scholarly journals Mental Chronometry in the Pocket? Timing Accuracy of Web Applications on Touchscreen and Keyboard Devices

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Pronk ◽  
Reinout W. Wiers ◽  
Bert Molenkamp ◽  
Jaap Murre
Keyword(s):  
Web Applications ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Web Browsers ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Timing Accuracy ◽  
Mental Chronometry ◽  
Stimulus Timing ◽  
Short Stimulus ◽  
Technical Innovations ◽  
Software And Hardware

AbstractWeb applications can implement procedures for studying the speed of mental processes (mental chronometry). As web applications, these procedures can be administered via web-browsers on most commodity desktops, laptops, smartphones, and tablets. This approach to conducting mental chronometry offers various opportunities, such as increased scale, ease of data collection, and access to specific samples. However, validity and reliability may be threatened due to web applications on commodity devices having less accurate timing than specialized software and hardware. We have examined how accurately web applications time stimuli and register response times on commodity touchscreen and keyboard devices running a range of popular web-browsers. Additionally, we have explored the accuracy of a range of technical innovations for timing stimuli, presenting stimuli, and estimating stimulus duration. Results offer some guidelines as to what kind of methods may be most accurate, and what kind of mental chronometry paradigms may suitably be administered via web applications. In controlled circumstances, as can be realized in a lab setting, very accurate stimulus timing and moderately accurate Reaction Time (RT) measurements could be achieved on both touchscreen and keyboard devices. In uncontrolled circumstances, as may be encountered online, short stimulus durations (of up to 100 ms) may be inaccurate, and RT measurement may be affected by the occurrence of bi-modally distributed RT overestimations.

scholarly journals Mental chronometry in the pocket? Timing accuracy of web applications on touchscreen and keyboard devices

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 1371-1382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Pronk ◽  
Reinout W. Wiers ◽  
Bert Molenkamp ◽  
Jaap Murre
Keyword(s):  
Web Applications ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Web Browsers ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Timing Accuracy ◽  
Mental Chronometry ◽  
Stimulus Timing ◽  
Technical Innovations

AbstractWeb applications can implement procedures for studying the speed of mental processes (mental chronometry) and can be administered via web browsers on most commodity desktops, laptops, smartphones, and tablets. This approach to conducting mental chronometry offers various opportunities, such as increased scale, ease of data collection, and access to specific samples. However, validity and reliability may be threatened by less accurate timing than specialized software and hardware can offer. We examined how accurately web applications time stimuli and register response times (RTs) on commodity touchscreen and keyboard devices running a range of popular web browsers. Additionally, we explored the accuracy of a range of technical innovations for timing stimuli, presenting stimuli, and estimating stimulus duration. The results offer some guidelines as to what methods may be most accurate and what mental chronometry paradigms may suitably be administered via web applications. In controlled circumstances, as can be realized in a lab setting, very accurate stimulus timing and moderately accurate RT measurements could be achieved on both touchscreen and keyboard devices, though RTs were consistently overestimated. In uncontrolled circumstances, such as researchers may encounter online, stimulus presentation may be less accurate, especially when brief durations are requested (of up to 100 ms). Differences in RT overestimation between devices might not substantially affect the reliability with which group differences can be found, but they may affect reliability for individual differences. In the latter case, measurement via absolute RTs can be more affected than measurement via relative RTs (i.e., differences in a participant’s RTs between conditions).

The Latin Square Task as a Measure of Relational Reasoning

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 296-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke J. Hearne ◽  
Damian P. Birney ◽  
Luca Cocchi ◽  
Jason B. Mattingley
Keyword(s):  
Brain Imaging ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Functional Brain Imaging ◽  
Inspection Time ◽  
Relational Reasoning ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

Abstract. The Latin Square Task (LST) is a relational reasoning paradigm developed by Birney, Halford, and Andrews (2006) . Previous work has shown that the LST elicits typical reasoning complexity effects, such that increases in complexity are associated with decrements in task accuracy and increases in response times. Here we modified the LST for use in functional brain imaging experiments, in which presentation durations must be strictly controlled, and assessed its validity and reliability. Modifications included presenting the components within each trial serially, such that the reasoning and response periods were separated. In addition, the inspection time for each LST problem was constrained to five seconds. We replicated previous findings of higher error rates and slower response times with increasing relational complexity and observed relatively large effect sizes (η2p > 0.70, r > .50). Moreover, measures of internal consistency and test-retest reliability confirmed the stability of the LST within and across separate testing sessions. Interestingly, we found that limiting the inspection time for individual problems in the LST had little effect on accuracy relative to the unconstrained times used in previous work, a finding that is important for future brain imaging experiments aimed at investigating the neural correlates of relational reasoning.

