scholarly journals Late-life mortality plateaus through error, not evolution

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saul Justin Newman
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Late Life ◽  
Specific Model ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Model Choice ◽  
Human Mortality ◽  
Age Range

AbstractThis study highlights how the mortality plateau in Barbi et al. [1] can be generated by low frequency, randomly distributed age misreporting errors. Furthermore, sensitivity of the late-life mortality plateau in Barbi et al. [1] to the particular age range selected for regression is illustrated. Collectively, the simulation of age misreporting errors in late-life human mortality data and a less specific model choice than that of Barbi et al. [1] highlight a clear alternative hypothesis to the cessation of ageing.

A controlled family study of late-onset non-affective psychosis (late paraphrenia)

1997 ◽  
Vol 170 (6) ◽  
pp. 511-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Howard ◽  
C. Graham ◽  
P. Sham ◽  
J. Dennehey ◽  
D. J. Castle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
Late Life ◽  
Lifetime Risk ◽  
First Degree Relatives ◽  
Healthy Elderly ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Age Range ◽  
The Relationship

BackgroundThe relationship between those schizophrenia-like conditions that have their onset in late life and early-onset schizophrenia is unclear. Very few family history studies of patients with late-onset psychosis have been reported, and it is not known whether their relatives have an increased risk of psychosis.MethodInformation was collected on the psychiatric morbidity of 269 first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia or delusional disorder with an onset after the age of 60 (late paraphrenia), and 272 first-degree relatives of healthy elderly control subjects, using a research diagnostic instrument.ResultsWith a narrow age range (15–50 years) at risk, the estimated lifetime risk of schizophrenia was 1.3% in the relatives of both cases and controls. With a wider age range (15–90 years) at risk, estimated lifetime risk of schizophrenia was 2.3% for the relatives of cases, and 2.2% for the relatives of controls. However, depression was significantly more common among the relatives of cases than controls.ConclusionThose schizophrenia-like psychoses with onset in late life are not genetically associated with schizophrenia.

scholarly journals Adequate life-expectancy reconstruction for adult human mortality data

PLoS ONE ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. e0198485 ◽  
Author(s):  
László Németh ◽  
Trifon I. Missov
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Human Mortality ◽  
Adult Human

Abstract P010: Mid-life Vitamin D Levels and Later Life Performance on Neuropsychological Testing: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study

Circulation ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 137 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oluwaseun E Fashanu ◽  
Di Zhao ◽  
Andrea L Schneider ◽  
Andreea M Rawlings ◽  
Richey A Sharrett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Neuropsychological Testing ◽  
Late Life ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities ◽  
Vitamin D Levels ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Age Range

Background: Prior cross-sectional studies among older adults have found associations between low vitamin D (vitD) levels and reduced cognitive performance but were unable to distinguish the temporal order between vitD and the onset of dementia. We examined the association between mid-life vitD levels, assessed by serum 25-hydroxyvitD, with later life performance on neuropsychological testing. Methods: We conducted a non-concurrent cross-sectional analysis of 5,887 white and black participants enrolled in the ARIC Neurocognitive Study. We included participants who had serum vitD concentrations measured at visit 2 (1990-1992; age range 47-69 years) and who had neuropsychological and functional testing at visit 5 (2011-2013; age range 67-91 years). Neuropsychological tests were grouped into memory, language, and executive function domains and were standardized. We categorized vitD using clinical cut points as deficient (<20 ng/mL), intermediate (20-<30 ng/mL), or sufficient (≥ 30 ng/mL). We used Poisson and linear regression models adjusted for demographic and socioeconomic factors to examine the associations between vitD with prevalent dementia and performance on neuropsychological testing. Results: In mid-life, the mean (SD) age of participants was 56 (5) years, 60% were female, and 22% black. Mean (SD) vitD was 24.6 (8.4) ng/mL; 30% had deficient, 46% intermediate, and 24% sufficient vitD levels. Compared to participants with sufficient vitD levels, the prevalence ratios (95% CI) of late-life dementia were 1.35 (0.99, 1.84) and 1.27 (0.90, 1.80) for participants with intermediate and deficient vitD levels, respectively. We found no significant association between mid-life vitD and late-life performance on neuropsychological testing ( Table ). Further adjustments for cardiovascular, genetic, and metabolic factors yielded similar results. Conclusion: In this cohort, mid-life serum vitD levels were not associated with prevalent dementia or with performance on neuropsychological testing 20 years later.

