scholarly journals The fall and rise of group B Streptococcus in dairy cattle: reintroduction due to human-to-cattle host jumps?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Crestani ◽  
Taya L Forde ◽  
Samantha J Lycett ◽  
Mark A Holmes ◽  
Charlotta Fasth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Group B Streptococcus ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Tetracycline Resistance ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Animal Disease Control ◽  
Long Read ◽  
Group B ◽  
Globally Distributed ◽  
Mastitis Control

Group B Streptococcus (GBS; Streptococcus agalactiae) is a major neonatal and opportunistic bacterial pathogen of humans and an important cause of mastitis in dairy cattle with significant impacts on food security. Following the introduction of mastitis control programs in the 1950s, GBS was nearly eradicated from the dairy industry in northern Europe, followed by re-emergence in the 21st century. Here, we sought to explain this re-emergence based on short and long read sequencing of historical (1953-1978; n = 44) and contemporary (1997-2012; n = 76) bovine GBS isolates. Our data show that a globally distributed bovine-associated lineage of GBS was commonly detected among historical isolates but never among contemporary isolates. By contrast, tetracycline resistance, which is present in all major GBS clones adapted to humans, was commonly and uniquely detected in contemporary bovine isolates. These observations provide evidence for strain replacement and suggest a human origin of newly emerged strains. Three novel GBS plasmids were identified, including two showing >98% homology with plasmids from Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis, which co-exist with GBS in the human oropharynx. Our findings support introduction of GBS into the dairy population due to human-to-cattle jumps on multiple occasions and demonstrate that reverse zoonotic transmission can erase successes of animal disease control campaigns.

scholarly journals The fall and rise of group B Streptococcus in dairy cattle: reintroduction due to human-to-cattle host jumps?

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Crestani ◽  
Taya L. Forde ◽  
Samantha J. Lycett ◽  
Mark A. Holmes ◽  
Charlotta Fasth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Group B Streptococcus ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Tetracycline Resistance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Animal Disease Control ◽  
Group B

Group B Streptococcus (GBS; Streptococcus agalactiae ) is a major neonatal and opportunistic bacterial pathogen of humans and an important cause of mastitis in dairy cattle with significant impacts on food security. Following the introduction of mastitis control programmes in the 1950s, GBS was nearly eradicated from the dairy industry in northern Europe, followed by re-emergence in the 21st century. Here, we sought to explain this re-emergence based on short and long read sequencing of historical (1953–1978; n=44) and contemporary (1997–2012; n=76) bovine GBS isolates. Our data show that a globally distributed bovine-associated lineage of GBS was commonly detected among historical isolates but never among contemporary isolates. By contrast, tetracycline resistance, which is present in all major GBS clones adapted to humans, was commonly and uniquely detected in contemporary bovine isolates. These observations provide evidence for strain replacement and suggest a human origin of newly emerged strains. Three novel GBS plasmids were identified, including two showing >98 % sequence similarity with plasmids from Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis , which co-exist with GBS in the human oropharynx. Our findings support introduction of GBS into the dairy population due to human-to-cattle jumps on multiple occasions and demonstrate that reverse zoonotic transmission can erase successes of animal disease control campaigns.

scholarly journals The fall and rise of group B Streptococcus in dairy cattle: suspected reintroduction from a human reservoir

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (7A) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Crestani ◽  
Taya Forde ◽  
Samantha Lycett ◽  
Mark Holmes ◽  
Karin Persson-Waller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Group B Streptococcus ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Phylogenetic Network ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
Cattle Population ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Group B ◽  
Mastitis Control

Streptococcus agalactiae, also known as group B Streptococcus (GBS), is a pathogen of humans and cattle, in which it is responsible for carriage or invasive disease and subclinical mastitis, respectively. From the 1950s to 1970s, thanks to successful mastitis control programs, the prevalence of GBS fell in the Swedish cattle population, but it re-emerged in the late 1990s. GBS was thought to consist of host-specific subpopulations but recent studies have shown that human and cattle subpopulations overlap, with different accessory genome elements providing survival advantages in each host species. We hypothesized that cattle-adapted GBS was eradicated and replaced by new GBS strains of human origin. Our aim was to explore the differences in GBS cattle population over six decades (pre-post non-detection), with a focus on the possible role of MGE in the evolution of these strains. Historical (n = 44, 1953 to 1978) and contemporary (n = 76, 1997 to 2012) GBS isolates from bovine milk samples were sequenced and analysed for WGS-MLST. Phylogenetic network analysis revealed the presence of six major clades: two of these were detected only up to 1970, two were only detected after 2004, and two were detected in both periods. Historical isolates were all tetracycline sensitive, whereas 51% of recent isolates harboured tet(M), which is considered a marker of human adaptation. Our data support the elimination of a bovine specific clade (CC61/67) and the emergence of new clades (CC1, CC103/314) that are likely of human of origin.

