scholarly journals Mobile monitoring of traffic-related air pollution for a prospective cohort study in the greater Seattle area

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magali N. Blanco ◽  
Amanda Gassett ◽  
Timothy Gould ◽  
Annie Doubleday ◽  
David L. Slager ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Mobile Monitoring ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Monitoring Campaign ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Exposure Levels ◽  
One Year ◽  
Particulate Matter 2.5 ◽  
Good Agreement

AbstractGrowing evidence links traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) to adverse health effects. Previous air pollution studies focused on a few commonly measured pollutants with poor spatial resolution. Well-designed mobile monitoring studies may address this limitation. We designed an extensive mobile monitoring campaign to characterize TRAP exposure levels for a Seattle-based cohort, the Adult Changes in Thought (ACT) study. The campaign measured particulate matter ≤ 2.5 µm in diameter (PM2.5), ultrafine particulates (UFP), black carbon (BC), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) at 309 stop locations representative of the cohort. We collected about 29 two-minute measures at each location during all seasons, days of the week, and most times of day for a one-year period. Annual average concentrations of UFPs had similar degrees of spatial variability as BC and NO2 but higher degrees of variability as CO2 and PM2.5. UFPs had less temporal variability than other pollutants. Validation showed good agreement between our BC, NO2, and PM2.5 measurements and regulatory monitoring sites. The results from this campaign will be used to assess TRAP exposure in the ACT cohort.SynopsisWe assessed annual-average traffic-pollutant levels with high spatial resolution at locations representative of participant residences using a temporally balanced short-term mobile monitoring campaign.Abstract Figure

Air Pollution

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan M. Samet ◽  
Aaron J. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Indoor Air Pollution ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Exposure Levels ◽  
Scientific Attention ◽  
Occupational Settings ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

A wide variety of manmade and naturally occurring air pollutants are known to cause cancer. Diverse exposures such as tobacco smoke, radionuclides (radon), chemicals (benzene, mustard gas, and volatile organic compounds), fibers (asbestos), and metals and metalloids (chromium, nickel, and arsenic) have long been classified as carcinogenic to humans. Historically, these classifications were based predominantly on high levels of exposure in occupational settings. Over the last thirty to forty years, scientific attention has focused on quantifying the adverse health effects of indoor and outdoor air pollutants at exposure levels several orders of magnitude lower than were studied initially. These include secondhand smoke, household exposure to radon, residential and environmental exposure to asbestos, soot from diesel-powered engines, ambient exposures to small particles (PM2.5), and indoor air pollution from the combustion of biomass and coal. This chapter provides an overview of recent epidemiologic studies of air pollutants and cancer.

scholarly journals InMAP: a new model for air pollution interventions

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 9281-9321 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. Tessum ◽  
J. D. Hill ◽  
J. D. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Predictive Performance ◽  
Chemical Information ◽  
Chemical Transport Model ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
Annual Average

Abstract. Mechanistic air pollution models are essential tools in air quality management. Widespread use of such models is hindered, however, by the extensive expertise or computational resources needed to run most models. Here, we present InMAP (Intervention Model for Air Pollution), which offers an alternative to comprehensive air quality models for estimating the air pollution health impacts of emission reductions and other potential interventions. InMAP estimates annual-average changes in primary and secondary fine particle (PM2.5) concentrations – the air pollution outcome generally causing the largest monetized health damages – attributable to annual changes in precursor emissions. InMAP leverages pre-processed physical and chemical information from the output of a state-of-the-science chemical transport model (WRF-Chem) within an Eulerian modeling framework, to perform simulations that are several orders of magnitude less computationally intensive than comprehensive model simulations. InMAP uses a variable resolution grid that focuses on human exposures by employing higher spatial resolution in urban areas and lower spatial resolution in rural and remote locations and in the upper atmosphere; and by directly calculating steady-state, annual average concentrations. In comparisons run here, InMAP recreates WRF-Chem predictions of changes in total PM2.5 concentrations with population-weighted mean fractional error (MFE) and bias (MFB) < 10 % and population-weighted R2 ~ 0.99. Among individual PM2.5 species, the best predictive performance is for primary PM2.5 (MFE: 16 %; MFB: 13 %) and the worst predictive performance is for particulate nitrate (MFE: 119 %; MFB: 106 %). Potential uses of InMAP include studying exposure, health, and environmental justice impacts of potential shifts in emissions for annual-average PM2.5. Features planned for future model releases include a larger spatial domain, more temporal information, and the ability to predict ground-level ozone (O3) concentrations. The InMAP model source code and input data are freely available online.

