scholarly journals Complementary Maps for Location and Environmental Structure in CA1 and Subiculum

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob M Olson ◽  
Alexander B Johnson ◽  
Lillian Chang ◽  
Emily L Tao ◽  
Xuefei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Information ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Spatial Working Memory ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Unique Role ◽  
Path Structure ◽  
And Function

AbstractThe dorsal subiculum lies among a network of interconnected brain regions that collectively map multiple spatial and orientational relationships between an organism and the boundaries and pathways composing its environment. A unique role of the subiculum in spatial information processing has yet to be defined despite reports of small neuron subpopulations that encode relationships to specific boundaries, axes of travel, or locations. We examined the activity patterns among populations of subiculum neurons during performance of a spatial working memory task performed within a complex network of interconnected pathways. Compared to neurons in hippocampal sub-region CA1, a major source of its afferents, subiculum neurons were far more likely to exhibit multiple firing fields at locations that were analogous with respect to path structure and function. Subiculum neuron populations were also found to exhibit a greater dynamic range in scale of spatial representation and for persistent patterns of spiking activity to be aligned to transitions between maze segments. Together, the findings indicate that the subiculum plays a unique role in spatial mapping, one that complements the location-specific firing of CA1 neurons with the encoding of emergent and recurring structural features of a complex path network.

scholarly journals Information interactions between prefrontal cortex and hippocampus during performance of a spatial working memory task

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Lei Guo ◽  
Dongzhao Liu ◽  
Guizhi Xu
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Information Transmission ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Spatial Working Memory ◽  
Effective Connectivity ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Directed Networks ◽  
Medial Pfc

Abstract Spatial working memory (SWM) refers to a short-term system for temporary manipulation of spatial information and requires the cooperation of multiple brain regions. Despite evidence that hippocampus (HPC) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) are involved in SWM, how PFC and HPC coordinate the neural information during SWM remains puzzling. In this study, local field potentials (LFPs) were recorded simultaneously from rat ventral HPC and medial PFC during SWM tasks. Then cross-frequency coupling algorithm was used as functional connectivity for construction of undirected networks; Grange causality algorithm was used as effective connectivity for construction of directed networks. Finally, information interactions across two brain regions were analyzed based on undirected and directed networks. Experimental results show that LFPs power in PFC and HPC both decreased over learning days and peaked before the reference point during SWM, moreover, LFPs mainly distributed in theta and gamma. From the undirected aspect, undirected PFC subnetwork and HPC subnetwork have the same effect on information transmission for SWM; the PAC between PFC-gamma and HPC-theta in undirected PFC-HPC network is related to SWM formation and contributes to information interactions between PFC and HPC. From the directed aspect, the effect of information transmission in directed HPC subnetwork is greater than PFC subnetwork; the enhancement of coordination between directed PFC and HPC subnetworks contributes to correct execution of SWM tasks; directed HPC→PFC network plays a predominant role in information interaction; with the increasing of learning days, PFC and HPC tend to be the causal sink and causal source of information flow.

scholarly journals Negative Effects of Embodiment in a Visuo-Spatial Working Memory Task in Children, Young Adults, and Older Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianluca Amico ◽  
Sabine Schaefer
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Spatial Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Negative Effects

Studies examining the effect of embodied cognition have shown that linking one’s body movements to a cognitive task can enhance performance. The current study investigated whether concurrent walking while encoding or recalling spatial information improves working memory performance, and whether 10-year-old children, young adults, or older adults (Mage = 72 years) are affected differently by embodiment. The goal of the Spatial Memory Task was to encode and recall sequences of increasing length by reproducing positions of target fields in the correct order. The nine targets were positioned in a random configuration on a large square carpet (2.5 m × 2.5 m). During encoding and recall, participants either did not move, or they walked into the target fields. In a within-subjects design, all possible combinations of encoding and recall conditions were tested in counterbalanced order. Contrary to our predictions, moving particularly impaired encoding, but also recall. These negative effects were present in all age groups, but older adults’ memory was hampered even more strongly by walking during encoding and recall. Our results indicate that embodiment may not help people to memorize spatial information, but can create a dual-task situation instead.

scholarly journals MIBI-TOF: A multiplexed imaging platform relates cellular phenotypes and tissue structure

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. eaax5851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leeat Keren ◽  
Marc Bosse ◽  
Steve Thompson ◽  
Tyler Risom ◽  
Kausalia Vijayaragavan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Molecule ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Time Of Flight ◽  
Tissue Structure ◽  
Regional Variability ◽  
Flight Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Cellular Phenotypes ◽  
And Function

