scholarly journals Bayes Factors show evidence against systematic relationships between the anchoring effect and the Big Five personality traits

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Schindler ◽  
Jan Querengässer ◽  
Maximilian Bruchmann ◽  
Nele Johanna Bögemann ◽  
Robert Moeck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Anchoring Effect ◽  
Individual Traits ◽  
Anchoring Effects ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Systematic Relationships ◽  
The Individual

AbstractExamining personality traits as predictors of human behaviour is of high interest. There are several but inconclusive reported relationships of personality and the susceptibility to the “anchoring effect”, a tendency to adjust estimates towards a given anchor. To provide an answer to variably reported links between personality traits and the anchoring effect, we collected data from 1000 participants in the lab and validated typical anchoring effects and representative personality scores of the sample. Using Bayesian statistical data analyses, we found evidence for the absence of a relationship between anchoring effects and personality scores. We, therefore, conclude that there are no specific personality traits that relate to a higher susceptibility to the anchoring effect. The lack of a relationship between personality and the susceptibility to the anchoring effect might be due to the specific anchoring design, be limited to specific cognitive domains, or the susceptibility to anchors might reflect no reliable individual cognitive phenomena. In the next step, studies should examine the reliability of anchoring effects on the individual level, and testing relationships of individual traits and anchoring effects for other types of anchors, anchoring designs, or cognitive domains.

Personality change and environmental concerns

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher James Hopwood ◽  
Ted Schwaba ◽  
Wiebke Bleidorn
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Personality Change ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
German Population ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Sustainable Behavior ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Over Time

Personal concerns about climate change and the environment are a powerful motivator of sustainable behavior. People’s level of concern varies as a function of a variety of social and individual factors. Using data from 58,748 participants from a nationally representative German sample, we tested preregistered hypotheses about factors that impact concerns about the environment over time. We found that environmental concerns increased modestly from 2009-2017 in the German population. However, individuals in middle adulthood tended to be more concerned and showed more consistent increases in concern over time than younger or older people. Consistent with previous research, Big Five personality traits were correlated with environmental concerns. We present novel evidence that increases in concern were related to increases in the personality traits neuroticism and openness to experience. Indeed, changes in openness explained roughly 50% of the variance in changes in environmental concerns. These findings highlight the importance of understanding the individual level factors associated with changes in environmental concerns over time, towards the promotion of more sustainable behavior at the individual level.

scholarly journals Task-generic and task-specific connectivity modulations in the ADHD brain: An integrated analysis across multiple tasks

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roselyne J. Chauvin ◽  
Jan K. Buitelaar ◽  
Emma Sprooten ◽  
Marianne Oldehinkel ◽  
Barbara Franke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Similar Degree ◽  
Total N ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Processing Pathways ◽  
Neural Underpinnings ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Novel Strategy ◽  
The Individual

AbstractAttention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is associated with altered functioning in multiple cognitive domains and neural networks. This paper offers an overarching biological perspective across these. We applied a novel strategy that extracts functional connectivity modulations in the brain across one (Psingle), two (Pmix) or three (Pall) cognitive tasks and compared the pattern of modulations between participants with ADHD (n-89), unaffected siblings (n=93) and controls (n=84; total N=266; age range=8-27 years).Participants with ADHD had significantly fewer Pall connections (modulated regardless of task), but significantly more task-specific (Psingle) connectivity modulations than the other groups. The amplitude of these Psingle modulations was significantly higher in ADHD. Unaffected siblings showed a similar degree of Pall connectivity modulation as controls but a similar degree of Psingle connectivity modulation as ADHD probands. Pall connections were strongly reproducible at the individual level in controls, but showed marked heterogeneity in both participants with ADHD and unaffected siblings.The pattern of reduced task-generic and increased task-specific connectivity modulations in ADHD may be interpreted as reflecting a less efficient functional brain architecture due to a reduction in the ability to generalise processing pathways across multiple cognitive domains. The higher amplitude of unique task-specific connectivity modulations in ADHD may index a more “effortful” coping strategy. Unaffected siblings displayed a task connectivity profile in between that of controls and ADHD probands, supporting an endophenotype view. Our approach provides a new perspective on the core neural underpinnings of ADHD.

scholarly journals A Study on the Impact of Big Five Personality Traits on Consciousness

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Akriti Srivastava ◽  
Anamika Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Big Five Personality Traits ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
Psychological Traits ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Neo Five Factor Inventory ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

