PRICES FOR PAID VETERINARY SERVICES NOVOCHEBOKSARSK CITY ANIMAL DISEASE CONTROL STATION

In the conditions of small towns, the scientific justification of the current prices for veterinary work (services) provided by budgetary institutions of the state veterinary service is of particular importance. The article presents the results of the authors research on the development of a price list of tariffs for paid veterinary services for the Novocheboksarsk city station for the control of animal diseases. 528 prices for paid veterinary services provided by the institution have been developed. Developed in 2021 prices in comparison with the current ones (2015) for the maintenance of productive animals increased from 1.2 to 3 times; for the maintenance of dogs, cats and other unproductive animals - from 1.3 to 4.2 times; for veterinary and sanitary examination and other types of veterinary work - from 1.6 to 6 times.

First person – Yao Xiao

ABSTRACT First Person is a series of interviews with the first authors of a selection of papers published in Biology Open, helping early-career researchers promote themselves alongside their papers. Yao Xiao is first author on ‘ Regulation of NANOG and SOX2 expression by activin A and a canonical WNT agonist in bovine embryonic stem cells and blastocysts’, published in BiO. Yao conducted the research described in this article while a postdoc in Peter J. Hansen's lab at Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville Florida, USA. He is now an associate professor in the lab of Jinming Huang at Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, at the Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China, investigating regulation of cell potency in cattle.

The fall and rise of group B Streptococcus in dairy cattle: reintroduction due to human-to-cattle host jumps?

Group B Streptococcus (GBS; Streptococcus agalactiae ) is a major neonatal and opportunistic bacterial pathogen of humans and an important cause of mastitis in dairy cattle with significant impacts on food security. Following the introduction of mastitis control programmes in the 1950s, GBS was nearly eradicated from the dairy industry in northern Europe, followed by re-emergence in the 21st century. Here, we sought to explain this re-emergence based on short and long read sequencing of historical (1953–1978; n=44) and contemporary (1997–2012; n=76) bovine GBS isolates. Our data show that a globally distributed bovine-associated lineage of GBS was commonly detected among historical isolates but never among contemporary isolates. By contrast, tetracycline resistance, which is present in all major GBS clones adapted to humans, was commonly and uniquely detected in contemporary bovine isolates. These observations provide evidence for strain replacement and suggest a human origin of newly emerged strains. Three novel GBS plasmids were identified, including two showing >98 % sequence similarity with plasmids from Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis , which co-exist with GBS in the human oropharynx. Our findings support introduction of GBS into the dairy population due to human-to-cattle jumps on multiple occasions and demonstrate that reverse zoonotic transmission can erase successes of animal disease control campaigns.

The Role of Remote Sensing in Epidemiological Studies and the Global Pandemic Surveillance

This paper carried out an over view of the projects of remote sensing application in animal disease surveillance to re-establish the fact that; remote sensing and GIS with its real-time and repetitive ability is operational in animal disease control, forecasting and surveillance with multi-sensor Satellites in the outer space.

An Overview of Current Approaches and Challenges to the Control of Endemic Infectious Cattle Diseases in Albania

Agriculture is an important production sector in Albania that makes a significant contribution to the gross domestic product (GDP) and employment. The livestock sector contributes more than half of the agricultural GDP. The Albanian cattle population represents 50% of the total livestock units and accounts for 85% of the national milk production, the rest being supplied by small ruminants. Cattle productivity, health and welfare are hindered by infectious diseases, some of which are also transmissible to humans (zoonosis). The aim of this manuscript is to provide an overview of the control of selected regulated and non-EU regulated cattle diseases in Albania and to highlight specific challenges for the Albanian cattle industry. The most important infectious cattle diseases in Albania for which national control and eradication strategies are in place are bovine brucellosis, bovine tuberculosis, and anthrax, which are all zoonotic. Additionally, lumpy skin disease recently emerged in the Balkan region and is currently subject to controls. Most of the available funds and European Union support are allocated to the control of EU regulated zoonotic diseases. For control of non-EU regulated cattle diseases, no funds are available resulting in the lack of national control programmes (CPs). Based on research, clinical investigations and laboratory results, several non-EU regulated cattle infectious diseases appear endemic in Albanian dairy farms. While no national CPs exist for any of them, regional initiatives are available on a voluntary basis to control infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and bovine viral diarrhea. In the voluntary CPs, there is no monitored requirement to prove disease freedom of purchased animals and to re-evaluate the herd's free status after the introduction of animals into a herd. Data on animal movements that are routinely collected could potentially be used to control the risk of purchase, but quality needs to be further improved to increase its usefulness in disease CPs. This overview aims to collate existing information on the CPs implemented in Albania and to evaluate these to highlight gaps and threats in disease control, as well as opportunities and strengths through a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) analysis, with the goal of providing a framework for the future implementation of animal disease control measures in Albania.

