alimonti ◽  
Sonja Reiland ◽  
Isabelle Vernos
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Academic Career ◽  
Research Centers ◽  
Scientific Career ◽  
Gender Biases ◽  
And Gender ◽  
High Level ◽  
Science Association

AbstractWomen are underrepresented in the top ranks of the scientific career, including the biomedical disciplines. This is not generally the result of explicit and easily recognizable gender biases but the outcome of decisions with many components of unconscious nature that are difficult to assess. Evidence suggests that implicit gender stereotypes influence perceptions as well as decisions. To explore these potential reasons of women’s underrepresentation in life sciences we analyzed the outcome of gender-science and gender-career Implicit Association Tests (IAT) taken by 2,589 scientists working in high profile biomedical research centers. We found that male-science association is less pronounced among researchers than in the general population (34% below the level of the general population). However, this difference is mostly explained by the low level of the IAT score among female researchers. Despite the highly meritocratic view of the academic career, male scientists have a high level of male-science association (261% the level among women scientists), similar to the general population.

scholarly journals Grammar, gender and demonstratives in lateralized imagery for sentences

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikkel Wallentin ◽  
Roberta Rocca ◽  
Sofia Stroustrup
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Gender Effects ◽  
Sentence Structure ◽  
Grammatical Subject ◽  
Gender Biases ◽  
Reading Direction ◽  
Figure Drawings ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Significant Support

We investigated biases in the organization of imagery by asking participants to make stick-figure drawings of sentences containing a man, a woman and a transitive action (e.g. She kisses that guy). Previous findings show that prominent features of meaning and sentence structure are placed to the left in drawings, according to reading direction (e.g. Stroustrup & Wallentin, 2018). Five hundred thirty participants listened to sentences in Danish and made 8 drawings each. We replicated three findings: 1) that the first mentioned element is placed to the left more often, 2) that the agent in the sentence is placed to the left, and 3) that the grammatical subject is placed to the left of the object. We further tested hypotheses related to deixis and gender stereotypes. By adding demonstratives (e.g. Danish equivalents of this and that), that have been found to indicate attentional prominence, we tested the hypothesis that this is also translated into a left-ward bias in the produced drawings. We were unable to find support for this hypothesis. Analyses of gender biases tested the presence of a gender identification and a gender stereotype effect. According to the identification hypothesis, participants should attribute prominence to their own gender and draw it to the left, and according to the stereotype effect participants should be more prone to draw the male character to the left, regardless of own gender. We were not able to find significant support for either of the two gender effects. The combination of replications and null-findings suggest that the left-ward bias in the drawing experiment might be narrowly tied to left-to-right distribution in written language and less to overall prominence. No effect of handedness was observed.

scholarly journals Mathematics and Gender Stereotypes in One Jewish and One Druze Grade 5 Classroom in Israel

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Mittelberg ◽  
Osnat Rozner ◽  
Helen Forgasz
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Mathematics Classroom ◽  
Mathematics Learning ◽  
Qualitative Case Studies ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Gender Biases ◽  
Grade 5 ◽  
Gendered Patterns ◽  
And Gender ◽  
And Mathematics

We report findings from qualitative case studies of two grade 5 classrooms in Israel, one Jewish and one Druze. The aim was to identify classroom factors contributing to the differences in the gendered patterns of mathematics outcomes for Jewish and Arab Israeli students. Marked differences were found in the teachers' gender-related interactions with students, and their beliefs and expectations of boys' and girls' mathematical capabilities. The Jewish teacher held conventional gender-stereotyped beliefs of male mathematical superiority. The Druze teacher believed that girls required affirmative action to overcome implied gender biases in favour of males in the Druze community. The findings support earlier research and theoretical perspectives on gender-related issues in the mathematics classroom. In particular, when teachers hold gender-biased beliefs and expectations, students' classroom experiences and mathematics learning outcomes are impacted along gender lines.