Evaluation of air quality in Sunway City, Selangor, Malaysia from a mobile monitoring campaign using air pollution micro-sensors

2020 ◽  
Vol 265 ◽  
pp. 115058 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chia Chun Lee ◽  
Manh-Vu Tran ◽  
Cheng Wai Choo ◽  
Chee Pin Tan ◽  
Yeong Shiong Chiew
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Mobile Monitoring ◽  
Monitoring Campaign

scholarly journals Air Pollution, Neonatal Immune Responses, and Potential Joint Effects of Maternal Depression

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 5062
Author(s):  
Jill Hahn ◽  
Diane R. Gold ◽  
Brent A. Coull ◽  
Marie C. McCormick ◽  
Patricia W. Finn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cord Blood ◽  
Maternal Depression ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Traffic Density ◽  
Tobit Regression ◽  
Adverse Health Effects

Prenatal maternal exposure to air pollution may cause adverse health effects in offspring, potentially through altered immune responses. Maternal psychosocial distress can also alter immune function and may increase gestational vulnerability to air pollution exposure. We investigated whether prenatal exposure to air pollution is associated with altered immune responses in cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMCs) and potential modification by maternal depression in 463 women recruited in early pregnancy (1999–2001) into the Project Viva longitudinal cohort. We estimated black carbon (BC), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), residential proximity to major roadways, and near-residence traffic density, averaged over pregnancy. Women reported depressive symptoms in mid-pregnancy (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale) and depression history by questionnaire. Immune responses were assayed by concentrations of three cytokines (IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α), in unstimulated or stimulated (phytohemagglutinin (PHA), cockroach extract (Bla g 2), house dust mite extract (Der f 1)) CBMCs. Using multivariable linear or Tobit regression analyses, we found that CBMCs production of IL-6, TNF-a, and IL-10 were all lower in mothers exposed to higher levels of PM2.5 during pregnancy. A suggestive but not statistically significant pattern of lower cord blood cytokine concentrations from ever (versus never) depressed women exposed to PM2.5, BC, or traffic was also observed and warrants further study.

Associations Between Ambient Particulate Air Pollution and Cognitive Function in Indonesian Children Living in Forest Fire–Prone Provinces

2021 ◽  
pp. 101053952110317
Author(s):  
Bin Jalaludin ◽  
Frances L. Garden ◽  
Agata Chrzanowska ◽  
Budi Haryanto ◽  
Christine T. Cowie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Forest Fire ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Individual Factors ◽  
Aerodynamic Diameter ◽  
Particulate Air Pollution ◽  
Multivariable Models ◽  
Particulate Matter 2.5

Smoke from forest fires can reach hazardous levels for extended periods of time. We aimed to determine if there is an association between particulate matter ≤2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) and living in a forest fire–prone province and cognitive function. We used data from the Indonesian Family and Life Survey. Cognitive function was assessed by the Ravens Colored Progressive Matrices (RCPM). We used regression models to estimate associations between PM2.5 and living in a forest fire–prone province and cognitive function. In multivariable models, we found very small positive relationships between PM2.5 levels and RCPM scores (PM2.5 level at year of survey: β = 0.1%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.01% to 0.19%). There were no differences in RCPM scores for children living in forest fire–prone provinces compared with children living in non-forest fire–prone provinces (mean difference = −1.16%, 95% CI = −2.53% to 0.21%). RCPM scores were lower for children who had lived in a forest fire–prone province all their lives compared with children who lived in a non-forest fire–prone province all their life (β = −1.50%; 95% CI = −2.94% to −0.07%). Living in a forest fire–prone province for a prolonged period of time negatively affected cognitive scores after adjusting for individual factors.

scholarly journals Chronic Exposure to Lead and Cadmium in Residents Living near a Zinc Smelter

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1731
Author(s):  
HyeJeong Jo ◽  
GeunBae Kim ◽  
JunYoung Chang ◽  
Kwan Lee ◽  
ChulWoo Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Management ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Exposure Group ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Lead And Cadmium ◽  
Exposure Levels ◽  
Male Sex ◽  
Locally Grown ◽  
Cd Exposure

