scholarly journals Effectiveness of the mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 severe infections in the Israeli over 60 population: a temporal analysis done by using the national surveillance data.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano De Leo
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Surveillance Data ◽  
National Surveillance ◽  
The World ◽  
Severe Infections ◽  
The Government ◽  
Pandemic Wave ◽  
Perfect Storm ◽  
Dose Vaccine

Last August, when the delta variant became the dominant infection strain, Israel, one of the countries with the highest levels of vaccination in the world, faced a scary pandemic wave. The frighteningly increasing number of infections was seen as the perfect storm to test the effectiveness of the mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine. The new surge forced the government to use a booster shot to protect the most vulnerable age groups. Starting from the August national surveillance data, we analysed the temporal effectiveness of vaccination against severe infections in the Israeli over 60 population. The study shows that the two-dose vaccine still works in preventing people from getting seriously sick but not with the same effectiveness observed in the first months of 2021. However, the observed temporal increase of the vaccine effectiveness in Israel, during August, suggests a correlation with the increase of the population protected by the booster shot.

scholarly journals Epidemic conjunctivitis in Germany, 2004

2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 7-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Schrauder ◽  
D Altmann ◽  
G Laude ◽  
H Claus ◽  
K Wegner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Surveillance Data ◽  
Local Health ◽  
National Surveillance ◽  
Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis ◽  
German Armed Forces ◽  
Laboratory Confirmation ◽  
Future Challenges

Epidemic conjunctivitis can be associated with viral or bacterial pathogens, whereas epidemic keratoconjunctivitis is caused mainly by adenoviruses type 8,19 and 37. In Germany, the incidence of adenovirus conjunctivitis cases increased from 0.2 per 100 000 inhabitants (in 2001 and 2002) eventually to 0.5 in 2003 and 0.8 in 2004. The detection of adenovirus in conjunctival swabs is notifiable to the local health departments. Data about cases with positive conjunctival swabs are then transmitted to the Robert Koch-Institut. Quality control of data takes place and national surveillance data of confirmed cases with adenovirus conjunctivitis are published. From January to April 2004 the national surveillance system captured an outbreak with 1024 cases (131 laboratory confirmed). Analysis of the national surveillance data showed that in March 2004 the group primarily affected by epidemic keratoconjunctivitis was young men between 18 -29 years old followed by an increased number of notifications from women in the same age group. Meanwhile the German Armed Forces experienced an outbreak of conjunctivitis, almost exclusively without laboratory confirmation, affecting 6378 soldiers. Despite the small number of laboratory confirmed cases it became clear from the analysis of the national surveillance data that person-to-person transmission between young men and similar age groups of the population did occur. Whether the outbreak started within the garrisons of the German Armed Forces or whether it was triggered within these accommodations, there is clearly a need for the national and the military public health institutions to work together on guidelines to handle future challenges.

scholarly journals Temporal Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Variants during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Nepal

COVID ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 423-434
Author(s):  
Samrat Paudel ◽  
Amol Dahal ◽  
Hitesh Kumar Bhattarai
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Phylogenetic Tree Analysis ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
The World ◽  
Predominant Variant ◽  
Global Nature ◽  
The Government ◽  
Second Wave ◽  
Detailed Record ◽  
Local Transmission

Nepal has suffered two waves of SARS-CoV-2 infections, one in the year 2020 and another in the year 2021. Although the government of Nepal keeps a detailed record of daily coronavirus infections and deaths throughout the country, and publishes the result every day, genomic surveillance of mutants in the country has lagged behind. Sequencing of COVID-19 samples has been conducted sporadically during the pandemic. From the GISAID database, 127 high-quality sequences deposited by different health authorities in Nepal were collected and analyzed. From the analysis, it can be concluded that at least two variants of concern, alpha and delta, and one variant of interest, kappa, were detected in Nepal in 2021. As in other countries, the delta variant outcompeted the kappa and alpha variants and by July 2021 had established itself as the dominant variant. It can be hypothesized that the second wave in Nepal was primarily caused by the delta variant. Further, phylogenetic tree analysis suggests cases of local transmission and global transmission of coronavirus. This analysis reveals the global nature of the disease, where variants arising in one part of the world can quickly spread to other parts of the world and can also spread through individual communities. This paper highlights a need to structure public policy of Nepal to target the delta variant since it has become the predominant variant in Nepal. A further policy suggestion is to appropriately sample and sequence genomes of SARS-CoV-2 at regular intervals to understand the dynamics of variants in the population.

