scholarly journals Sex-specific migration strategies of ospreys (Pandion haliaetus) from Germany

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernd-Ulrich Meyburg ◽  
Dietrich Roepke ◽  
Christiane Meyburg ◽  
Rien E. van Wijk
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Annual Cycle ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pandion Haliaetus ◽  
Migration Strategy ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Breeding Grounds ◽  
Migration Strategies ◽  
Northeastern Germany

AbstractBirds exhibit a wide variety of migration strategies, not only between species, but also within species. Populations might migrate to specific sites outside of the breeding season, but individuals within populations may also exhibit different migration strategies. Young, unexperienced birds may take different routes, visit different sites, and time their annual cycle differently than adults. In turn, within groups of adult birds, there may be a division between the sexes whereby males and females migrate to different sites or, more commonly, at different times. We investigated differences in the migration strategies of male and female ospreys (Pandion haliaetus) from a breeding population in northeastern Germany. An important difference between the sexes was the much earlier leaving of the breeding place by the females compared to the males. The difference in the timing of departure was much more pronounced compared to most other raptor species. The other main difference between the male and female ospreys was the distance that the birds accumulated over the annual cycle, with males generally moving more while at the breeding ground compared with the non-breeding grounds, and the opposite in females. An exception to this observation was two males that migrated to the Iberian Peninsula, that covered longer distances during the non-breeding season. Consequently, individuals accumulated the same distances over the course of an annual cycle, regardless of sex or migration strategy. Unexpectedly, a difference in the timing of the annual cycle between the sexes occurred at the breeding grounds with females leaving 2 to 3 months before the males, long before the young had fledged. Because males migrated much faster and, unlike the females, did not make prolonged stops, their arrival times at the non-breeding grounds were not different. Return migration to the breeding grounds was very similar between the sexes, and even the two males that spent the non-breeding season on the Iberian Peninsula did not arrive before any of the other birds. Thus, a shorter migration distance is not necessarily associated with an advantage with respect to a timely return to the breeding grounds.

Seasonal endocrine changes in male and female Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus). I. Plasma levels of three androgens, 17α-hydroxy-20β-dihydroprogesterone, and 17β-estradiol

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Mayer ◽  
Monika Schmitz ◽  
Bertil Borg ◽  
Rüdiger Schulz
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Annual Cycle ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Salvelinus Alpinus ◽  
Arctic Charr ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
17Β Estradiol ◽  
Males And Females

Plasma levels of the androgens testosterone (T), 11-ketotestosterone (OT), and 11-ketoandrostenedione (OA), the progestin 17α-hydroxy-20β-dihydroprogesterone (17,20-P), and 17β-estradiol (E2) were measured by radioimmunoassay over the annual cycle in both adult male and female Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus). In both males and females plasma T, OT, and OA all reached their highest levels during the early breeding season in September. The dominant androgen in maturing males was OT, which reached levels of ca. 90 ng/mL. Plasma levels of OT and OA, but not T, were considerably higher in males than in females; 17,20-P peaked later than the androgens, in November in males (14 ng/mL) and October in females (0.8 ng/mL). E2 was always low or nondetectable in males. In maturing females E2 peaked in August (3.5 ng/mL) before falling concomitantly with rising T levels. From January to April plasma levels of all measured steroids were low in both males and females.

scholarly journals Birds with multiple homes. The annual cycle of the pallid swift (Apus pallidus brehmorum)

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0259656
Author(s):  
Stewart Finlayson ◽  
Tyson Lee Holmes ◽  
Geraldine Finlayson ◽  
Rhian Guillem ◽  
Charles Perez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Annual Cycle ◽  
Bird Migration ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Evolutionary Strategies ◽  
Breeding Period ◽  
Sahara Desert ◽  
Single Individual ◽  
Breeding Colony ◽  
Breeding Grounds

We tracked pallid swifts (Apus pallidus brehmorum) from a single breeding colony in Gibraltar over two years. Our results show movement of birds between specific regions within the non-breeding geographical area at specific times of the year. The tracking of a single individual showed remarkable fidelity to the areas visited between years. Furthermore, two pallid swifts tracked over the entire eight-month non-breeding period, while in Africa, gave no indication of coming to land, supporting previous findings of an airborne existence in swifts outside the breeding season. In addition, the crossing of the Sahara Desert to and from breeding grounds is remarkably fast, with one individual crossing it in just over a day. We discuss our findings in the context of bird migration evolutionary strategies.

