Disparities in COVID-19 Fatalities among Working Californians

Background: Information on the occupational distribution of COVID-19 mortality is limited. Objective: To characterize COVID-19 fatalities among working Californians. Design: Retrospective study of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 fatalities with dates of death from January 1 to December 31, 2020. Setting: California. Participants: COVID-19 accounted for 8,050 (9.9%) of 81,468 fatalities among Californians 18-64 years old. Of these decedents, 2,486 (30.9%) were matched to state employment records and classified as confirmed working. The remainder were classified as likely working (n=4,121 [51.2%]) or not working (n=1,443 [17.9%]) using death certificate and case registry data. Measurements: We calculated age-adjusted overall and occupation-specific COVID-19 mortality rates using 2019 American Community Survey denominators. Results: Confirmed and likely working COVID-19 decedents were predominantly male (76.3%), Latino (68.7%), and foreign-born (59.6%), with high school or less education (67.9%); 7.8% were Black. The overall age-adjusted COVID-19 mortality rate was 30.0 per 100,000 workers (95% confidence interval [CI], 29.3-30.8). Workers in nine occupational groups had mortality rates higher than this overall rate, including those in farming (78.0; 95% CI, 68.7-88.2); material moving (77.8; 95% CI, 70.2-85.9); construction (62.4; 95% CI, 57.7-67.4); production (60.2; 95% CI, 55.7-65.0); and transportation (57.2; 95% CI, 52.2-62.5) occupations. While occupational differences in mortality were evident across demographic groups, mortality rates were three-fold higher for male compared with female workers and three- to seven-fold higher for Latino and Black workers compared with Asian and White workers. Limitations: The requirement that fatalities be laboratory-confirmed and the use of 2019 denominator data may underestimate the occupational burden of COVID-19 mortality. Conclusion: Californians in manual labor and in-person service occupations experienced disproportionate COVID-19 mortality, with the highest rates observed among male, Latino, and Black workers.

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Comparison of Mortality Rates between Italian and Foreign-born Patients with Alcohol Use Disorders

Journal of Psychoactive Drugs ◽

10.1080/02791072.2021.2014082 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Raimondo Maria Pavarin ◽

Angelo Fioritti ◽

Chiara Fabbri ◽

Samantha Sanchini ◽

Diana De Ronchi

Keyword(s):

Alcohol Use ◽

Alcohol Use Disorders ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Foreign Born

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Occupational Morbidity Based on Social Insurance Records in Finland

Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine ◽

10.1177/140349488301100205 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 41-52

Author(s):

Kari Vinni

Keyword(s):

Economic Development ◽

Working Conditions ◽

Life Style ◽

Social Insurance ◽

Social Conditions ◽

Occupational Groups ◽

Occupational Differences ◽

Socio Economic Development ◽

Daily Allowance ◽

Made In

Daily allowances and invalidity pensions were studied in order to identify morbidity differences between different occupational groups. The highest age-standardized number of daily allowances was found in ‘industry’ (males 257/1 000, females 373/1 000), and the lowest in administration (males 116/1000, females 170/1 000). The greatest number of new invalidity pensions for males was also in industry (20.3/1 000), and was 2.9 times as high as in administration. The greatest number of invalidity pensions to females was found in agriculture (18.3/1 000), and was 2.8 times as high as administration. These invalidity pension and daily allowance data measure the morbidity, which is closely associated with socio-economic development and the advances made in the insurance system of the country. Occupational differences in invalidity pensions and daily allowances can be affected by differences in working conditions or by differences in social conditions and life style. The morbidity differences are also affected by selection and survival processes. However, there were also real morbidity differences between occupational groups even after adjusting for bias and errors.

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The Earnings Gap between Black and White Workers in Canada: Evidence from the 2006 Census

Relations industrielles ◽

10.7202/1006342ar ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 66 (3) ◽

pp. 324-348 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Gervan Fearon ◽

Steven Wald

Keyword(s):