The consistency of relative incidence rates of nonviral sexually transmissible infections from health insurance claims and surveillance data, 2005–10

Sexual Health ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 400
Author(s):  
Kwame Owusu-Edusei ◽  
TaNisha Roby ◽  
Shaunta S. Wright ◽  
Harrell W. Chesson
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Administrative Data ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Surveillance Data ◽  
Administrative Database ◽  
National Surveillance ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Research Information ◽  
Sexually Transmissible Infections

Background Given the growing popularity of administrative data for health research, information on the differences and similarities between administrative data and customary data sources (e.g. surveillance) will help to inform the use of administrative data in the field of sexually transmissible infections (STIs). The objective of this study was to compare the incidence rates of three nonviral STIs from a large health insurance administrative database (MarketScan) with surveillance data. Methods: We computed and compared STI rates for 2005–10 from MarketScan and national surveillance data for three major nonviral STIs (i.e. chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis), gonorrhoea (Neisseria gonorrhoeae) and syphilis (Treponema pallidum)). For administrative data, we assessed the sensitivity of the rates to enrolee inclusion criteria: continuous (≥320 member-days) versus all enrolees. Relative rates were computed for 5-year age groups and by gender. Results: The administrative database rates were significantly lower (P < 0.01) than those in the national surveillance data, except for syphilis in females. Gonorrhoea and syphilis rates based on administrative data were significantly lower (P < 0.01) for all enrolees versus continuous enrolees only. The relative STI rates by age group from the administrative data were similar to those in the surveillance data. Conclusions: Although absolute STI rates in administrative data were lower than in the surveillance data, relative STI rates from administrative data were consistent with national surveillance data. For gonorrhoea and syphilis, the estimated rates from administrative data were sensitive to the enrolee inclusion criteria. Future studies should examine the potential for administrative data to complement surveillance data.

On retroeconomy

2017 ◽  
pp. 148-159
Author(s):  
V. Papava
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
International Competition ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government ◽  
Role Of The Government

This paper analyzes the problem of technological backwardness of economy. In many mostly developing countries their economies use obsolete technologies. This can create the illusion that this or that business is prosperous. At the level of international competition, however, it is obvious that these types of firms do not have any chance for success. Retroeconomics as a theory of technological backwardness and its detrimental effect upon a country’s economy is considered in the paper. The role of the government is very important for overcoming the effects of retroeconomy. The phenomenon of retroeconomy is already quite deep-rooted throughout the world and it is essential to consolidate the attention of economists and politicians on this threat.

Book Reviews

2006 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 455-468
Author(s):  
Zoltán Ádám ◽  
László Csaba ◽  
András Bakács ◽  
Zoltán Pogátsa
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Fiscal Policy ◽  
Monetary Union ◽  
Economic And Monetary Union ◽  
European Studies ◽  
Eu Accession ◽  
East European ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government

István Csillag - Péter Mihályi: Kettős kötés: A stabilizáció és a reformok 18 hónapja [Double Bandage: The 18 Months of Stabilisation and Reforms] (Budapest: Globális Tudás Alapítvány, 2006, 144 pp.) Reviewed by Zoltán Ádám; Marco Buti - Daniele Franco: Fiscal Policy in Economic and Monetary Union. Theory, Evidence and Institutions (Cheltenham/UK - Northampton/MA/USA: Edward Elgar Publishing Co., 2005, 320 pp.) Reviewed by László Csaba; Piotr Jaworski - Tomasz Mickiewicz (eds): Polish EU Accession in Comparative Perspective: Macroeconomics, Finance and the Government (School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College of London, 2006, 171 pp.) Reviewed by András Bakács; Is FDI Based R&D Really Growing in Developing Countries? The World Investment Report 2005. Reviewed by Zoltán Pogátsa

The Use of Social Media by the Botswana Government and Governance of Liquid Communication

Mousaion ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tshepho Lydia Mosweu
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Customer Service ◽  
Community Involvement ◽  
Media Content ◽  
Service Access ◽  
Communication Tool ◽  
African Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government ◽  
Use Of Social Media

Social media as a communication tool has enabled governments around the world to interact with citizens for customer service, access to information and to direct community involvement needs. The trends around the world show recognition by governments that social media content may constitute records and should be managed accordingly. The literature shows that governments and organisations in other countries, particularly in Europe, have social media policies and strategies to guide the management of social media content, but there is less evidence among African countries. Thus the purpose of this paper is to examine the extent of usage of social media by the Botswana government in order to determine the necessity for the governance of liquid communication. Liquid communication here refers to the type of communication that goes easily back and forth between participants involved through social media. The ARMA principle of availability requires that where there is information governance, an organisation shall maintain its information assets in a manner that ensures their timely, efficient and accurate retrieval. The study adopted a qualitative case study approach where data were collected through documentary reviews and interviews among purposively selected employees of the Botswana government. This study revealed that the Botswana government has been actively using social media platforms to interact with its citizens since 2011 for increased access, usage and awareness of services offered by the government. Nonetheless, the study revealed that the government had no official documentation on the use of social media, and policies and strategies that dealt with the governance of liquid communication. This study recommends the governance of liquid communication to ensure timely, efficient and accurate retrieval when needed for business purposes.