This study aimed to measure lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) exposure levels in residents living near a zinc (Zn) smelter in Seokpo-myeon, Bonghwa-gun, South Korea, and identify factors affecting exposure. Residents aged ≥20 years living within 3 km and ≥30 km away from the smelter were classified as the exposure group (n = 549), and the control group (n = 265), respectively. Data were obtained through a questionnaire survey. Blood Pb levels in the exposure group (4.19 µg/dL) were higher than in the control group (2.70 µg/dL). The exposure group (1.32 µg/L) also had higher urinary Cd concentrations than the control group (0.80 µg/L). Male sex, older age, previous work at the smelter, smoking, and proximity to the smelter were associated with higher blood Pb levels on multivariate analysis; urinary Cd concentration was significantly higher in women, those who were older, those with experience of working in a Zn smelter or mine, those with proximity to the Zn smelter, and those who consumed locally grown vegetables. In conclusion, Zn smelters are major source of Pb and Cd pollution and require ongoing public health management to prevent potential adverse health effects.

scholarly journals Mapping Air Pollution with Google Street View Cars: Efficient Approaches with Mobile Monitoring and Land Use Regression

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (21) ◽  
pp. 12563-12572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle P. Messier ◽  
Sarah E. Chambliss ◽  
Shahzad Gani ◽  
Ramon Alvarez ◽  
Michael Brauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Mobile Monitoring ◽  
Land Use Regression ◽  
Google Street View ◽  
Street View

scholarly journals Population Exposure to Ambient PM2.5 at the Subdistrict Level in China

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 2683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Long ◽  
Jianghao Wang ◽  
Kang Wu ◽  
Junjie Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Spatiotemporal Variability ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Population Exposure ◽  
Air Pollution Control ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Potential Population

Fine-particulate pollution is a major public health concern in China. Accurate assessment of the population exposed to PM2.5 requires high-resolution pollution and population information. This paper assesses China’s potential population exposure to PM2.5, maps its spatiotemporal variability, and simulates the effects of the recent air pollution control policy. We relate satellite-based Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) retrievals to ground-based PM2.5 observations. We employ block cokriging (BCK) to improve the spatial interpolation of PM2.5 distribution. We use the subdistrict level population data to estimate and map the potential population exposure to PM2.5 pollution in China at the subdistrict level, the smallest administrative unit with public demographic information. During 8 April 2013 and 7 April 2014, China’s population-weighted annual average PM2.5 concentration was nearly 7 times the annual average level suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO). About 1322 million people, or 98.6% of the total population, were exposed to PM2.5 at levels above WHO’s daily guideline for longer than half a year. If China can achieve its Action Plan on Prevention and Control of Air Pollution targets by 2017, the population exposed to PM2.5 above China’s daily standard for longer than half a year will be reduced by 85%.

scholarly journals Long-term exposure to air pollution raises circulating levels of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 in obese individuals

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 578-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Macchi ◽  
Nicola Ferri ◽  
Chiara Favero ◽  
Laura Cantone ◽  
Luisella Vigna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Proprotein Convertase ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Circulating Levels

Aims Exposure to airborne particulate matter has been consistently associated with early death and increased morbidity, particularly raising the risk of cardiovascular disease. Obesity, one of the leading cardiovascular disease risk factors, increases susceptibility to the adverse effects of particulate matter exposure. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 has been related to a large number of cardiovascular risk factors, e.g. atherogenic lipoproteins, arterial stiffness and platelet activation. Thus, the present study was aimed at evaluating, in a series of obese individuals, the effects of particulate matter less than 10 µm in diameter (PM10) on proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 circulating levels. Methods and results In 500 obese subjects, participating in the cross-sectional Susceptibility to Particle Health Effects, miRNAs and Exosomes (SPHERE) study, we evaluated the effects of long- and short-term PM10 exposure on circulating proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 levels. In the studied individuals (body mass index: 33.3 ± 5.2 kg/m2) with an annual average PM10 exposure of 40.12 ± 4.71 µg/m3, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 levels were 248.7 ± 78.6 ng/mL. In univariate analysis, PM10 exposure (annual average) was associated with proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 levels (β=1.83, standard error = 0.75, p = 0.014). Interestingly, in a multivariable linear regression model, this association was observed only for carriers of lower concentrations of interferon-γ, whereas it was lost in the presence of higher interferon-γ levels. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 levels were positively associated with the Framingham Risk Score, which was raised by 15.8% for each 100 ng/ml rise of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9. Conclusions In obese individuals, more sensitive to the damaging effects of environmental air pollution, PM10 exposure positively associates with proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 plasma levels especially in those with low levels of interferon-γ. 

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