scholarly journals Properties of rhizosphere soil associated with herbaceous plant roots analyzed using small-scale protocols

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinichi Yamazaki ◽  
Kumiko Ochiai ◽  
Junko Motokawa ◽  
Shoichiro Hamamoto ◽  
Akifumi Sugiyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rhizosphere Soil ◽  
Soil Analysis ◽  
Plant Nutrients ◽  
Plant Roots ◽  
Ammonium Ion ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Herbaceous Plant ◽  
Mineral Contents ◽  
Nutrient Contents ◽  
Surface Areas

AbstractThe rhizosphere, which is the region of soil adjacent to plant roots, is affected by the activities of both plant roots and associated microorganisms which cause changes in soil properties including nutrient mineral composition. Accordingly, the actual availability of plant nutrients may not be the same as that estimated on the basis of bulk soil analysis. However, the extent and manner in which the availability of plant nutrients in bulk and rhizosphere soils differ remain unclear. Therefore, the present study defined the rhizosphere as the soil adhered to plant roots, established a set of small-scale protocols for analyzing the nutrient minerals of small soil samples, and then characterized the rhizosphere soil of sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. The mineral contents of the bulk and rhizosphere soil differed significantly, with nutrient contents generally greater in the rhizosphere, and particularly remarkable accumulation was observed in regards to ammonium ion and exchangeable potassium concentrations. Such accumulation might be due, in part, to the greater per weight surface areas of rhizosphere soil particles, but other mechanisms, including the accumulation of organic matter, could also be involved.

scholarly journals Effects of green-manure and tillage management on soil microbial community composition, nutrients and tree growth in a walnut orchard

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ningguang Dong ◽  
Guanglong Hu ◽  
Yunqi Zhang ◽  
Jianxun Qi ◽  
Yonghao Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Rhizosphere Soil ◽  
Green Manures ◽  
Hairy Vetch ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Nutrient Contents ◽  
Walnut Tree

AbstractThis study characterized the effect of green manures (February orchid, hairy vetch, rattail fescue and a no-green-manure control) and the termination method (flail or disk) on nutrient contents, enzyme activities, microbial biomass, microbial community structure of rhizosphere soil and vegetative growth of walnut tree. All three selected green manures significantly enhanced the water content, organic C, total N and available P. The rattail fescue significantly decreased the mineral N. Total organic C, total N, mineral N and available P were significantly greater under flail than under disk. Hairy vetch and February orchid significantly improved levels of soil β-glucosidase, N-acetyl-glucosaminidase and acid phosphatase activity, whereas rattail fescue improved only β-glucosidase activity. All of the green manures significantly decreased phenoloxidase activity. β-glucosidase, N-acetyl-glucosaminidase and acid phosphatase activities were significantly greater under flail relative to disk. The termination method had no significant effect on phenoloxidase activity. The different types of green manures and termination methods significantly altered the soil microbial biomass and microbial community structure. The green-manure treatments were characterized by a significantly greater abundance of Gram-positive (Gram +) bacteria, total bacteria and saprophytic fungi compared to the control. Hairy vetch significantly decreased the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) while February orchid and rattail fescue increased their abundance compared to the no-green-manure treatment. The abundance rates of Gram+ bacteria, actinomycetes, saprophytic fungi and AMF were significantly greater in soils under flail than under disk. In terms of vegetative growth of walnut tree, hairy vetch showed the greatest positive effects. The growth of walnut tree was significantly greater under flail relative to disk. Our results indicate that green-manure application benefits the rhizosphere soil micro-ecology, rhizosphere soil nutrient contents and tree growth. Overall, the hairy vetch and flail combined treatment is recommended for walnut orchards in northern China.

scholarly journals OPTIMALISASI PRODUKSI ENZIM KITINASE PADA ISOLAT JAMUR KITINOLITIK DARI SAMPEL TANAH RIZOSFER

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (01) ◽  
pp. 62-69
Author(s):  
Eka Corneliyawati ◽  
Massora Massora ◽  
Khikmah Khikmah ◽  
As’ad Syamsul Arifin
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Rhizosphere Soil ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Chitinase Activity ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Plant Roots ◽  
Chitinase Production

The rhizosphere is the zone of soil surrounding a plant root where plant roots, soil and the soil biota interact with each other. Chitinolytic fungi has been effectively used in biological control agens. The chitinase activity causes lysis of the fungi cell wall pathogen. The aim of the research was to find optimization of activity chitinase enzyme from rhizosphere soil was conducted in vitro. Optimal growth chitinase production for TKR3 fungi isolate were concentration of chitin 0,2% (b/v), pH 5,5, temperature 30ºC, agitation 150 rpm and incubation time at four days. The optimum yield of chitinase production is influenced by fungal species and environmental conditions.