BUDAYA LOKAL DALAM PEMBELAJARAN SEJARAH UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KESADARAN SEJARAH DI DAERAH BIMA

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
faidin faidin Baharuddin
Keyword(s):  
Lesson Plan ◽  
Local Culture ◽  
Dominant Culture ◽  
Learning History ◽  
Culture Area ◽  
Teaching History ◽  
The World ◽  
Result Show ◽  
The Government ◽  
Book Publishers

This Writing is important because the dominant culture currently is globalization which has given the worse impact for the local culture. People are already hegemonized by materialistic lifestyle cause of globalization, however the complex problems necessarily require reasoning power, pure thinking to get out of the decline in the world today especially in education. The biggest challenge is against a habit that does not reflect a native of east culture. Now, learning history which full from meaning where still used a textbook which provided, rarely local culture area is lifted, because the textbooks created by the book publishers even though there are books written by the government but still a bit that explains the local culture in each of the area. In the year of 2016, now, there is improvement for all of the subjects should be contained a local issue because it is still new, of course that the application has been processed whether from lesson plan although Syllabus, from some of these problems, the purpose of this writing would like to express the important of local culture in creating a sense of students history in Bimanesse at Senior High School. While the discussion in this writing. First, about the local culture. Second, local culture of bimanesse. Third, the teaching of history. Fourth is a sense of history. The writer use some literature that support in this writing such as books, journals, and others. The result show that the local culture is to be applied in teaching history in increasing a sense of students history.

British Council as an Instrument of Public Diplomacy of Great Britain

2017 ◽  
pp. 305-312
Author(s):  
Mykola Trofymenko
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Public Diplomacy ◽  
Cultural Diplomacy ◽  
Foreign Minister ◽  
Cultural Relations ◽  
British Council ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government

Public diplomacy of Great Britain is one of the most developed in the EU and in the world. The United Kingdom has developed an extremely efficient public diplomacy mechanism which includes BBC World Service (which due to its popularity boosts the reputation and the image of Great Britain), Chevening Scholarships (provides outstanding foreign students with opportunity to study in Great Britain and thus establishes long-lasting relations with public opinion leaders and foreign countries elite) and the British Council, which deals with international diplomatic ties in the field of culture. The British Council is a unique organization. Being technically independent, it actively and efficiently works on consolidating Great Britain’s interests in the world and contributes to the development of public diplomacy in Great Britain.   The author studies the efforts of the British Council as a unique public diplomacy tool of the United Kingdom. Special attention is paid to the role of British Council, which is independent of the governing board and at the same time finds itself under the influence of the latter due to the peculiarities of the appointment of Board’s officials, financing etc. The author concludes that the British Council is a unique organization established in 1934, which is a non-departmental state body, charitable organization and public corporation, technically independent of the government. The British Council, thanks to its commercial activities covers the lack of public funding caused by the policy of economy conducted by the government. It has good practices in this field worth paying attention by other countries. It is also worth mentioning that the increment in profit was getting higher last year, however the issue of increasing the influence of the government on the activities of British Council is still disputable. Although the Foreign Minister officially reports to the parliament on the activities of the British Council, approves the appointment of the leaders of organizations, the British Council preserves its independence of the government, which makes it more popular abroad, and makes positive influence on the world image of Great Britain. The efficiency of the British Council efforts on fulfillment of targets of the United Kingdom public diplomacy is unquestionable, no matter how it calls its activities: whether it is a cultural relations establishment or a cultural diplomacy implementation. Keywords: The British Council, public diplomacy, cultural diplomacy, cultural relations, Foreign Office, Her Majesty’s Government, official assistance for development

Coronavirus economic crisis in the world economy: features and consequences

2020 ◽  
pp. 7-21
Author(s):  
R. Khasbulatov ◽  
A. Byasharova
Keyword(s):  
Economic Crisis ◽  
World Economy ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government

The article reveals the features of a qualitatively new global coronavirus-economic crisis as well as its dangerous consequences for all countries with no exceptions. Not one single country stays aloof from this crisis. The reaction of the government, their mitigation activities is also discussed in the article.

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