Regulatory legal documents regulating paid veterinary services

This article lists regulatory and legal documents regulating paid veterinary services Governmental, regional. Recommended list of paid and free veterinary services. The objects of state veterinary supervision, methods and techniques are listed. An analysis of extrabudgetary revenues from the provision of paid veterinary services by specialists of the Irkutsk region based on the results of the activities of 15 regional state budget institutions is presented. The analysis shows that 35.5% of the provision of paid veterinary services was for personnel. Table 2 shows the use of extrabudgetary revenues of state veterinary institutions of the Irkutsk region from the provision of paid veterinary services. An analysis of the financial activities of animal disease control stations in the Irkutsk region shows that 56.3% of extrabudgetary funding is due to the provision of paid veterinary services. Due to special climatic conditions, it is planned to increase the cost of paid veterinary services by 50% for cities and areas equated to the regions of the Far North. The cost of services provided at night, increased by 50%. The list of prices is supplemented and expanded by types of services not taken into account in previously valid price lists. The price list is revised with the introduction of VAT in the amount of 20%. The Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, in agreement with the Ministry of Economy and Finance of the Russian Federation on January 28, 1992, approved a list of paid and free veterinary services. The free veterinary services performed at the expense of the budget (vaccination, diagnosis, treatment) include events for especially dangerous diseases of animals, birds, fish. The provision of paid veterinary services is regulated by the Rules for the provision of paid veterinary services, approved by Decree of the Government of Russia dated August 06, 1998 No. 898. Paid veterinary services are provided to productive and unproductive animals in farms and enterprises, regardless of subordination and forms of ownership. In total, prices have been developed for 2186 different types of paid veterinary services.

The fall and rise of group B Streptococcus in dairy cattle: reintroduction due to human-to-cattle host jumps?

Group B Streptococcus (GBS; Streptococcus agalactiae) is a major neonatal and opportunistic bacterial pathogen of humans and an important cause of mastitis in dairy cattle with significant impacts on food security. Following the introduction of mastitis control programs in the 1950s, GBS was nearly eradicated from the dairy industry in northern Europe, followed by re-emergence in the 21st century. Here, we sought to explain this re-emergence based on short and long read sequencing of historical (1953-1978; n = 44) and contemporary (1997-2012; n = 76) bovine GBS isolates. Our data show that a globally distributed bovine-associated lineage of GBS was commonly detected among historical isolates but never among contemporary isolates. By contrast, tetracycline resistance, which is present in all major GBS clones adapted to humans, was commonly and uniquely detected in contemporary bovine isolates. These observations provide evidence for strain replacement and suggest a human origin of newly emerged strains. Three novel GBS plasmids were identified, including two showing >98% homology with plasmids from Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis, which co-exist with GBS in the human oropharynx. Our findings support introduction of GBS into the dairy population due to human-to-cattle jumps on multiple occasions and demonstrate that reverse zoonotic transmission can erase successes of animal disease control campaigns.

Combining expert knowledge and machine-learning to classify herd types in livestock systems

A detailed understanding of herd types is needed for animal disease control and surveillance activities, to inform epidemiological study design and interpretation, and to guide effective policy decision-making. In this paper, we present a new approach to classify herd types in livestock systems by combining expert knowledge and a machine-learning algorithm called self-organising-maps (SOMs). This approach is applied to the cattle sector in Ireland, where a detailed understanding of herd types can assist with on-going discussions on control and surveillance for endemic cattle diseases. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the SOM algorithm has been used to differentiate livestock systems. In compliance with European Union (EU) requirements, relevant data in the Irish livestock register includes the birth, movements and disposal of each individual bovine, and also the sex and breed of each bovine and its dam. In total, 17 herd types were identified in Ireland using 9 variables. We provide a data-driven classification tree using decisions derived from the Irish livestock registration data. Because of the visual capabilities of the SOM algorithm, the interpretation of results is relatively straightforward and we believe our approach, with adaptation, can be used to classify herd type in any other livestock system.