Childhood meningitis in the conjugate vaccine era: a prospective cohort study

2014 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 292-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manish Sadarangani ◽  
Louise Willis ◽  
Seilesh Kadambari ◽  
Stuart Gormley ◽  
Zoe Young ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Meningitis ◽  
Group B Streptococcus ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Viral Meningitis ◽  
Older Children ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Blood Cell Count ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Group B

Bacterial conjugate vaccines have dramatically changed the epidemiology of childhood meningitis; viral causes are increasingly predominant, but the current UK epidemiology is unknown. This prospective study recruited children under 16 years of age admitted to 3 UK hospitals with suspected meningitis. 70/388 children had meningitis—13 bacterial, 26 viral and 29 with no pathogen identified. Group B Streptococcus was the most common bacterial pathogen. Infants under 3 months of age with bacterial meningitis were more likely to have a reduced Glasgow Coma Score and respiratory distress than those with viral meningitis or other infections. There were no discriminatory clinical features in older children. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) white blood cell count and plasma C-reactive protein at all ages, and CSF protein in infants <3 months of age, distinguished between bacterial meningitis and viral meningitis or other infections. Improved diagnosis of non-bacterial meningitis is urgently needed to reduce antibiotic use and hospital stay.

scholarly journals Serotype Distribution, Population Structure, and Antimicrobial Resistance of Group B Streptococcus Strains Recovered from Colonized Pregnant Women

2016 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 412-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Teatero ◽  
Patricia Ferrieri ◽  
Irene Martin ◽  
Walter Demczuk ◽  
Allison McGeer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Group B Streptococcus ◽  
Tetracycline Resistance ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Group B

ABSTRACTUsing serotyping, multilocus sequence typing, and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of selected strains, we studied the population structure of 102 group BStreptococcus(GBS) isolates prospectively sampled in 2014 from vaginal/rectal swabs of healthy pregnant women in metropolitan Toronto, Canada. We also determined the susceptibilities of each of the colonizing isolates to penicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracycline, and other antimicrobial agents. Overall, we observed a high rate of tetracycline resistance (89%) among colonizing GBS isolates. We found resistance to erythromycin in 36% of the strains, and 33% were constitutively or inducibly resistant to clindamycin. The most frequently identified serotypes were III (25%), Ia (23%), and V (19%). Serotype IV accounted for 6% of the colonizing isolates, a rate consistent with that observed among patients with invasive GBS infections in metropolitan Toronto. The majority of serotype IV isolates belonged to sequence type (ST)459, a tetracycline-, erythromycin-, and clindamycin-resistant ST first identified in Minnesota, which is considered to be the main driver of serotype IV GBS expansion in North America. WGS revealed that ST459 isolates from Canada are clonally related to colonizing and invasive ST459 organisms circulating in regions of the United States. We also used WGS to study recombination in selected colonizing strains from metropolitan Toronto, which revealed multiple episodes of capsular switching. Present and future circulating GBS organisms and their genetic diversity may influence GBS vaccine development.

scholarly journals Prevalence and molecular characterization of group B streptococcus in pregnant women from hospitals in Ohangwena and Oshikoto regions of Namibia

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erastus Lafimana Haimbodi ◽  
Munyaradzi Mukesi ◽  
Sylvester Rodgers Moyo
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Group B Streptococcus ◽  
Tetracycline Resistance ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Capsular Type ◽  
Type Ia ◽  
Positive Rate ◽  
Group B

Abstract Background The main purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence rate, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and molecular characteristics of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from pregnant women at 35 weeks of gestation and above, who attended antenatal screening at selected hospitals in Ohangwena and Oshikoto regions of Namibia. Results Out of 210 women screened for Group B Streptococcus (GBS), 12 (5.7%) were colonised of which 25.0% were colonised rectovaginally, 58.0% vaginally and 17.0% rectally. No significant association was reported between GBS colonisation and maternal age, geographic location, marital status, education, employment, parity, still births and miscarriages (P values > 0.05). Antimicrobial susceptibility was reported at 100% for ampicillin, penicillin & ceftriaxone which are commonly used for empiric treatment of infection with GBS. Resistance to tetracycline was reported at 100%. Tetracycline resistance gene tet(M) was present in 88.9% of the isolates only and none of the isolates presented with tet(O). Polysaccharide capsular type Ia was found in 9(50%) and Ib was found in 1(5.5%) of the total isolates. The remaining isolates were not typeable using PCR. Conclusion Streptococcus agalactiae’s positive rate was 5.7% among the pregnant women examined. Socio-demographic and obstetric factors had no influence on GBS colonisation (P values > 0.05). No resistance was reported to ampicillin, penicillin and ceftriaxone. No sensitivity was reported to tetracycline. Fifty percent of the isolates were capsular type Ia, 5.5% were type Ib and 44.4% were not typeable using PCR. The study provides crucial information for informing policy in screening of GBS in pregnant women.