Understanding tissue structure and function requires tools that quantify the expression of multiple proteins while preserving spatial information. Here, we describe MIBI-TOF (multiplexed ion beam imaging by time of flight), an instrument that uses bright ion sources and orthogonal time-of-flight mass spectrometry to image metal-tagged antibodies at subcellular resolution in clinical tissue sections. We demonstrate quantitative, full periodic table coverage across a five-log dynamic range, imaging 36 labeled antibodies simultaneously with histochemical stains and endogenous elements. We image fields of view up to 800 μm × 800 μm at resolutions down to 260 nm with sensitivities approaching single-molecule detection. We leverage these properties to interrogate intrapatient heterogeneity in tumor organization in triple-negative breast cancer, revealing regional variability in tumor cell phenotypes in contrast to a structured immune response. Given its versatility and sample back-compatibility, MIBI-TOF is positioned to leverage existing annotated, archival tissue cohorts to explore emerging questions in cancer, immunology, and neurobiology.

scholarly journals Memorable navigation: Assessing the influence of way-finding in spatial clustering

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvaro Pastor
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
Recall Performance ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Correct Recall ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobes ◽  
Temporal Lobes

Navigating around an environment and remembering the events that took place within it are crucial cognitive abilities that have been linked to the Hippocampus and medial temporal lobes (MTL). Scene Construction Theory (SCT) has proposed that a function of the Hippocampus is the implicit and continuous construction of scenes to help prediction of upcoming environment. Scenes, as highly efficient means of packaging information, underpin in coordination with other brain regions, episodic memory (EM), spatial navigation, future thinking and perhaps even dreaming and mind-wandering. We examined the conditions in which spatial contiguity of stimuli influences the organization of memory by examining spatial clustering (SC) phenomenon. In this research, an augmented reality (AR) system was used to test 14 participants in a spatially dependent memory task which assessed the SC differences between active navigators and passive spectators. We confirmed our hypothesis that navigators use spatial information as part of the retrieval process in free recall, as they tended to sequentially recall any two neighboring otherwise unrelated items. We also found a significant correlation between SC and correct recall performance supporting our second hypothesis. These results may be valuable for design of learning applications, especially dealing with large amounts of data. Research on Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases may also benefit from our approach. Future studies may assess the role of encoding and retrieval modality and participant's use of mnemonic strategies.

scholarly journals The olfactory bulb modulates entorhinal cortex oscillations during spatial working memory

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Morteza Salimi ◽  
Farhad Tabasi ◽  
Milad Nazari ◽  
Sepideh Ghazvineh ◽  
Alireza Salimi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Entorhinal Cortex ◽  
Spatial Working Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Rhythmic Activity ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Simultaneous Recording

AbstractCognitive functions such as working memory require integrated activity among different brain regions. Notably, entorhinal cortex (EC) activity is associated with the successful working memory task. Olfactory bulb (OB) oscillations are known as rhythms that modulate rhythmic activity in widespread brain regions during cognitive tasks. Since the OB is structurally connected to the EC, we hypothesized that OB could modulate EC activity during working memory performance. Herein, we explored OB–EC functional connectivity during spatial working memory performance by simultaneous recording local field potentials when rats performed a Y-maze task. Our results showed that the coherence of delta, theta, and gamma-band oscillations between OB and EC was increased during correct trials compared to wrong trials. Cross-frequency coupling analyses revealed that the modulatory effect of OBs low-frequency phase on EC gamma power and phase was enhanced when animals correctly performed working memory task. The influx of information from OB to EC was also increased at delta and gamma bands within correct trials. These findings indicated that the modulatory influence of OB rhythms on EC oscillations might be necessary for successful working memory performance.

scholarly journals Training spatial cognition enhances mathematical learning - a randomized study in 17.000 children

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Judd ◽  
Torkel Klingberg
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Training ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Spatial Working Memory ◽  
Randomized Study ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Reasoning Ability ◽  
Math Learning ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Mathematical Learning

Spatial and mathematical abilities are strongly associated. Here we analyzed data from 17,648 children, aged 6-8 years, who performed 7 weeks of mathematical training together with randomly assigned, spatial cognitive training with tasks demanding more spatial manipulation (mental rotation or tangram), maintenance of spatial information (a visuo-spatial working memory task) or spatial, non-verbal reasoning. We found that what type of cognitive training children performed had a significant impact on mathematical learning, with training of visuo-spatial working memory and reasoning being the most effective. This large, community-based study shows that spatial cognitive training can result in transfer to academic abilities and that reasoning ability and maintenance of spatial information is relevant for math learning in young children.

scholarly journals Hippocampal function in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

2009 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 761-770 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Hall ◽  
H. C. Whalley ◽  
K. Marwick ◽  
J. McKirdy ◽  
J. Sussmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level ◽  
The Face ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Patient Groups ◽  
And Function