Personality is the set of psychological traits and mechanisms within the individual that are organized and relatively enduring and that influence their interactions with, and adaptations to, the intra psychic, physical, and social environments. Personality is the factor which influences other functioning of the individuals, keeping this view in mind its relation with consciousness was thought to be explored, which is awareness, the ability to experience or to feel, wakefulness, having a sense of selfhood, and the executive control system of the mind. Hence, this study was designed to understand the relationship between big five personality traits and consciousness, for this, the data was collected from 200 working and non-working males and females in the age range of 22 to 30 years. Sample was chosen from Banasthali Vidyapith, Tonk; Rajiv Gandhi Technical Institute, Raibarely; and Wipro Company, Bangalore. Measures used were self-consciousness scale (Fenigstein, Scheier &Buss 1975) which is a 23 item questionnaire and personality questionnaire: NEO Five-Factor Inventory-3 (NEO-FFI-3). This questionnaire was developed by Paul T. Costa, Jr and Robert R. McCrae (1989). The result indicated that openness and conscientiousness are significantly positively related with consciousness and openness emerged out as the significant predictor of consciousness. Also the significant difference was found between males and females in terms of consciousness. This study is unique in its endeavor and creates scope for further exploration in this field.

scholarly journals A small number of workers with specific personality traits perform tool use in ants

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
István Maák ◽  
Garyk Roelandt ◽  
Patrizia d'Ettorre
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Tool Use ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Exploratory Activity ◽  
Liquid Food ◽  
Personality Tests ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Aphaenogaster Senilis ◽  
Individual Personality ◽  
The Individual

Ants use debris as tools to collect and transport liquid food to the nest. Previous studies showed that this behaviour is flexible whereby ants learn to use artificial material that is novel to them and select tools with optimal soaking properties. However, the process of tool use has not been studied at the individual level. We investigated whether workers specialise in tool use and whether there is a link between individual personality traits and tool use in the ant Aphaenogaster senilis. Only a small number of workers performed tool use and they did it repeatedly, although they also collected solid food. Personality predicted the probability to perform tool use: ants that showed higher exploratory activity and were more attracted to a prey in the personality tests became the new tool users when previous tool users were removed from the group. This suggests that, instead of extreme task specialisation, variation in personality traits within the colony may improve division of labour.

A Bright Side to Family Firms: How Socioemotional Wealth Importance Affects Dark Traits–Job Performance Relationships

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 378-395
Author(s):  
Benjamin D. McLarty ◽  
Daniel T. Holt
Keyword(s):  
Job Performance ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Family Firms ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Performance Outcomes ◽  
Dark Triad ◽  
Socioemotional Wealth ◽  
Moderation Effect ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual

Examining socioemotional wealth’s influence at the individual level, an interactionist approach was used to test its moderation effect on the dark personality traits–job performance relationship, using supervisor-employee dyads in family firms. Termed the Dark Triad, dark personality traits include narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism. Results showed that when supervisors in family firms prioritize socioemotional wealth, the expected relationships between the Dark Triad and employee job performance outcomes (task, citizenship, and counterproductive behaviors) is ameliorated. These findings demonstrate that family firms can create an environment that improves the otherwise negative impact that dark personality has on job performance.

scholarly journals From Social Information to Social Norms: Evidence from Two Experiments on Donation Behaviour

Games ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timo Goeschl ◽  
Sara Kettner ◽  
Johannes Lohse ◽  
Christiane Schwieren
Keyword(s):  
Social Norm ◽  
Social Information ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Dictator Game ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Causal Mechanism ◽  
Student Sample ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Anchoring Effects ◽  
The Individual

While preferences for conformity are commonly seen as an important driver of pro-social behaviour, only a small set of previous studies has explicitly tested the behavioural mechanisms underlying this proposition. In this paper, we report on two interconnected experimental studies that jointly provide a more thorough and robust understanding of a causal mechanism that links social information (i.e., information about the generosity of others) to donations via changing the perception of a descriptive social norm. In a modified dictator game, Experiment 1 re-investigates this mechanism adding further robustness to prior results by eliciting choices from a non-student sample and by implementing an additional treatment that controls for potential anchoring effects implied by the methods used in previous investigations. Experiment 2 adds further robustness by investigating the link between social information, (descriptive) norm perception and giving at the individual, rather than the group average, level. We find that an exogenous variation of social information influences beliefs about others’ contributions (descriptive social norm) and, through this channel, actual giving. An exploratory analysis indicates that this causal relationship is differently pronounced among the two sexes. We rule out anchoring effects as a plausible confound in previous investigations. The key findings carry over to the individual level.

