scholarly journals Modeling on Wastewater Treatment Process in Saudi Arabia: a perspective of Covid-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zico Meetei Mutum ◽  
Abdullah A Ahmadini ◽  
Ahmed Msmali Hussein ◽  
Yaspal Raghav Singh
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Gaussian Model ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Process ◽  
Virus Removal ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Log Normal

The novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) has resulted in an ongoing pandemic affecting the health system and devastating impact on global economy. The virus has been found in human feces, in sewage and in wastewater treatment plants. We highlight the transmission behavior, occurrence, and persistence of coronavirus in sewage and wastewater treatment plants. Our approach is to follow in the process of identifying a coronavirus hotspot through existing wastewater plants in major cities of Saudi Arabia. The mathematical distributions including log-normal distribution, Gaussian model and susceptible- exposed-infection-recovered- (SEIR) model are adopted to predict the coronavirus load in wastewater plants. This paper highlights not only the potential virus removal techniques from wastewater treatment plants but also to facilitate tracing of SARS-CoV-2 virus in human through wastewater treatment plants.

scholarly journals Mutational hotspots and conserved domains of SARS-CoV-2 genome in African population

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olabode E. Omotoso ◽  
Ayoade D. Babalola ◽  
Amira Matareek
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
African Population ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Conserved Domains ◽  
Nucleocapsid Proteins ◽  
Genome Variability ◽  
Promising Strategy ◽  
Mutational Hotspots ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Complete Protein

Abstract Background Since outbreak in December 2019, the highly infectious and pathogenic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused over a million deaths globally. With increasing burden, the novel coronavirus has posed a dire threat to public health, social interaction, and global economy. Mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 genome are moderately evolving which might have contributed to its genome variability, transmission, replication efficiency, and virulence in different regions of the world. Results The present study elucidated the mutational landscape in the SARS-CoV-2 genome among the African populace, which may have contributed to the virulence, spread, and pathogenicity observed in the region. A total of 3045 SARS-CoV-2 complete protein sequences with the reference viral sequence (EPI_ISL_402124) were mined and analyzed. SARS-CoV-2 ORF1ab, spike, ORF3, ORF8, and nucleocapsid proteins were observed as mutational hotspots in the African population and may be of keen interest in understanding the viral host relationship, while there is conservation in the ORF6, ORF7a, ORF7b, ORF10, envelope, and membrane proteins. Conclusions The accumulation of moderate mutations (though slowly), in the SARS-CoV-2 genome as seen in this present study, could be a promising strategy to develop antiviral drugs or vaccines. These antiviral interventions should target viral conserved domains and host cellular proteins and/or receptors involved in viral invasion and replication to avoid a new viral wave due to drug resistance and vaccine evasion.

scholarly journals Contribution of prokaryotes and eukaryotes to CO2 emissions in the wastewater treatment process

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9325
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Jaromin-Gleń ◽  
Roman Babko ◽  
Tatiana Kuzmina ◽  
Yaroslav Danko ◽  
Grzegorz Łagód ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Greenhouse Effect ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Batch Reactors ◽  
Sequencing Batch Reactors ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Process ◽  
Eukaryotic Organisms ◽  
Quantitative Contribution

Reduction of the greenhouse effect is primarily associated with the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the gases that increases the greenhouse effect - it is responsible for about half of the greenhouse effect. Significant sources of CO2 are wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and waste management, with about 3% contribution to global emissions. CO2 is produced mainly in the aerobic stage of wastewater purification and is a consequence of activated sludge activity. Although the roles of activated sludge components in the purification process have been studied quite well, their quantitative contribution to CO2 emissions is still unknown. The emission of CO2 caused by prokaryotes and eukaryotes over the course of a year (taking into account subsequent seasons) in model sequencing batch reactors (SBR) is presented in this study. In this work, for the first time, we aimed to quantify this contribution of eukaryotic organisms to total CO2 emissions during the WWTP process. It is of the order of several or more ppm. The contribution of CO2 produced by different components of activated sludge in WWTPs can improve estimation of the emissions of GHGs in this area of human activity.