scholarly journals Web browsers forensic analysis reviewWeb tarayıcılarda adli analiz incelemesi

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erkan Baran ◽  
Huseyin Çakır ◽  
Çelebi Uluyol
Keyword(s):  
Web Applications ◽  
File Systems ◽  
Forensic Analysis ◽  
Web Browsers ◽  
Web Browser ◽  
Mode Effects ◽  
The World

<p>Nowadays, web browser tools are seen ıntensıvely durıng the usage of web applıcatıons. Because of that, browsers provıdes ınfrastructure of a largo majorıty of crımes. Because guılty or suspect can use the browsers to collect ınformatıons, to hıde hıs crıme, learn new crımınal methods or to apply they have learned. In thıs study, ıt ıs also seeked answers of how a process can be monıtored on the computers whıch are used on browsers, ın whıch fıles whıch datas are looked and when and whıch sıtes are accessed. Accordıng to research of W3counter web stats tool, Chrome Web browser, whıch has %43 persentage of across the world ın usage, ıs proses as the most demanded browser ın thıs study by users, and ıt ıs scented out ın thıs browser's related fıles. In these days, ''hıdden mode'' whıch take part ın vast majorıty of browsers ıs also examıned. Thıs feature of the browser, whıch ıs receıved reference, ıs tracked by testıng and ıs sought data ın RAM memory and fıle systems. Thus, '' hıdden mode'' effects are dıscussed ın provıdıng studıes about suspect or crımınal posıtıon people, what kınd of data can be obtaıned ın usıng '' hıdden mode” ıs revealed.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Özet</strong></p><p>Günümüzde internet uygulamalarının kullanımı sırasında web tarayıcı araçlarının yoğun bir şekilde kullanımı görülmektedir. Bu nedenle tarayıcılar, işlenen suçların büyük bir çoğunluğuna altyapı sağlar. Çünkü suçlu ya da şüpheli, tarayıcıları bilgi toplamak, suçunu gizlemek, yeni suç metotları öğrenmek ya da öğrendiklerini uygulamak için kullanabilir.  Bu çalışmada da tarayıcıların kullanıldığı bilgisayarlar üzerinde bırakılan izlerin tespitinde nasıl bir süreç izlenebileceği, hangi dosyalarda hangi verilere bakılabileceği ve ne zaman hangi sitelere erişim sağlandığı gibi çeşitli sorulara cevaplar aranmaktadır. w3counter adlı internet istatistik aracının yaptığı araştırmaya göre, dünya genelinde %43'lük bir kullanım alanına sahip olan Chrome web tarayıcısı, kullanıcılar tarafından en çok talep gören tarayıcı olarak bu araştırma içinde referans alınmaktadır ve bu tarayıcıya ait ilgili dosyalarda izler sürülmektedir. Ayrıca günümüz tarayıcıların büyük bir çoğunluğunda yer alan “<strong>gizli mod</strong>” özelliği incelenmektedir.  Referans alınan tarayıcının bu özelliği test edilerek iz sürülmekte, dosya  sistemlerinde ve RAM bellekte veri aranmaktadır.Böylelikle “gizli mod” kullanımında ne tür veriler elde edilebileceği ortaya konarak şüpheli ya da suçlu konumundaki kişilere ait delillendirme çalışmalarında “gizli mod” kullanımının etkileri tartışılmaktadır. </p>

Analysis of Web Attack and Design of Defense System

2013 ◽  
Vol 756-759 ◽  
pp. 2428-2432
Author(s):  
Xiao Jing Zhu ◽  
Yuan Guai Lin
Keyword(s):  
Data Security ◽  
Web Application ◽  
Web Applications ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Paper Briefly ◽  
Application Management ◽  
The Core ◽  
Web Attacks ◽  
The Common ◽  
Software And Hardware

With the growing popularity of Web applications and Web attacks increasing; Web applications protection and data security have become the core focus of the information security system of enterprises and institutions. The paper briefly presents the harm of the common several kinds of Web attacks, and analyzes their principle, gives their defense measures. On this basis, the defense system of both software and hardware design is proposed. It achieves software defense design based on Web software development and Web application management, and hardware defense design based on H3C SecBlade IPS, to effectively guarantee the security of Web applications.

scholarly journals A Protection Mechanism against Malicious HTML and JavaScript Code in Vulnerable Web Applications