scholarly journals Modulation of Death and Inflammatory Signaling in Decidual Stromal Cells following Exposure to Group B Streptococcus

2019 ◽  
Vol 87 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca A. Flaherty ◽  
Maja Magel ◽  
David M. Aronoff ◽  
Jennifer A. Gaddy ◽  
Margaret G. Petroff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Group B Streptococcus ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Antibody Microarray ◽  
Endometrial Stromal Cells ◽  
Decidual Tissue ◽  
Group B

ABSTRACT Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen that contributes to miscarriage, preterm birth, and serious neonatal infections. Studies have indicated that some multilocus sequence types (STs) of GBS are more likely to cause severe disease than others. We hypothesized that the ability of GBS to elicit varying host responses in maternal decidual tissue during pregnancy is an important factor regulating infection and disease severity. To address this hypothesis, we utilized an antibody microarray to compare changes in production and activation of host signaling proteins in decidualized telomerase-immortalized human endometrial stromal cells (dT-HESCs) following infection with GBS strains from septic neonates or colonized mothers. GBS infection increased levels of total and phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family members such as p38 and JNK and induced nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway activation. Infection also altered the regulation of additional proteins that mediate cell death and inflammation in a strain-specific manner, which could be due to the observed variation in attachment to and invasion of the decidual stromal cells and ability to lyse red blood cells. Further analyses confirmed array results and revealed that p38 promotes programmed necrosis in dT-HESCs. Together, the observed signaling changes may contribute to deregulation of critical developmental signaling cascades and inflammatory responses following infection, both of which could trigger GBS-associated pregnancy complications.

scholarly journals Prevalence, serotype and antibiotic susceptibility of Group B Streptococcus isolated from pregnant women in Jakarta, Indonesia

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. e0252328
Author(s):  
Dodi Safari ◽  
Septiani Madonna Gultom ◽  
Wisnu Tafroji ◽  
Athiya Azzahidah ◽  
Frida Soesanti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Group B Streptococcus ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Neonatal Infection ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Latex Agglutination ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile ◽  
Culture Identification ◽  
Group B

Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a bacterial pathogen which is a leading cause of neonatal infection. Currently, there are limited GBS data available from the Indonesian population. In this study, GBS colonization, serotype distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of isolates were investigated among pregnant women in Jakarta, Indonesia. Demographics data, clinical characteristics and vaginal swabs were collected from 177 pregnant women (mean aged: 28.7 years old) at 29–40 weeks of gestation. Bacterial culture identification tests and latex agglutination were performed for GBS. Serotyping was done by conventional multiplex PCR and antibiotic susceptibility testing by broth microdilution. GBS colonization was found in 53 (30%) pregnant women. Serotype II was the most common serotype (30%) followed by serotype III (23%), Ia and IV (13% each), VI (8%), Ib and V (6% each), and one non-typeable strain. All isolates were susceptible to vancomycin, penicillin, ampicillin, cefotaxime, daptomycin and linezolid. The majority of GBS were resistant to tetracycline (89%) followed by clindamycin (21%), erythromycin (19%), and levofloxacin (6%). The serotype III was more resistant to erythromycin, clindamycin, and levofloxacin and these isolates were more likely to be multidrug resistant (6 out of 10) compared to other serotypes. This report provides demographics of GBS colonization and isolate characterization in pregnant women in Indonesia. The results may facilitate preventive strategies to reduce neonatal GBS infection and improve its treatment.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Group B Streptococcus in Pregnant Women from Hospitals in Ohangwena and Oshikoto Regions of Namibia.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvester Rodgers Moyo ◽  
Erastus Lafimana Haimbodi ◽  
Munyaradzi Mukesi
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Group B Streptococcus ◽  
Tetracycline Resistance ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Capsular Type ◽  
P Values ◽  
Type Ia ◽  
Positive Rate ◽  
Group B