Labour Market ◽

Occupational Segregation ◽

Wage Discrimination ◽

Occupational Attainment ◽

Full Time ◽

Black Workers ◽

Decomposition Approach ◽

Black And White ◽

Earnings Gap ◽

White Workers

This paper investigates the earnings gap between Black and White workers in the Canadian economy using 2006 Canadian Census data. Several studies have examined visible minority earnings in Canada (e.g., Hou and Coulombe, 2010; Pendakur and Pendakur, 2011; Yap and Konrad, 2009). Recent research consistently finds that Black workers face one of the largest earnings gaps amongst ethnic groups in Canada (Pendakur and Pendakur, 2002, 2007; Hou and Coulombe, 2010). Nonetheless, the literature lacks an investigation of the combined impact of wage discrimination and occupational segregation on the earnings gap faced by Black workers in the Canadian labour market. Howland and Sakellariou (1993) as well as Hou and Coulombe (2010) highlighted the importance of occupational attainment differences in labour market outcomes. Consequently, this research suggests the need for occupational attainment to be incorporated into models investigating earnings gaps. We address the gap in the literature by utilizing the decomposition method developed by Brown, Moon and Zoloth (1980). This BMZ method extends the traditional earnings decomposition methods advanced by Blinder (1973) and Oaxaca (1973) by also identifying the role played by occupational differences. Specifically, the BMZ method estimates the portion of the earnings gap attributable to differences in productive endowments and to unexplained factors (i.e., the traditional decomposition approach) as well as extending the traditional approach by providing a calculation of the portion of the earnings gap explained by occupational attainment differences. The study finds that approximately one-fifth of the Black-White earnings gap (equaling $2,600) can be attributed to productivity-related endowment differences. Furthermore, the remaining four-fifths of the earnings gap (equaling $9,800) is attributable at the upper-bound level to occupational segregation and wage discrimination. In aggregate, the estimates of occupational segregation and wage discrimination translate into annual earnings losses of approximately $1.5 billion for full-time full-year Black workers in the Canadian workforce.

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Differences in Mortality Rates due to Major Specific Causes between Japanese Male Occupational Groups over a Recent 30-year Period

Industrial Health ◽

10.2486/indhealth.42.328 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 42 (3) ◽

pp. 328-335 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Sadanobu KAGAMIMORI ◽

Toyoko KITAGAWA ◽

Ali NASERMOADDELI ◽

Hongbing WANG ◽

Hitomi KANAYAMA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mortality Rates ◽

Occupational Groups ◽

Japanese Male

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The Role of Migration as Adjustment Mechanism in the Crisis and EMU

Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis ◽

10.11118/actaun201866061497 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 66 (6) ◽

pp. 1497-1508 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Peter Huber

Keyword(s):

Great Recession ◽

Labour Markets ◽

Economic Conditions ◽

Foreign Born ◽

Demographic Groups ◽

The Great Recession ◽

Adjustment Mechanism ◽

Substantial Heterogeneity ◽

The Eu

Using ELFS data from 2004 to 2014 we analyse labour migration as an adjustment mechanism to asymmetric regional labour demand shocks shortly before, during and after the Great Recession in the EU. The results suggest that in this period migration was rather responsive to regional economic conditions, but also point to a substantial heterogeneity across demographic groups, periods and country groups. The mobility of high‑skilled persons and foreign born contributed much more strongly to the adjustment of labour markets than the migration of less‑skilled and natives. Furthermore, among the large integration steps from 2004 to 2014 (i.e., the accession of 12 countries to the EU and the successive liberalisation of immigration from the countries joining the EU after 2004 and Euro accession) mainly the EU‑enlargements worked to improve the adjustment capability of European labour markets through migration.

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Occupation and COVID-19 diagnosis, hospitalisation and ICU admission among foreign-born and Swedish-born employees: a register-based study

Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health ◽

10.1136/jech-2021-218278 ◽

2022 ◽

pp. jech-2021-218278

Author(s):

Chioma Adanma Nwaru ◽

Ailiana Santosa ◽

Stefan Franzén ◽

Fredrik Nyberg

Keyword(s):

Healthcare Workers ◽

Proportional Hazards ◽

Cox Proportional Hazards ◽

Elevated Risk ◽

Foreign Born ◽

Occupational Groups ◽

Socioeconomic Characteristics ◽

Icu Admission ◽

Cox Proportional Hazards Regression ◽

Proportional Hazards Regression

BackgroundResearch on occupation and risk of COVID-19 among foreign-born workers is lacking. We investigated whether working in essential occupations was associated with COVID-19 diagnosis, hospitalisation and intensive care unit (ICU) admission and whether foreign-born workers in similar occupations as Swedish-born individuals had a higher risk of the studied outcomes.MethodsOccupational data (2018–2019) of 326 052 employees (20–65 years) who were resident in Sweden as of 1 January 2020 were linked to COVID-19 data registered from 1 January 2020 to 28 February 2021. We analysed the risk of COVID-19 outcomes in different occupational groups and in four immigrant/occupation intersectional groups using Cox proportional hazards regression with adjustments for sociodemographic and socioeconomic characteristics and pre-existing comorbidities.ResultsWe identified 29797, 1069 and 152 cases of COVID-19 diagnosis, hospitalisations and ICU admissions, respectively, in our cohort. Workers in essential occupations had an elevated risk of COVID-19 diagnosis, hospitalisation, and ICU admissions. Healthcare workers had a higher risk of all the outcomes compared with other essential workers. Relative to Swedish-born workers in non-essential occupations, foreign-born workers in essential occupations had 1.85 (95% CI 1.78 to 1.93), 3.80 (95% CI 3.17 to 4.55) and 3.79 (95% CI 2.33 to 6.14) times higher risk of COVID-19 diagnosis, hospitalisation and ICU admission, respectively. The corresponding risks among Swedish-born workers in essential occupations were 1.44 (95% CI 1.40 to 1.49), 1.30 (95% CI 1.08 to 1.56) and 1.46 (95% CI 0.90 to 2.38).ConclusionOccupation was associated with COVID-19 outcomes and contributed to the burden of COVID-19 among foreign-born individuals in this study.