scholarly journals Simplified Orange (Citrus spp.) Production Guide for Small-scale Farmers

2020 ◽  
pp. 23-27
Author(s):  
Hillary M. O. Otieno
Keyword(s):  
Soil Analysis ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Leaf Miners ◽  
Land Preparation ◽  
False Codling Moth ◽  
Small Scale Farmers

Orange production provides both nutritional and financial benefits to farmers across Africa. However, these farmers do not realize the full benefits due to low yields caused by poor agronomic practices currently applied in the region. This guide, therefore, highlights key practices that farmers need to adopt for better yields. Farmers should always follow the best practices right from the selection of a variety to harvesting practices for high yield and better quality fruits to be achieved. Proper land preparation helps in early weed control and improves water infiltration and growth of roots. Weeds should always be kept below economic thresholds to ensure efficiencies in the use of water and nutrient. Like other plants, oranges require proper nutrition for growth and development of big fruits. Both manure and inorganic fertilizers should be applied depending on the availability and cost. Soil analysis helps in determining the rates of application. During production, farmers should scout for pests such as aphids, false codling moth, whiteflies, leaf miners, thrips, fruit fly and common spiral nematode and diseases like Pseudocercospora leaf and fruit spot, Phytophthora spp. and orange fruit scab which are common in the area. These pests cause significant yield losses if not timely controlled. When ready, harvesting of fruits should be careful and gentle without causing injuries.

Simplified Soil Analysis Procedure for Use in Small‐Scale Agriculture

2006 ◽  
Vol 37 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 993-1011 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. Crane ◽  
B. L. Webb ◽  
P. S. Allen ◽  
V. D. Jolley ◽  
R. Chicas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Analysis ◽  
Analysis Procedure ◽  
Small Scale

scholarly journals Effect of black point disease on quality of wheat grain

1970 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
PK Malaker ◽  
IH Mian ◽  
KA Bhuiyan ◽  
MMA Reza ◽  
MA Mannan
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Bipolaris Sorokiniana ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Mineral Contents ◽  
Black Point ◽  
Nutrient Contents ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of different levels of black point infection caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana and other fungal pathogens on some quality characters of wheat grain. Wheat grains were graded on a 0-5 scale based on levels of black point infection. Quality characters of grain viz., protein, fat, dry matter, ash and mineral contents under different grades were determined following standard methods. The dry matter and ash contents of grain decreased while the contents of protein and fat increased with the increasing severity of black point infection. The observations on macro and micro nutrient contents of grain indicated that the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, sulphur, and boron increased, whereas the contents of potassium, iron, zinc, copper and sodium decreased with the increase of black point infection. However, the reductions in copper content of black point affected grains under different grades of infection were not significant as compared to apparently healthy grains. Key Words: Black point; Bipolaris sorokiniana; grain quality; wheat. DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v34i2.5789Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 34(2) : 181-187, June 2009

STUDIES ON THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN NEMATODES AND OTHER SOIL MICROORGANISMS: IV. INCIDENCE OF NEMATODE-TRAPPING FUNGI IN THE VICINITY OF PLANT ROOTS

1965 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Peterson ◽  
H. Katznelson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Microorganisms ◽  
Rhizosphere Soil ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Plant Roots ◽  
Favorable Effect ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Rhizosphere Effect ◽  
Root Extracts ◽  
Wheat Rhizosphere

A study was made of the occurrence of nematode-trapping fungi in the rhizosphere and on the root surface of different plants. Arthrobotrys oligospora was the predominant predaceous fungus isolated. It was almost completely absent from plant roots but occurred in varying frequency in rhizosphere soil and in root-free soil. The incidence of this fungus was consistently greater in the soybean rhizosphere and lower in the wheat rhizosphere than in corresponding soil devoid of roots, whereas for other plants, red clover, flax, etc., there was no obvious rhizosphere effect. Spore germination tests and growth of A. oligospora in root extracts of soybeans and wheat failed to account for the differences observed. However, bacterial isolates from the wheat rhizosphere were, on the whole, more antagonistic to this fungus than those from the soybean rhizosphere, whereas isolates from the latter appeared to exert a favorable effect.