BackgroundThe hippocampus plays a central role in memory formation. There is considerable evidence of abnormalities in hippocampal structure and function in schizophrenia, which may differentiate it from bipolar disorder. However, no previous studies have compared hippocampal activation in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder directly.MethodFifteen patients with schizophrenia, 14 patients with bipolar disorder and 14 healthy comparison subjects took part in the study. Subjects performed a face–name pair memory task during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Differences in blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) activity were determined during encoding and retrieval of the face–name pairs.ResultsThe patient groups showed significant differences in hippocampal and prefrontal cortex (PFC) activation during face–name pair learning. During encoding, patients with schizophrenia showed decreased anterior hippocampal activation relative to subjects with bipolar disorder, whereas patients with bipolar disorder showed decreased dorsal PFC activation relative to patients with schizophrenia. During retrieval, patients with schizophrenia showed greater activation of the dorsal PFC than patients with bipolar disorder. Patients with schizophrenia also differed from healthy control subjects in the activation of several brain regions, showing impaired superior temporal cortex activation during encoding and greater dorsal PFC activation during retrieval. These effects were evident despite matched task performance.ConclusionsPatients with schizophrenia showed deficits in hippocampal activation during a memory task relative to patients with bipolar disorder. The disorders were further distinguished by differences in PFC activation. The results demonstrate that these disorders can distinguished at a group level using non-invasive neuroimaging.

scholarly journals Flexible utilization of spatial- and motor-based codes for the storage of visuo-spatial information

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret M. Henderson ◽  
Rosanne L. Rademaker ◽  
John T. Serences
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Spatial Working Memory ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Alternative View ◽  
Visual Spatial ◽  
Early Visual Cortex ◽  
Visual Spatial Working Memory

Working memory (WM) provides flexible storage of information in service of upcoming behavioral goals. Some models propose specific fixed loci and mechanisms for the storage of visual information in WM, such as sustained spiking in parietal and prefrontal cortex during the maintenance of features. An alternative view is that information can be remembered in a flexible format that best suits current behavioral goals. For example, remembered visual information might be stored in sensory areas for easier comparison to future sensory inputs (i.e. a retrospective code) or might be remapped into a more abstract, output-oriented format and stored in motor areas (i.e. a prospective code). Here, we tested this hypothesis using a visual-spatial working memory task where the required behavioral response was either known or unknown during the memory delay period. Using fMRI and multivariate decoding, we found that there was less information about remembered spatial positions in early visual and parietal regions when the required response was known versus unknown. Further, a representation of the planned motor action emerged in primary somatosensory, primary motor, and premotor cortex on the same trials where spatial information was reduced in early visual cortex. These results suggest that the neural networks supporting WM can be strategically reconfigured depending on the specific behavioral requirements of canonical visual WM paradigms.

Predicting spatial activity patterns in a neural map from a probabilistic atlas of 3-D reconstructed neurons

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 812-813
Author(s):  
G. Jacobs ◽  
F. Theunissen
Keyword(s):  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Sensory System ◽  
Neural System ◽  
Probabilistic Atlas ◽  
Uniform Sample ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
The Time Domain ◽  
And Function ◽  
Visualization Techniques

In order to understand how the algorithms underlying neural computation are implemented within any neural system, it is necessary to understand details of the anatomy, physiology and global organization of the neurons from which the system is constructed. Information is represented in neural systems by patterns of activity that vary in both their spatial extent and in the time domain. One of the great challenges to microscopists is to devise methods for imaging these patterns of activity and to correlate them with the underlying neuroanatomy and physiology. We have addressed this problem by using a combination of three dimensional reconstruction techniques, quantitative analysis and computer visualization techniques to build a probabilistic atlas of a neural map in an insect sensory system. The principal goal of this study was to derive a quantitative representation of the map, based on a uniform sample of afferents that was of sufficient size to allow statistically meaningful analyses of the relationships between structure and function.

kangaroo, a Mobile Element From Volvox carteri, Is a Member of a Newly Recognized Third Class of Retrotransposons

Genetics ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 162 (4) ◽  
pp. 1617-1630
Author(s):  
Leonard Duncan ◽  
Kristine Bouckaert ◽  
Fay Yeh ◽  
David L Kirk
Keyword(s):  
Genomic Structure ◽  
Mobile Element ◽  
Direct Repeat ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Volvox Carteri ◽  
Developmentally Regulated ◽  
Closed Circle ◽  
Integration Mechanisms ◽  
And Function

Abstract Retrotransposons play an important role in the evolution of genomic structure and function. Here we report on the characterization of a novel retrotransposon called kangaroo from the multicellular green alga, Volvox carteri. kangaroo elements are highly mobile and their expression is developmentally regulated. They probably integrate via double-stranded, closed-circle DNA intermediates through the action of an encoded recombinase related to the λ-site-specific integrase. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that kangaroo elements are closely related to other unorthodox retrotransposons including PAT (from a nematode), DIRS-1 (from Dictyostelium), and DrDIRS1 (from zebrafish). PAT and kangaroo both contain split direct repeat (SDR) termini, and here we show that DIRS-1 and DrDIRS1 elements contain terminal features structurally related to SDRs. Thus, these mobile elements appear to define a third class of retrotransposons (the DIRS1 group) that are unified by common structural features, genes, and integration mechanisms, all of which differ from those of LTR and conventional non-LTR retrotransposons.

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