Postglacial evolution in lateral plate morphs in Norwegian freshwater populations of the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus)

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 898-906 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Klepaker
Keyword(s):  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
Threespine Stickleback ◽  
Evolutionary Stage ◽  
Lateral Plate ◽  
Land Uplift ◽  
Founding Population ◽  
Freshwater Stickleback ◽  
Age Range

Norwegian freshwater stickleback populations were founded after the last glacial period, and the progressive uplift of the land has produced an age range (1000 – 13 000 years) of the stickleback habitats. Most of the freshwater populations of today have probably been formed by isolation of marine sticklebacks in the process of land uplift. The freshwater threespine stickleback is known for its great morphological variability. Three distinct morphs ("low," "partial," and "complete") are recognized on the basis of variation in the lateral row of plates. Among the Norwegian populations, all three morphs were found, but the low morph was by far the most common and occurred mostly in monomorphic populations. The presence of the complete and partial morphs was mostly restricted to young lakes near the sea. It is likely that the plate polymorphism in this region is a transitionary evolutionary stage from a founding population dominated by complete to a monomorphic low population. The hypothesis of a polytypic origin of the low morph is discussed, and an alternative hypothesis is proposed. Within each plate morph, the number of plates also varied, and populations with exceptionally low plate numbers were mostly confined to three different areas. Within these areas, populations with plateless specimens also occurred. These plateless specimens tended to inhabit old lakes. The low plate number and plateless populations were found in parts of Norway that were deglaciated early. The advanced plate reduction can therefore be a result of a longer period of isolation and freshwater evolution. Other populations may be on their way towards extreme plate reduction, but have not yet reached the level of platelessness.

Experience with breast cancer in a single oncology clinic in Nairobi

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. 10714-10714
Author(s):  
N. A. Othieno-Abinya ◽  
H. O. Abwao ◽  
P. Bird ◽  
R. Baraza ◽  
B. Byakika ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
African American Women ◽  
Ductal Carcinoma ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Her2 Expression ◽  
Adjuvant Setting ◽  
Her2 Positive ◽  
Metastatic Setting ◽  
Age Range

10714 Background: Combinations of anthracyclines and cyclophosphamide ± 5-FU are widely used in treatment of breast cancer (BC) in the adjuvant setting. Addition of taxanes is beneficial. For Her2-positive tumours addition of herceptin may improve relapse-free survival in the adjuvant setting, and prolongs survival in metastatic setting. We routinely use doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide (AC) x 6 courses for standard risk disease and give the same x 4 followed by docetaxel ± herceptin x 4 for those with ≥ 10 positive axillary nodes. We also use AC as first line for endocrine nonresponsive metastatic BC. Methods: A total of 173 BC patients seen in our clinic between January 1997 and May 2005, 83 were given chemotherapy both in the adjuvant and metastatic settings. Results: Of 83 patients, 81 were female and 2 males, age range 24–71, median 45 years. Seventy-eight cases were ductal carcinoma, not otherwise stated, 1 colloid, 1 anaplastic, 1 adenosarcomatoid, 2 medullary. Fifty-six were post resection and 27 metastatic. Thirty eight sites of metastasis or spread were evaluable. These were skeletal 10 (26.3%), liver 7 (18.4%), chest wall 6 (15.9%), lungs and pleura 9 (23.7%), brain 4 (10.5%) and supraclavicular nodes 2 (5.3%). Her2 expression by immunohistochemistry in 20 cases was - 3+ in 7 (35%), 2+ in 3 (15%) and ≤ 1+ in 10 (50%). Out of 40 cases, 15 (37.5%) were endocrine responsive, 17 (42.5%) nonresponsive and 8 (20%) indeterminate. Twenty seven patients treated before January 2004 were recorded dead after survival ranging between 8 and 96 months, median 36 months. Only 3 patients with resected BC were recorded dead as opposed to 24 with MBC at diagnosis. Two of the deaths in the adjuvant setting were in patients with ≥ 10 nodes positive and both had the brain as the only site of metastasis. There was no significant correlation between nodal status and follow-up duration (P = 0.43), hormone receptor status and survival (P = 0.20), and Her2-expression and survival (P = 0.23). Conclusions: This material shows a low frequency of ER positivity and higher mortality particularly from brain metastasis than most Western series. It does however show a similarity to recent reports of breast cancer in African-American women. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

The Increase in the Usual Life Span in North America

1987 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur S. Kraus
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Late Life ◽  
Life Tables ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Compression Of Morbidity ◽  
Maximum Life Span

AbstractAn assumed fixed maximum life span was involved in a much publicized prediction of a compression of morbidity in late life. The maximum life span has major weaknesses as a measure. The “usual life span“, or age to which 1.0% of a birth cohort survives, is suggested as a more useful measure.Statistics were derived from recent United States and Canadian censuses on the age above which 1.0% of the population is contained, from recent United States and Canadian mortality data on the age above which 1.0% of the deaths were reported, and from recent Canadian life tables on the age to which 1.0% of a cohort would survive. These statistics suggest that the usual life span increased at least 2 years in the 1960–1980 period in North America.

scholarly journals Modelling and Prediction of the Gross Mortality Rate in Ecuador

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mónica Mite ◽  
Sandra Garcia-Bustos ◽  
Marcela Pincay ◽  
Ana Debón ◽  
Francisco Santoja
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Cohort Effect ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Arima Models ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Mortality Forecasting ◽  
Basic Model ◽  
Adjusted Model ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Carter Model