Cationic Nanocellulose as Promising Candidate for Filtration Material of COVID-19: A Perspective

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim ◽  
Noor Azilah Mohd Kasim ◽  
Victor Feizal Knight ◽  
Keat Khim Ong ◽  
Siti Aminah Mohd Noor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Novel ◽  
Fine Particulates ◽  
Virus Removal ◽  
New Class ◽  
Saliva Secretion ◽  
Surgical Masks ◽  
Filtration Material ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Turn Over ◽  
Airborne Viruses

The threat of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic is worrying as millions of people suffered from this outbreak. The COVID-19 can be airborne by attaching to human nasal or saliva secretion of an infected person or suspended fine particulates in the air. Therefore, in order to minimize the risks associated with this pandemic, an efficient, robust and affordable air‐borne virus removal filters are highly demanded for prevention of spreading viruses in hospitals, transportation hubs, schools, and/or other venues with high human turn‐over. Respirators such as N95, N99 and N100 as well as surgical masks have been widely used. To date, there is no filter standards or special filter technologies tailored for effectively adsorbing the airborne viruses. Studies had shown the electrostatic fibers were capable to entrap the negatively charged viruses including COVID-19. Researchers believed that the positive surface charge of filtration material is an important key to efficiently adsorb the negatively charged viruses. Nanocellulose has emerged as a new class of biobased material with promising potential application in the filtration of viruses. Nanocellulose which is uniform in diameter and has excellent nanofibrillar morphology. To the best of our knowledge, lack of study is done to determine the efficiency of cationic nanocellulose as filtration material of COVID-19.

Compact high-rate treatment of wastewater

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-33
Author(s):  
H. Ødegaard ◽  
Z. Liao ◽  
E. Melin ◽  
H. Helness
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Primary Treatment ◽  
Biofilm Reactor ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Process ◽  
Direct Filtration ◽  
Colloidal Matter

Many cities need to build compact wastewater treatment plants because of lack of land. This paper discusses compact treatment methods. An enhanced primary treatment process based on coarse media filtration is analysed. A high-rate secondary wastewater treatment process has specifically been investigated, consisting of a highly loaded moving bed biofilm reactor directly followed by a coagulation and floc separation step. The objective with this high-rate process is to meet secondary treatment effluent standards at a minimum use of chemicals, minimum sludge production and minimum footprint. It is demonstrated that the biofilm in the bioreactor mainly deals with the soluble organic matter while coagulation deals with the colloidal matter. The bioreactor may, therefore, be designed based on the soluble COD loading only, resulting in a very compact plant when a compact biomass/floc separation reactor (i.e. flotation or direct filtration) is used. The paper reports specifically on the coagulant choice in flotation and filter run time in direct filtration.

scholarly journals Hydrogen via reforming aqueous ammonia and biomethane co-products of wastewater treatment: environmental and economic sustainability

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (11) ◽  
pp. 5835-5850
Author(s):  
Oliver Grasham ◽  
Valerie Dupont ◽  
Timothy Cockerill ◽  
Miller Alonso Camargo-Valero ◽  
Martyn V. Twigg
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Aqueous Ammonia ◽  
Economic Sustainability ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Novel Method

Wastewater treatment plants can be centres of green H2 production via the novel method presented for co-reforming of bio-ammonia and bio-methane.

scholarly journals Simultaneous Denitrification and Bio-Methanol Production for Sustainable Operation of Biogas Plants

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 6658 ◽  
Author(s):  
I-Tae Kim
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Carbon Source ◽  
Food Waste ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Treatment Efficiency ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Process ◽  
Methanol Production ◽  
Sustainable Operation ◽  
Biogas Plants

This study was conducted to secure the sustainability of biogas plants for generating resources from food waste (FW) leachates, which are prohibited from marine dumping and have been obligated to be completely treated on land since 2013 in South Korea. The aim of this study is to reduce the nitrogen load of the treatment process while producing bio-methanol using digested FW leachate diverted into wastewater treatment plants. By using biogas in conditions where methylobacter (M. marinus 88.2%) with strong tolerance to highly chlorinated FW leachate dominated, 3.82 mM of methanol production and 56.1% of total nitrogen (TN) removal were possible. Therefore, the proposed method can contribute to improving the treatment efficiency by accommodating twice the current carried-in FW leachate amount based on TN or by significantly reducing the nitrogen load in the subsequent wastewater treatment process. Moreover, the produced methanol can be an effective alternative for carbon source supply for denitrification in the subsequent process.