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Evaluation of the Sporting Situation and Emotional Intelligence Levels of Different Occupation Groups

Journal of Education and Training Studies ◽

10.11114/jets.v7i8.4330 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (8) ◽

pp. 53

Author(s):

Murat Sarıkabak

Keyword(s):

Emotional Intelligence ◽

Cognitive Processes ◽

The Other ◽

Occupational Groups ◽

Intelligence Level ◽

Female Workers ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Participant Group ◽

Intelligence Scores

The contribution of the physiologic and cognitive processes is important for increasing the quality of the education and occupational productivity. The new researches done indicate that exercising frequency and emotional intelligence level have precious contributions on the occupational performances of the individuals. The purpose of this research was determined as evaluating the sporting situation and emotional intelligence levels of adults in different occupational groups. 586 individuals participated in the research, who works in various professions in Bartın Province. The information on the participant group and the other variables of the research was analyzed via descriptive statistic techniques. For evaluating the data, SPSS 21.0 package software was used and for analyzing the data, descriptive statistics, independent t-test and one-way variance analysis (ANOVA) techniques were used. As a result of the data obtained, no significant difference was encountered in the emotional intelligence sub-dimensions and total scores depending on the sporting situation of the participants (p > 0.05). As a result of the analyses done for the gender variable, significant differences were obtained on behalf of the women and it was seen that emotional intelligence total scores of the female workers are higher compared with the male workers (p < 0.05). For the finding where the relations between age variable and emotional intelligence was evaluated, it was seen that there is a significant decrease in the emotional intelligence level with the increase in age (p < 0.05). This decrease was tried to be explained with occupational exhaustion. At the same time, the finding was arrived that the total emotional intelligence scores of the participants who work as teacher, compared with the other professions, is higher with a significant level compared with the other profession groups (p < 0.05). The findings of the research were discussed in the light of the literature and recommendations were offered for contributing to the new researches to be made.

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A Population-Based Analysis of Pneumococcal Disease Mortality in California, 1989–1998

Public Health Reports ◽

10.1177/003335490512000209 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 120 (2) ◽

pp. 157-164 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Matthew D. Redelings ◽

Frank Sorvillo ◽

Paul Simon

Keyword(s):

At Risk ◽

Pneumococcal Disease ◽

Risk Groups ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Population Based ◽

California Department ◽

Demographic Groups ◽

Risk Of Death ◽

Disease Mortality ◽

Preventable Mortality

Objectives. Pneumococcal disease is an important cause of vaccine-preventable mortality. It is important to understand the burden and distribution of mortality so that prevention efforts can be targeted appropriately. This study evaluated pneumococcal disease mortality and its demographic correlates in California from 1989 to 1998. Methods. Deaths due to pneumococcal disease were identified from statewide vital records data using multiple cause-coded information. Denominator data were obtained from estimates from the California Department of Finance. Crude and age-adjusted mortality rates and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for each age, gender, and racial/ethnic group. Results. The age-adjusted pneumococcal disease mortality rate was 2.05 deaths per 100,000 population. Mortality was highest in elderly individuals (reaching 38.29 deaths per 100,000 population in individuals older than age 85). Age-adjusted mortality rates were elevated in the African American race/ethnicity group (2.96 deaths per 100,000 population) and males (2.67 deaths per 100,000 population). The majority of individuals who died of pneumococcal disease (78.9%) fell into at-risk groups indicated for vaccination. The majority of all pneumococcal deaths were caused by pneumococcal pneumonia. Mortality was seasonal, reaching a peak in the winter months. A decreasing trend in mortality was observed over the 10-year period examined. Conclusions. Pneumococcal disease remains a significant cause of vaccine-preventable mortality in the California population. Greater efforts must be made to vaccinate at-risk individuals, especially those in demographic groups at highest risk of death.

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Religious Workers' Density and the Racial Earnings Gap

The American Economic Review ◽

10.1257/aer.p20161116 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 106 (5) ◽

pp. 355-359

Author(s):

Fernando Lozano ◽

Jessica Shiwen Cheng

Keyword(s):

Black Workers ◽

Market Outcomes ◽

Childhood Exposure ◽

Black And White ◽

Earnings Gap ◽

Percent Increase ◽

Hispanic Workers ◽

Sources Of Variation ◽

White Workers ◽

The Relationship

We explore differences between Black and White Non-Hispanic workers in the relationship between childhood exposure to religious workers and a worker's labor market outcomes thirty years later. We identify this relationship by exploiting two sources of variation: we use changes in the number of religious workers within states, and we use states' differences by following workers who moved to a different state. Our results suggest that a one percent increase in the number of clergy increases the earnings of Black workers by a range from 0.027 to 0.082 percent relative to the increase in the earnings of White workers.

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