The role of group personality composition in the emergence of task and relationship conflict within groups

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc H Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Big Five ◽  
Group Performance ◽  
Task Conflict ◽  
Relationship Conflict ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Level Of Analysis

AbstractConflict is a ubiquitous feature of groups in organizations that clearly affects group performance. While prior research has investigated the role of personality on conflict resolution styles at the individual level, little work has examined the role of personality on the emergence of conflict. This may be partially due to the fact that the emergence of conflict is inherently a group-level phenomenon, and thus requires the aggregation of personality to the group (or at least dyadic) level of analysis. I propose that each of the Big Five personality traits (or specific facets), at the group level, affect the emergence of either task conflict, relationship conflict, or both. Developing our understanding of how group personality composition affects both of these types of conflict is necessary to better enable groups to manage conflict, and thereby lessen potentially harmful outcomes resulting from conflict.

Frequency effects over the lifespan: a case study of Attenborough’s r’s

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurel MacKenzie
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Community Change ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Over Time

AbstractThis paper uses a small-scale case study of the speech of a single speaker at two points in time to investigate the question of whether and how speakers’ mental representations change over their lives. Specifically, I test two predictions of usage-based models of phonological representation: that individuals surrounded by a changing community will show the community change in their own production, and that this individual-level change will show an effect of item frequency. The community change under study is the loss in English Received Pronunciation of [ɾ] as a realization of /ɹ/; the speaker studied is Sir David Attenborough, a well-known British nature documentary narrator. I find that Attenborough’s narrations do not show evidence of him participating in the community change away from [ɾ] over time; however, he does show a different sort of change, by which he increases his rate of [ɾ] in high-frequency collocations in later life. I propose that this result may be attributable to Attenborough’s mental representation of high-frequency collocations becoming more word-like over time. The results speak to questions about the malleability of mental representations and the role of the individual language user in cases of community change.

The Abc of Social Desires: Affiliation, Being Alone, and Closeness to Partner

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 442-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Birk Hagemeyer ◽  
Franz J. Neyer ◽  
Wiebke Neberich ◽  
Jens B. Asendorpf
Keyword(s):  
Attachment Style ◽  
Measurement Model ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
Heterosexual Couples ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analyses ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Longitudinal Sample ◽  
Internet Sample ◽  
The Individual

We propose a triadic model of social desires directed at appetence/aversion of affiliation with friends (A), being alone (B), and closeness to one's partner (C) that account for individual differences in subjectively experienced needs for proximity and distance in serious couple relationships. The model assumes that A, B, and C can be conceptualized at the individual level as correlated latent factors measured by appetence and aversion indicators with opposite factor loadings and low shared method variance and at the couple level assuming the same measurement model and identical (co)variances for men and women. The model was confirmed with confirmatory factor analyses in a sex–balanced internet sample of 476 individuals and a longitudinal sample of both partners of 578 heterosexual couples by assessing the ABC desires with brief appetence/aversion scales. In both samples, the desires showed expected unique associations with the Big Five personality traits, loneliness and relationship satisfaction, perceived available support by friends and partner, and attachment style toward the partner and high 1–year stability in the longitudinal sample. We suggest that the ABC model helps to integrate research on couples’ distance regulation along the lines of communal and agentic motivation. Copyright © 2012 European Association of Personality Psychology

The role of group personality composition in the emergence of task and relationship conflict within groups

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc H Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Big Five ◽  
Group Performance ◽  
Task Conflict ◽  
Relationship Conflict ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Level Of Analysis

AbstractConflict is a ubiquitous feature of groups in organizations that clearly affects group performance. While prior research has investigated the role of personality on conflict resolution styles at the individual level, little work has examined the role of personality on the emergence of conflict. This may be partially due to the fact that the emergence of conflict is inherently a group-level phenomenon, and thus requires the aggregation of personality to the group (or at least dyadic) level of analysis. I propose that each of the Big Five personality traits (or specific facets), at the group level, affect the emergence of either task conflict, relationship conflict, or both. Developing our understanding of how group personality composition affects both of these types of conflict is necessary to better enable groups to manage conflict, and thereby lessen potentially harmful outcomes resulting from conflict.

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