scholarly journals XVII. On the mode of generation of the lamprey and myxine

1815 ◽  
Vol 105 ◽  
pp. 265-269 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Transverse Direction ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Preceding Paper ◽  
The Other ◽  
Great Abundance ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The One ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Distinct Line

The observations contained in the preceding paper upon the organs of respiration of the lamprey and myxine, led me to doubt the propriety of classing these animals among fishes, and as their ovaria differ in many respects from those of fishes in general, I became desirous of knowing the structure of the testicles in the male, to see how far they resembled those of fishes, or in how great a degree they differed from them. That the lamprey was male and female nobody seemed to doubt, and yet with every opportunity apparently before me, I was unable to procure one male. Sir Joseph Banks supplied me very largely with lampreys and lamperns, those that were full of ova were admitted to be females, and those which appeared to have no ova were said to be males; but all of them had ovaria, although in some the ova were extremely small, requiring a magnifying glass to distinguish them, in others they had been shed, leaving the cells in which they had been contained, and the openings by which they passed out very apparent. Being accidentally at Worcester, in which city, during the season, lampreys are caught in the river Severn in great abundance, and potted to be sent all over England, I made inquiry of the person whose business it is to prepare them for being potted, what were the differences between the internal parts of the male and female; he said, the only difference was, the one had no ova, the other had, in all other respects they were alike. He had never seen a lamprey in which there was no part corresponding to what I called ovarium. This remark from a person whose whole employment during the breeding season was to take out their viscera, corresponded so entirely with my own observations, that I began to entertain the opinion that the lamprey has not distinct sexes, but is an hermaphrodite animal. This doubt of their being male and female, was started in the beginning of the breeding season, and my friend Dr. Wilson Philip of Worcester, supplied me with lampreys at regular intervals, till the ova were shed, that I might prosecute this inquiry. I found upon examination, that the two glandular bodies projecting into the belly, one on each side of the ovarium, which have been always supposed to be the kidneys, varied very much in size and appearance at the beginning and end of the season. When the ova are so small that the animal is reputed to be a male, these glandular bodies and the black substance upon which they lie appear to form one mass, and the duct upon the anterior part is thin and almost transparent, containing a fluid equally so, but in the end of May, when the ova increase in size, these glandular bodies become larger, more turgid, and have a distinct line of separation between them and the black substance behind; their structure is more developed, being evidently composed of tubuli running in a transverse direction, and the ducts leading from them are thicker in their coats and larger in size.

Items’ Cross-Category Associations as a Confounding Factor in the Implicit Association Test

2001 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie C. Steffens ◽  
Inga Plewe
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Confounding Factor ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Association Test ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reaction Time Difference ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Degree Of Association

Abstract. The introduction of the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998 ) has stimulated numerous research activities. The IAT is supposed to measure the degree of association between concepts. Instances have to be assigned to these concepts by pressing appropriate keys as quickly as possible. The reaction time difference between certain conditions, termed the IAT effect, is used as an indicator of the degree of the concepts’ association. We tested the hypothesis that the degree of association between one concept (or category) and the instances of the other presented concept also influences reaction times. In our experiment, the instances in the target categories, male and female names, were kept constant. The adjectives in the evaluative categories were manipulated: Either the pleasant adjectives were female-associated and the unpleasant adjectives were male-associated, or vice versa. These stereotypic associations were indeed found to exert a substantial influence on the size of the IAT effect. This finding casts doubt on the assumption that the IAT effect may be interpreted as a pure measure of the degree of association between concepts.