This paper presents the results obtained from the modelling of the mortality data in Ecuador from 1990 to 2010, using the StMoMo library in the open source programming language R. This library was developed based on the Generalized Age-Period-Cohort Models (GAPC), among which is the Lee-Carter model, which has been widely applied in the actuarial area. The gross mortality rate of men and women in an age range of 1 to 85 years was modelled for the data of Ecuador, in the period 1990-2010. Of a total of eight models, two models have been selected because they present a good fit of the data for both genders. The first is the basic model of Lee-Carter and the second, the Plat model, which incorporates the cohort effect. A comparison was made with the two models to determine which one has a better forecast in a horizon of 20 years for specific ages. Both models show and predict the decrease in mortality in Ecuador of both genders, a decrease that is more pronounced, in general, for women at certain ages. In determining the uncertainty of the models, the bootstrap technique was used to define the confidence intervals of the adjusted model. The GAPC and ARIMA models were also compared; the former improve the mortality forecasting.

Phase III trial of first-line treatment with gemcitabine plus docetaxel versus gemcitabine plus paclitaxel in women with metastatic breast cancer (MBC): A comparison of different schedules and treatment.

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1073-1073
Author(s):  
Lucia Del Mastro ◽  
Alessandra Fabi ◽  
Mauro Mansutti ◽  
Michele De Laurentiis ◽  
Antonio Durando ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Tumour Response ◽  
Metastatic Breast ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Lower Grade ◽  
Phase Iii Trial ◽  
Accrual Rate ◽  
Secondary Endpoints ◽  
Grade 3 ◽  
Age Range

1073 Background: Weekly (W) administration of Gemcitabine+Docetaxel (G+D) or Gemcitabine+Paclitaxel (G+P) at low doses may be associated with greater efficacy and/or lower toxicity compared to the standard 3-weekly (3W) schedule. Methods: Patients (pts) (360) with MBC, that relapsed after one adjuvant/neoadjuvant regimen containing an anthracycline (unless contraindicated) that was completed for at least 12 months, were to be randomized equally to a) D 75mg/m2 on Day1 + G 1000mg/m2 on Days1/8 q3W ; b) P 175mg/m2 on Day1 + G 1250mg/m2 on Days1/8 q3W ; c) D 30mg/m2 + G 800mg/m2 on Days1/8/15 qW; or d) P 80mg/m2 + G 800mg/m2 on Days1/8/15 qW. Primary endpoint was time to progression (TTP). Secondary endpoints were overall survival (OS), overall response rate (ORR) and overall toxicity (T). Results: Due to slow accrual rate, a futility analysis was performed to evaluate the chance of observing a significant result in favour of the alternative hypothesis. The results from this led to early study termination. 241 pts [median age (range) 57.0(31-77) years] were enrolled and randomized to: 3W G+D 60(24.9%); 3W G+P 64(26.6%); W G+D 58(24.1%); W G+P 59(24.5%), of which 18(30.0%), 24(37.5%), 14(24.1%) and 19(32.2%) pts respectively completed the study protocol (i.e. received 6 cycles, extended up to 10 for partial/complete responders). Median TTP [months(95%CIs)] was 8.33 (6.19-10.16) in W and 7.51 (5.93-8.33) in 3W, with 86.3% of pts progressed in each schedule. OS did not significantly differ between treatments and schedules. ORR was comparable between D and P, while it was higher in W than in 3W (50.4% vs. 33.1%; odds ratio 0.44 [95%CI: 0.26-0.75], p=0.003). Grade 3/4 Ts were 69.2% and 71.9% of pts in D and P and showed a higher trend in 3W (75.2%) than in W (65.8%). Neutropenia was the most frequent grade 3/4 T (51.7% and 44.7% in D and P; 39.3% and 56.5% in W and 3W). Conclusions: No substantial differences between treatments were observed in safety and efficacy. W might be associated with lower grade 3/4 Ts and possibly with a better tumour response compared to 3W. These results should be interpreted with caution due to early termination of the study.

scholarly journals Protection from late life depression

2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan G. Blazer
Keyword(s):  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Older Persons ◽  
Middle Age ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Late Life ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Late Life Depression ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Increased Risk

The frequency of late life depression is estimated to be low relative to the frequency in young adulthood and middle age, as documented in many community-based epidemiological studies from Western populations. We first reported such a low-frequency in 1980 (though we did not compare the frequency of late life depression with that earlier in life) (Blazer and Williams, 1980). Since that time, many community-based studies have documented this lower frequency (Blazer et al., 1994; Kessler et al., 2003; Hasin et al., 2005). Yet a review of the origins of late life depression at first glance may suggest that older persons are at significant increased risk compared to adults in young adulthood and mid-life (Blazer, 2003; Blazer and Hybels, 2005).

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