Non-Conventional Technologies for the Manufacturing Systems Use in Biological Wastewater Treatment Process

2015 ◽  
Vol 809-810 ◽  
pp. 1573-1578
Author(s):  
Casen Panaitescu ◽  
Monica Emanuela Stoica ◽  
Ciner Fehiman
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Oxygen Transfer ◽  
Manufacturing Systems ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Biological Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Process ◽  
Aeration System ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
And Performance

Manufacture of wastewater treatment technologies is an important issue due to the complexity of design parameters and performance. Biological wastewater treatment is a process in which the intensity of oxygen transfer into water is an issue that has been extensively studied but yet insufficiently resolved. The present paper aims to describe an aeration system developed by the author in the laboratory by means of non-conventional technologies, and subsequently implemented in refinery wastewater treatment plants. The aeration system takes the form of modules, which are equipped with a new type of membrane. The analysis of the system performance revealed that oxygen transfer was 62%, specific adsorption of oxygen was 37 % and the specific oxygen transfer was 7%/m. The advantages of this new system are as follows: compared to existing technologies there is a higher rate of oxygen transfer into water; longer life; there are no dead zones in the basin as a result of their location; possibility of operating on separate sections.

scholarly journals A Novel Check-List Strategy to Evaluate the Potential of Operational Improvements in Wastewater Treatment Plants

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 5005
Author(s):  
Vojtěch Zejda ◽  
Vítězslav Máša ◽  
Šárka Václavková ◽  
Pavel Skryja
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Minimum Energy ◽  
Correct Selection ◽  
Maximum Output ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Process ◽  
Efficient Operation ◽  
Efficiency Assessment ◽  
Pump Station ◽  
Basic Parameters

With increasing demands for cleaning and purification of water, wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) require their most efficient operation. The operators are thus obliged to constantly review the efficiency of the processing units and technological equipment of WWTPs and seek opportunities for improvements. To increase the efficiency of particular equipment, the important parameters to be used for the intensification must be correctly selected. A common WWTP consists of different types of processing units, where the basic parameters can be changed to achieve the highest efficiency (i.e., maximum output with minimum energy consumption) in the WWTP. However, due to many possible technologies in the wastewater treatment process, the combinations of processing units can be complex. In such cases, the efficiency assessment can be misleading if only basic parameters were accessed. Moreover, single-unit intensification can potentially improve the efficiency of the unit itself but cannot guarantee full process improvement. This can be due to negative causal effects in the downstream due to that unit intensification. This work reviews of key parameters at five selected pieces of WWTP equipment (inlet pump station, airlift pump, primary sedimentation tank, aeration chamber, and mixing of anaerobic digester) to demonstrate the correct selection of all affected parameters for the efficiency assessment. In the context of the whole WWTP process, it is necessary to take into account several other parameters to evaluate the efficiency of the equipment. Finally, a methodology for assessing the significance of the identified parameters is proposed. This methodology is effectively applied and demonstrated in the WWTP case study.

scholarly journals Metagenomic Profiles of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Activated Sludge, Dewatered Sludge and Bioaerosols

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1516
Author(s):  
Il Han ◽  
Keunje Yoo
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Illumina Hiseq ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Process ◽  
Dewatered Sludge ◽  
Scientific Attention

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have been considered hotspots for the development and dissemination of antibiotic resistance in the environment. Although researchers have reported a significant increase in bioaerosols in WWTPs, the associated bacterial taxa, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) remain relatively unknown. In this study, we have investigated the abundance and occurrences of ARGs and MGEs, as well as the bacterial community compositions in activated sludge (AS), dewatered sludge (DS) and bioaerosols (BA) in a WWTP. In total, 153 ARG subtypes belonging to 19 ARG types were identified by the broad scanning of metagenomic profiles obtained using Illumina HiSeq. The results indicated that the total occurrences and abundances of ARGs in AS and DS samples were significantly higher than those in BA samples (p < 0.05). However, some specific ARG types related to sulfonamide, tetracycline, macrolide resistance were present in relatively high abundance in BA samples. Similar to many other full-scale WWTPs, the Proteobacteria (58%) and Bacteroidetes (18%) phyla were dominant in the AS and DS samples, while the Firmicutes (25%) and Actinobacteria (20%) phyla were the most dominant in the BA samples. Although the abundance of genes related to plasmids and integrons in bioaerosols were two to five times less than those in AS and DS samples, different types of MGEs were observed in BA samples. These results suggest that comprehensive analyses of resistomes in BA are required to better understand the emergence of both ARGs and MGEs in the wastewater treatment process due to the significant increase of scientific attention toward bioaerosols effects.

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