Abstract BackgroundThe main purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence rate, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and molecular characteristics of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from pregnant women at 35 weeks of gestation and above, who attended antenatal screening at selected hospitals in Ohangwena and Oshikoto regions of Namibia.ResultsTwelve (5.7%) of women screened were colonised by GBS, of which 25.0% were colonised rectovaginally, 58.0% vaginally and 17.0% rectally. No significant association was reported between GBS colonisation and maternal age, habitat, marital status, education, employment, parity, still births and miscarriages (P values >0.05). Antimicrobial susceptibility was reported at 100% for ampicillin, penicillin & ceftriaxone. Resistance to tetracycline was reported at 100%. Tetracycline resistance gene tet(M) was present in 88.9% of the isolates only and none of the isolates presented with tet(O). Polysaccharide capsular type Ia was found in 9(50%) and Ib was found in 1(5.5%) of the total isolates. The remaining isolates were not typeable using PCR.ConclusionStreptococcus agalactiae’s positive rate was 5.7% among the pregnant women examined. Socio-demographic and obstetric factors had no influence on GBS colonisation (P values >0.05). No resistance was reported to ampicillin, penicillin and ceftriaxone. No sensitivity was reported to tetracycline. Fifty (50%) of the isolates were capsular type Ia, 5.5% were type Ib and 44.4% were not typeable using PCR.

scholarly journals Distinct Group B Streptococcus sequence and capsule types differentially impact macrophage stress and inflammatory signaling responses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca A. Flaherty ◽  
David M. Aronoff ◽  
Jennifer A. Gaddy ◽  
Margaret G. Petroff ◽  
Shannon D. Manning
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Group B Streptococcus ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Distinct Group ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Inflammatory Signaling ◽  
Phenotypic Differences ◽  
Pathway Activation ◽  
Nfκb Pathway ◽  
Group B

Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen that can contribute to the induction of preterm birth in colonized pregnant women and to severe neonatal disease. Many questions regarding the mechanisms that drive GBS-associated pathogenesis remain unanswered, and it is not yet clear why virulence has been observed to vary so extensively across GBS strains. Previously, we demonstrated that GBS strains of different sequence types (STs) and capsule (CPS) types induce different cytokine profiles in infected THP-1 macrophage-like cells. Here, we have expanded on these studies by utilizing the same set of genetically diverse GBS isolates to assess ST and CPS-specific differences in upstream cell death and inflammatory signaling pathways. Our results demonstrate that particularly virulent STs and CPS types, such as the ST-17 and CPS III groups, induce enhanced JNK and NFκB pathway activation following GBS infection of macrophages when compared with other ST or CPS groups. Additionally, we found that ST-17, CPS III and CPS V GBS strains induce the greatest levels of macrophage cell death during infection and exhibit a more pronounced ability to be internalized and to survive in macrophages following phagocytosis. These data provide further support for the hypothesis that variable host innate immune responses to GBS, which significantly impact pathogenesis, stem in part from genotypic and phenotypic differences among GBS isolates. These and similar studies may inform the development of improved diagnostic, preventive, or therapeutic strategies targeting invasive GBS infections.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Mechanisms of Macrolide Resistance in Invasive and Noninvasive Group B Streptococcus Isolates from Ontario, Canada

2001 ◽  
Vol 45 (12) ◽  
pp. 3504-3508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joyce C. S. de Azavedo ◽  
Mary McGavin ◽  
Carla Duncan ◽  
Donald E. Low ◽  
Allison McGeer
Keyword(s):  
Group B Streptococcus ◽  
Tetracycline Resistance ◽  
Macrolide Resistance ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Erythromycin Resistance ◽  
Vaginal Swabs ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Neonatal Blood ◽  
Methylase Gene ◽  
Group B

ABSTRACT Macrolide resistance has been demonstrated in group B streptococcus (GBS), but there is limited information regarding mechanisms of resistance and their prevalence. We determined these in GBS obtained from neonatal blood cultures and vaginal swabs from pregnant women. Of 178 isolates from cases of neonatal GBS sepsis collected from 1995 to 1998, 8 and 4.5% were resistant to erythromycin and clindamycin, respectively, and one isolate showed intermediate penicillin resistance (MIC, 0.25 μg/ml). Of 101 consecutive vaginal or rectal/vaginal isolates collected in 1999, 18 and 8% were resistant to erythromycin and clindamycin, respectively. Tetracycline resistance was high (>80%) among both groups of isolates. Of 32 erythromycin-resistant isolates, 28 possessed the ermmethylase gene (7 ermB and 21 ermTR/ermA) and 4 harbored the mefA gene; one isolate harbored both genes. One isolate which was susceptible to erythromycin but resistant to clindamycin (MIC, 4 μg/ml) was found to have thelinB gene, previously identified only inEnterococcus faecium. The mreA gene was found in all the erythromycin-resistant strains as well as in 10 erythromycin-susceptible strains. The rate of erythromycin resistance increased from 5% in 1995–96 to 13% in 1998–99, which coincided with an increase in macrolide usage during that time.

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