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Shukai Liu ◽  
Xuexiong Yan ◽  
Qingxian Wang ◽  
Xu Zhao ◽  
Chuansen Chai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Real World ◽  
Web Applications ◽  
Web Pages ◽  
Web Browsers ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Code Size ◽  
Protection Mechanism ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Content Security

The high-profile attacks of malicious HTML and JavaScript code have seen a dramatic increase in both awareness and exploitation in recent years. Unfortunately, exiting security mechanisms provide no enough protection. We propose a new protection mechanism named PMHJ based on the support of both web applications and web browsers against malicious HTML and JavaScript code in vulnerable web applications. PMHJ prevents the injection attack of HTML elements with a random attribute value and the node-split attack by an attribute with the hash value of the HTML element. PMHJ ensures the content security in web pages by verifying HTML elements, confining the insecure HTML usages which can be exploited by attackers, and disabling the JavaScript APIs which may incur injection vulnerabilities. PMHJ provides a flexible way to rein the high-risk JavaScript APIs with powerful ability according to the principle of least authority. The PMHJ policy is easy to be deployed into real-world web applications. The test results show that PMHJ has little influence on the run time and code size of web pages.

scholarly journals The timing mega-study: comparing a range of experiment generators, both lab-based and online

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9414 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Bridges ◽  
Alain Pitiot ◽  
Michael R. MacAskill ◽  
Jonathan W. Peirce
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Behavioral Experiments ◽  
Research Software ◽  
Software Packages ◽  
Psychophysics Toolbox ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Stimulus Timing ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Online Methods

Many researchers in the behavioral sciences depend on research software that presents stimuli, and records response times, with sub-millisecond precision. There are a large number of software packages with which to conduct these behavioral experiments and measure response times and performance of participants. Very little information is available, however, on what timing performance they achieve in practice. Here we report a wide-ranging study looking at the precision and accuracy of visual and auditory stimulus timing and response times, measured with a Black Box Toolkit. We compared a range of popular packages: PsychoPy, E-Prime®, NBS Presentation®, Psychophysics Toolbox, OpenSesame, Expyriment, Gorilla, jsPsych, Lab.js and Testable. Where possible, the packages were tested on Windows, macOS, and Ubuntu, and in a range of browsers for the online studies, to try to identify common patterns in performance. Among the lab-based experiments, Psychtoolbox, PsychoPy, Presentation and E-Prime provided the best timing, all with mean precision under 1 millisecond across the visual, audio and response measures. OpenSesame had slightly less precision across the board, but most notably in audio stimuli and Expyriment had rather poor precision. Across operating systems, the pattern was that precision was generally very slightly better under Ubuntu than Windows, and that macOS was the worst, at least for visual stimuli, for all packages. Online studies did not deliver the same level of precision as lab-based systems, with slightly more variability in all measurements. That said, PsychoPy and Gorilla, broadly the best performers, were achieving very close to millisecond precision on several browser/operating system combinations. For response times (measured using a high-performance button box), most of the packages achieved precision at least under 10 ms in all browsers, with PsychoPy achieving a precision under 3.5 ms in all. There was considerable variability between OS/browser combinations, especially in audio-visual synchrony which is the least precise aspect of the browser-based experiments. Nonetheless, the data indicate that online methods can be suitable for a wide range of studies, with due thought about the sources of variability that result. The results, from over 110,000 trials, highlight the wide range of timing qualities that can occur even in these dedicated software packages for the task. We stress the importance of scientists making their own timing validation measurements for their own stimuli and computer configuration.

scholarly journals The comparative analysis of Java frameworks: Spring Boot, Micronaut and Quarkus

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 287-294
Author(s):  
Maciej Jeleń ◽  
Mariusz Dzieńkowski
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Programming Language ◽  
Web Applications ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Data Entry ◽  
Performance Tests ◽  
Final Test ◽  
Java Programming ◽  
Test Application ◽  
Load Conditions

The aim of the work is a comparative analysis of three frameworks designed for building web applications for the Java programming language: Spring Boot 2.4.4, Micronaut 2.5.4 and Quarkus 1.13.4.Final. Test applications were prepared, equipped with the same functionality as used in the experiment consisting in measuring the server response times to a POST request – performing the data entry into the database. For each test application, the scenario aimed at measuring the time of handling requests under various load conditions was repeated five times. During each repetition of the scenario, the load which was the average number of requests sent per second by virtual users was increased. In parallel with performance tests, the reliability of the test applications was measured. Reliability was defined as the percentage of requests sent to the server that ended in a failure. The comparative analysis also took into consideration the volume of the code of the test applications based on the selected frameworks. The performed analyses showed that in terms of all the criteria considered in this work Micronaut proved to be the best framework.