Characteristics and Controlling Factors of Nanopores of the Niutitang Formation Shale from Jiumen Outcrop, Guizhou Province

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 284-295
Author(s):  
Sen Guo ◽  
Yan-Ming Zhu ◽  
Yu Liu ◽  
Xin Tang
Keyword(s):  
Controlling Factors ◽  
Guizhou Province ◽  
Mineral Contents ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Pore Structures ◽  
Pore Evolution ◽  
High Maturity ◽  
Group A ◽  
Niutitang Formation ◽  
Group B

This paper studies the characteristics and controlling factors of nanopores in organic-rich shale in the Niutitang Formation. Six samples were collected from the bottom of the formation at the Jiumen Outcrop, Guizhou Province. Experiments were conducted to investigate the pore structures of these high-maturity shale samples. The TOC contents vary between 4.81–17.51% with an average of 10.18%. The XRD data show that these samples are dominated by quartz (44%–71%), with a significant amount of clay minerals, such as illite, with a content of 8%–27.5%. Based on the low-pressure liquid N2 sorption measurements, the pore structures can be divided into two groups. Group A including samples of N-2, N-3 and N-4, mainly develop slit-shaped pores, mesopores and macropores. Group B shown from samples N-1, N-5 and N-6, are mainly composed of narrow slitlike pores, which may provide more space for shale gas than slit-shaped pores. The mesopores, macropores, porosity and specific surface areas of group B are more developed than those of group A. With the comparison of pore structures in shales with various organic matter and mineral contents, the dissolution of quartz and feldspar can be the important factor controlling pore development. The evolution of diagenesis is closely related to pore evolution. This diagenesis has various types and complex effects on the pores, mainly including compaction, dissolution and cementation.

scholarly journals Inorganic analysis of herbal drugs. Part II: Plant and soil analysis: Diverse bioavailability and uptake of essential and toxic elements

2006 ◽  
Vol 71 (10) ◽  
pp. 1095-1105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Slavica Razic ◽  
Svetlana Djogo ◽  
Latinka Slavkovic
Keyword(s):  
Toxic Elements ◽  
Rhizosphere Soil ◽  
Soil Analysis ◽  
Microwave Digestion ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Inorganic Analysis ◽  
Herbal Drugs ◽  
Digestion Procedure ◽  
Potentially Hazardous Elements ◽  
Essential And Toxic Elements

Eleven elements (Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, K, Ca, Mg, Ni, Cd, Pb and Cr) in seven herbal drugs (Salviae folium, Menthae piperitae folium, Melissae folium, Lavandulae flos, Basilici herba, Marubii herba and Origani herba) and in rhizosphere soil samples were determined. A microwave digestion procedure preceded the measurements by the flame and electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy techniques (FAAS, ETAAS). For potentially hazardous elements and their bioavailability, BCF values were also calculated and discussed in order to identify possible sources of specific elements. .

Influence of plant roots on rhizosphere soil solution composition of long-term contaminated soils

Geoderma ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 155 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 86-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kwon-Rae Kim ◽  
Gary Owens ◽  
Ravi Naidu ◽  
Soon-lk Kwon
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Rhizosphere Soil ◽  
Plant Roots ◽  
Solution Composition

scholarly journals Physico-Chemical and Sensory Properties of Wheat-Margarine-Avocado Cake Blends

2020 ◽  
pp. 66-74
Author(s):  
G. O. Eteng ◽  
N. I. Olaitan ◽  
T. T. Iombor ◽  
F. Z. Igbua
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Sensory Properties ◽  
Fruit Pulp ◽  
Mineral Contents ◽  
Nutrient Contents ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Avocado Fruit ◽  
Hedonic Scale

The nutrient contents of wheat-margarine used in the preparation of cakes in Nigeria is low with high fat leading consumers to several nutritional and health challenges such as overweight, obesity and cardiovascular diseases. This research was aimed at determining physicochemical and sensory properties of wheat-margarine- avocado cake blends. Cake blends of margarine and avocado were prepared in the proportions of 100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80 and 0:100. The chemical composition and physical properties of the cakes were determined using standard methods. The cakes were assessed for their sensory characteristics using 9 point hedonic scale. The physical properties of wheat, margarine and avocado cake blends showed that the replacement of margarine with avocado fruit pulp in cake production increased the cake weight with no increase in volume and height of the cakes. The proximate composition of the cakes showed that 100% wheat/avocado cake contained higher moisture (11.65±0.00), crude protein (16.85±0.00), crude fiber (2.10±0.09), ash (2.52±0.0) and carbohydrates (57.86±0.78) contents than 100% wheat/margarine which were 6.99, 12.33, 1.44, 2.10 and 54.62 respectively. However, the fat content of 100% wheat/margarine cake (29.51±0.00) was rather higher than that of the wheat/avocado cake (20.67±0.00). The mineral contents of the cakes significantly increased with increase in avocado fruit pulp. Colour, aroma, taste, texture and general acceptability decreased with the addition of avocado but were all accepted by the panelists. It was concluded that substitution of margarine with avocado fruit pulp in cake production significantly increased the cake weight, the moisture, protein, fibre, ash, carbohydrate, mineral elements and a decrease in fat content as well as a mean scores of sensory attributes.

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