LANGUAGE USE BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE HOST IN HITAM PUTIH TALK SHOW

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurmaliana Sari ◽  
Sumarsih Sumarsih ◽  
Busmin Gurning
Keyword(s):  
Language Use ◽  
The Other ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Talk Show ◽  
Dominant Language ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Domestic Activities ◽  
Female Host ◽  
Negative Connotation ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

This study discusses about language use occurred by male and female host in Hitam Putih talk show. The method of this research is descriptive qualitative. The subjects of this study are male and female host in Hitam Putih talk show. The data are the utterances produced by male and female host in Hitam Putih talk show. This research focuses on the show broadcasted on October 2016 by taking 4 videos randomly. The objective of this study is to describe kinds of the language use uttered by male and female host in Hitam Putih talk show. The findings showed that the kinds of language use consist of 6 parts. The dominant language use uttered by male host is expletive, because male’s utterances are frequently stated in a negative connotation. On the other hand, female host utterances are found in specialized vocabulary as the most dominant because female host has more interest in talking family affairs, such as the education of children, clothes, cooking, and fashion, etc. Women also tended to talk about one thing related to the home and domestic activities. However, the representation of language use uttered by male and female are deficit, dominance and different. Keywords: Language Use, Gender, Talk Show

BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON SOCKEYE SALMON DURING SPAWNING MIGRATION: IV. THE NON-PROTEIN NITROGENOUS CONSTITUENTS OF THE MUSCLE

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (8) ◽  
pp. 833-838 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spawning Migration ◽  
Female Fish ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Biochemical Studies

The non-protein nitrogenous constituents of muscle of migrating sockeye salmon were investigated. These constituents were found to be the same in both male and female fish and were present in approximately the same amounts in both sexes. The histidine content of the muscle in all fish decreased to one fifth of the original value during the early stages of the migratory journey and remained at the low level thereafter. Some of the other constituents changed to a smaller extent, usually increasing in the later stages of the migration. This was especially noticeable in female fish. However, the increase in the concentration of these constituents in the muscle was due to a decrease in the amount of muscle in the fish rather than to an increase in the amounts of the compounds themselves.

The five‐factor personality model in applied settings

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Itzhak Montag ◽  
Joseph Levin
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Personality Inventory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Factor Solution ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Neo Personality Inventory ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Five Factors ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Female Subjects

Two studies of the Revised NEO‐Personality Inventory (NEO‐PI‐R) conducted on two different applicant samples (one consisting of 539 female subjects and the other consisting of 396 male subjects) are reported. Factor analysis of the female sample yielded a five‐factor solution, highly congruent with the factors presented by Costa, McCrae and Dye (1991). Results of the male data were less clear‐cut, yielding four to five factors which were moderately congruent with the American data. The combined male and female sample showed again high congruence coefficients. Various minor deviations in the location of the facet variables are discussed.

Toward Understanding the Contributions of Sex and Situation to Behavior in a College Setting

1987 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 875-883
Author(s):  
Nancy Lipsitt ◽  
Rose R. Olver
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
The Other ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
College Setting ◽  
Female Subjects

The relative contribution of sex and situation has become a contested issue in the understanding of sex differences in behavior. In the present study, 20 male and 20 female undergraduates were asked to describe their behavior and thoughts in six everyday college situations. Three of the situations were constructed to be typically male and three typically female in content. The results indicate that men and women demonstrate sex-specific characteristics in their responses regardless of the type of situation presented. Men exhibited concern with separateness from others, while women exhibited concern with sustaining connection to others, even when faced with situations described to present demand properties that might be expected specifically to elicit the concern characteristic of the other sex. However, for these students the situation also made a difference: female-defined situations elicited the most masculine responses for both male and female subjects.

Social experience influences preferences in black ducks and mallards

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 1434-1438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn M. Brodsky ◽  
C. Davison Ankney ◽  
Darrell G. Dennis
Keyword(s):  
Social Preferences ◽  
Anas Platyrhynchos ◽  
Social Experience ◽  
The Other ◽  
Captive Population ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Potential Mate ◽  
The Social ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Males And Females

The influence of social experience on the preferences for a potential mate in a captive population of black ducks, Anas rubripes, and mallards, Anas platyrhynchos, was examined. Birds were reared from hatching with conspecifics (i.e., female black ducks with male black ducks, female mallards with male mallards), or were cross-fostered with the other species (i.e., female black ducks with male mallards, female mallards with male black ducks). Preferences of individuals were tested in a chamber containing caged black ducks and mallards of the opposite sex. In over 90% (100/109) of the trials, males and females preferred the species that they were raised with since hatching, whether they were of the same species or not. These results demonstrate that social experience influences the social preferences of male and female black ducks and mallards.

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