scholarly journals ANALISIS TINGKAT KEPUASAN PENGGUNA SISTEM INFORMASI PERPUSTAKAAN MENGGUNAKAN PIECES FRAMEWORK

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-128
Author(s):  
Poetri Lestari Lokapitasari Belluano ◽  
Indrawati Indrawati ◽  
Harlinda Harlinda ◽  
Fatima A.R Tuasamu ◽  
Dirgahayu Lantara
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Information Systems ◽  
User Satisfaction ◽  
Web Applications ◽  
Evaluation Process ◽  
Performance Information ◽  
Framework Analysis ◽  
Level Of Satisfaction ◽  
Software And Hardware ◽  
Analysis Point

The use of information systems requires special management and management, so this system is commonly referred to as a management information system. In it there are various activities ranging from system planning, maintenance, to measuring performance. In running a library information system, software and hardware are needed as well as humans as operators. The above components must be activities that are interconnected so that the library can run smoothly. To determine whether the components of the information system are running well, it requires an evaluation process. The purpose of this study is to measure the level of satisfaction of system users and to determine the strengths and weaknesses of the system in the use of library information systems. The method used is the analytical method PIECES Framework, which consists of several points of analysis, namely: Performance, Information and Data, Economics, Control and Security, Efficiency, and Service. Where each analysis point is a reference for evaluation and analysis of information systems. The results of this study are web applications that are able to analyze the level of user satisfaction with the library information system using the PIECES Framework analysis method and equipped with a satisfaction level reporting chart of the system measured in the 2018 period.

scholarly journals Web Browser Network Based on a BA Model for a Web-Based Virtual World

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaki Kohana ◽  
Shinji Sakamoto ◽  
Shusuke Okamoto
Keyword(s):  
Virtual World ◽  
Web Applications ◽  
Previous Method ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Location Information ◽  
Web Browsers ◽  
Web Browser ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Data Coverage ◽  
The Web

Real-time web applications such as a virtual world require considerable computing resources. However, as the number of servers increases, so does the maintenance and financial cost. To share tasks among web browsers, the browsers must share data. Therefore, a network must be constructed among the web browsers. In this paper, we propose the construction of a web browser network based on the Barabasi–Albert model (BA model). We focus on a web-based multiplayer online game that requires higher frequent communication and significant computing resources. We attempt to optimize computing resource utilization for web browsers. We improve upon the method in our previous study, which constructed a network for a web-based virtual world, using only location information. When a new user logged into a world, the web browser connected to two other browsers whose users had a location close to that of the user. The experimental results of that method showed 50% data coverage, which was insufficient to display the game screen because the web browser displays the characters on the virtual world. In this study, we attempt to use the BA model to construct more efficient networks than those in the previous study to increase data coverage. Our new method uses the number of connections of the web browser and location information to calculate the probability of web browser selection. The experimental results show that the data coverage exceeds 90%, indicating significant improvement over the previous method.

scholarly journals Serverless Computing: An Investigation of Deployment Environments for Web APIs

Computers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Ivan ◽  
Vasile ◽  
Dadarlat
Keyword(s):  
Web Application ◽  
Web Applications ◽  
Virtual Machines ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Application Programming Interface ◽  
Resource Provisioning ◽  
Dynamic Scaling ◽  
Application Programming ◽  
Test Scenarios ◽  
Additional Labor

Cloud vendors offer a variety of serverless technologies promising high availability and dynamic scaling while reducing operational and maintenance costs. One such technology, serverless computing, or function-as-a-service (FaaS), is advertised as a good candidate for web applications, data-processing, or backend services, where you only pay for usage. Unlike virtual machines (VMs), they come with automatic resource provisioning and allocation, providing elastic and automatic scaling. We present the results from our investigation of a specific serverless candidate, Web Application Programming Interface or Web API, deployed on virtual machines and as function(s)-as-a-service. We contrast these deployments by varying the number of concurrent users for measuring response times and costs. We found no significant response time differences between deployments when VMs are configured for the expected load, and test scenarios are within the FaaS hardware limitations. Higher numbers of concurrent users or unexpected user growths are effortlessly handled by FaaS, whereas additional labor must be invested in VMs for equivalent results. We identified that despite the advantages serverless computing brings, there is no clear choice between serverless or virtual machines for a Web API application because one needs to carefully measure costs and factor-in all components that are included with FaaS.

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