Gender Biases in Textbooks for Introductory Psychology and Human Development

1992 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharyl Bender Peterson ◽  
Traci Kroner
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Task Force ◽  
American Psychological Association ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Introductory Psychology ◽  
Gender Biases ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
And Gender ◽  
And Behavior

Because of spreading concerns about gender stereotypes in textbooks, in 1975 an American Psychological Association Task Force recommended changes in the type of language that should be used to report research findings and in the type of information that should be included in reports of psychological research. These recommendations also applied to the presentation of psychological information in textbooks. Studies in the subsequent 7 years indicated some decrease in the use of sex-stereotyped language and some decrease in gender-biased content. Researchers typically concluded, however, that although some improvements had occurred, gender biases and stereotypes still occurred in texts. The present study reports an extensive content analysis of current textbooks for introductory psychology and human development courses. Representation of the work, theory, and behavior of males continues to significantly exceed the representation of the work, theory, and behavior of females, and females continue to be portrayed in negative and gender-biased ways.

scholarly journals Drawing everyday sexism in academia: observations and analysis of a community-based initiative

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 15-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Bocher ◽  
Martina Ulvrova ◽  
Maëlis Arnould ◽  
Nicolas Coltice ◽  
Claire Mallard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Earth Science ◽  
Academic Career ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Comic Strips ◽  
Objectification Of Women ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Scientific Skills ◽  
Recurrent Patterns

Abstract. Sexist behaviour in the workplace contributes to create a hostile environment, hindering the chance of women and gender non-conforming individuals to pursue an academic career, but also reinforcing gender stereotypes that are harmful to their progress and recognition. The Did this really happen?! project aims at publishing real-life, everyday sexism in the form of comic strips. Its major goal is to raise awareness about unconscious biases that transpire in everyday interactions in academia and increase the visibility of sexist situations that arise within the scientific community, especially to those who might not notice it. Through the website didthisreallyhappen.net, we collect testimonies about everyday sexism occurring in the professional academic environment (universities, research institutes, scientific conferences…). We translate these stories into comics and publish them anonymously without any judgement or comments on the website. By now, we have collected over 100 testimonies. From this collection, we identified six recurrent patterns: (1) behaviours that aim at maintaining women in stereotypical feminine roles, (2) behaviours that aim at maintaining men in stereotypical masculine roles, (3) the questioning of the scientific skills of female researchers, (4) situations where women have the position of an outsider, especially in informal networking contexts, (5) the objectification of women, and (6) the expression of neosexist views. We first present a detailed analysis of these categories, then we report on the different ways we interact and engage with the Earth science community, the scientific community at large and the public in this project.

scholarly journals Theoretical aspects of gender differences in stress tolerance in the profession of employees in police service

2021 ◽  
pp. 15-29
Author(s):  
Tat'yana Kobysheva ◽  
Lyubov' Kostina
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Stress Resistance ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Important Quality ◽  
Gender Characteristics ◽  
Internal Affairs ◽  
Operational Activities ◽  
And Gender ◽  
High Level

The article actualizes the problem of a high level of stress resistance of employees of internal affairs agencies who regardless of gender, must achieve the assigned tasks and carry out effectively operational and service activities in dangerous and extreme conditions. The article presents a theoretical analysis of the scientific views of domestic and foreign scientists of the problem of stress factors and gender differences in stress resistance, levels of stress in the operational activities of employees of internal affairs agencies. Some gender characteristics, stereotypes of feminine and masculine behavior are revealed. The psycho-applied aspects of the problem under study are reflected in the form of the results of psychological observations of the authors of the article on the behavior of employees of the internal affairs agencies according to which male and female employees do not always act according to gender stereotypes of behavior when they find themselves in difficult and dangerous situations. Taking into account the mixed nature of the service collectives of the subdivisions of the territorial bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia the need for an empirical study aimed at studying the stress resistance of female and male employees of the internal affairs bodies is justified. This study will make it possible to characterize psychological work as differential work, designed for the gender characteristics of employees of the of internal affairs agencies and aimed at developing their stress resistance as a professionally important quality.

scholarly journals Gender biases in impressions from faces: Empirical studies and computational models

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
DongWon Oh ◽  
Ron Dotsch ◽  
Jenny Porter ◽  
Alexander Todorov
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Impression Formation ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Facial Information ◽  
Gender Biases ◽  
High Level ◽  
Data Driven Modeling

Trustworthiness and dominance impressions summarize trait judgments from faces. Judgments on these key traits are negatively correlated to each other in impressions of female faces, implying less differentiated impressions of female faces. Here we test whether this is true across many trait judgments and whether less differentiated impressions of female faces originate in different facial information used for male and female impressions or different evaluation of the same information. Using multidimensional rating datasets and data-driven modeling, we show that (1) impressions of women are less differentiated and more valence-laden than impressions of men, and find that (2) these impressions are based on similar visual information across face genders. Female face impressions were more highly intercorrelated and were better explained by valence (Study 1). These intercorrelations were higher when raters more strongly endorsed gender stereotypes. Despite the gender difference, male and female impression models – derived from separate trustworthiness and dominance ratings of male and female faces – were similar to each other (Study 2). Further, both male and female models could manipulate impressions of faces of both genders (Study 3). The results highlight the high-level, evaluative effect of face gender in impression formation – women are judged negatively to the extent their looks do not conform to expectations, not because people use different facial information across genders, but because people evaluate the information differently across genders.

The Self-Description Questionnaire-1: A Lithuanian Application

1995 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Watkins ◽  
Anne McCreary Juhasz ◽  
Aldona Walker ◽  
Nijole Janvlaitiene
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Factor Structure ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Internal Consistency ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
The Self ◽  
Nigerian Children ◽  
Gender Biases ◽  
And Gender

Analysis of the responses of 139 male and 83 female Lithuanian 12-14 year-olds to a translation of the Self-Description Questionnaire-1 (SDQ-1; Marsh, 1988 ) supported the internal consistency and factor structure of this instrument. Some evidence of a “positivity” response bias was found, however. Comparison of the Lithuanian responses to those of like-aged Australian, Chinese, Filipino, Nepalese, and Nigerian children indicated the Lithuanians tended to report rather lower self-esteem. The Lithuanian males also tended to report lower self-esteem than their female peers. Interpretation of the results are considered in terms of reactions to the recent upheavals in Eastern Europe, stable cultural dimensions, and possible cultural and gender biases in the items of the SDQ-1.

A Study on Knowledge, Attitude, Awareness and Practice About HIV/AIDS among different age group of Karachi, Pakistan

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 328-333
Author(s):  
Safia Mehmood ◽  
Sheema Zia ◽  
Nida Aziz ◽  
Omama Sajid
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
World Population ◽  
Major Barrier ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Awareness Programs ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Strongly Agree ◽  
High Level ◽  
Lack Of Knowledge

The AIDS is one of the most complicated health problems of the 21st century and it threatens the world population. AIDS spread at an alarming rate. This was a descriptive study to determine the knowledge, awareness, and practice about HIV among different age groups. The study carried out in Karachi, Pakistan during the period of January 2016-april 2016, in which 82 peoples are participated; 65 peoples having age in between 18-30, people’s lies in 31-40 years, while only 4 peoples having age above 40. From which 91% peoples thought HIV is dangerous virus and 51% peoples having misconception that it cause AIDS on initial stage and does not have any effect on CD4+. Majority of peoples aware about transmission of AIDS through intercourse, and during pregnancy. But the study show the high level of misbelieve also in mode of transmission that HIV transmit through sweat, saliva etc. Majority of the peoples have knowledge that HIV-1 is the most common type found worldwide. Also large number of peoples have knowledge that HIV weak immune system by destroying CD4+ and require long exposure to progress AIDS. Less than 15% of peoples strongly agree that AIDS is common in women. This misconception reflex the lack of knowledge and awareness in the HIV transmission and gender relation. Also majority of peoples thought that lack of knowledge is major barrier in the proper cure of disease. So increasing knowledge by awareness programs; sexual prevention; by starting national testing resources and curing poverty will cured AIDS in Pakistan. Newly drugs are introduced which can stop the progression of AIDS.

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