scholarly journals Determining the effects of training duration on the behavioral expression of habitual control in humans: a multilaboratory investigation

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-28
Author(s):  
Eva R. Pool ◽  
Rani Gera ◽  
Aniek Fransen ◽  
Omar D. Perez ◽  
Anna Cremer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parallel Mechanisms ◽  
Moderating Variables ◽  
Affective Component ◽  
Experimental Induction ◽  
Behavioral Expression ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Two Systems ◽  
Instrumental Action ◽  
The Impact

It has been suggested that there are two distinct and parallel mechanisms for controlling instrumental behavior in mammals: goal-directed actions and habits. To gain an understanding of how these two systems interact to control behavior, it is essential to characterize the mechanisms by which the balance between these systems is influenced by experience. Studies in rodents have shown that the amount of training governs the relative expression of these two systems: Behavior is goal-directed following moderate training, but the more extensively an instrumental action is trained, the more it becomes habitual. It is less clear whether humans exhibit similar training effects on the expression of goal-directed and habitual behavior, as human studies have reported contradictory findings. To tackle these contradictory findings, we formed a consortium, where four laboratories undertook a preregistered experimental induction of habits by manipulating the amount of training. There was no statistical evidence for a main effect of the amount of training on the formation and expression of habits. However, exploratory analyses suggest a moderating effect of the affective component of stress on the impact of training over habit expression. Participants who were lower in affective stress appeared to be initially goal-directed, but became habitual with increased training, whereas participants who were high in affective stress were already habitual even after moderate training, thereby manifesting insensitivity to overtraining effects. Our findings highlight the importance of the role of moderating variables such as individual differences in stress and anxiety when studying the experimental induction of habits in humans.

scholarly journals Determining the effects of training duration on the behavioral expression of habitual control in humans: a multi-laboratory investigation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
eva pool ◽  
Rani Gera ◽  
Aniek Fransen ◽  
Omar David Perez ◽  
Anna Cremer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parallel Mechanisms ◽  
Moderating Variables ◽  
Affective Component ◽  
Experimental Induction ◽  
Behavioral Expression ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Two Systems ◽  
Instrumental Action ◽  
The Impact

It has been suggested that there are two distinct and parallel mechanisms for controlling instrumental behavior in mammals: goal-directed actions and habits. To gain an understanding of how these two systems interact to control behavior, it is essential to characterize the mechanisms by which the balance between these systems is influenced by experience. Studies in rodents have shown that the amount of training governs the relative expression of these two systems: behavior is goal-directed following moderate training, but the more extensively an instrumental action is trained, the more it becomes habitual. It is less clear whether humans exhibit similar training effects on the expression of goal-directed and habitual behavior, as human studies have reported contradictory findings. To tackle these contradictory findings, we formed a consortium, where four laboratories undertook a pre-registered experimental induction of habits by manipulating the amount of training. There was no statistical evidence for a main effect of the amount of training on the formation and expression of habits. However, exploratory analyses suggest a moderating effect of the affective component of stress on the impact of training over habit expression. Participants who were lower in affective stress appeared to be initially goal-directed, but became habitual with increased training, whereas participants who were high in affective stress were already habitual even after moderate training, thereby manifesting insensitivity to overtraining effects. Our findings highlight the importance of the role of moderating variables such as individual differences in stress and anxiety when studying the experimental induction of habits in humans.

scholarly journals Point-of-Care Tests for Bladder Cancer: The Influencing Role of Hematuria

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joerg Hennenlotter ◽  
Severine Huber ◽  
Tilman Todenhöfer ◽  
Ursula Kuehs ◽  
David Schilling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bladder Cancer ◽  
Diagnostic Yield ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
False Positives ◽  
Two Systems ◽  
Reliable Interpretation ◽  
Point Of Care Tests ◽  
The Impact

Introduction. Several point-of-care tests (POCT) are available for the diagnosis of bladder cancer (BC). We evaluate the impact of HU (hematuria) on performance of POCTs.Materials and Methods. Urine from 10 donors was diluted with blood from 0.5 to 0.00625%. BladderCheckR, BTAstatR, BCMR, and BTARtests were applied. Tests were additionally conducted in 54 patients with HU. HU was stratified according to the amount of erythrocytes (RBC)/μL using two systems: (1) no HU; mild microscopic HU; severe microscopic HU; gross HU; (2) I <25 RBCs; <250 II; ≥250 III. Results were compared to HU status and histopathology.Results. Gross HU became evident between 2090 RBCs/μL and 1065/μL. Addition of blood led to default tests in all 4: BladderCheckR0.25%; BCM 0.025%, BioNexia 0.00625%, and BTAstat <0.00625%. Rates of false positives for BladderCheck, BTAstat, BCM, and BioNexia were 5.9, 11.8, 0, and 1.8% without HU and 0, 66.7, 44.4, and 66.7% with HU. BTAstat, BCM, and BioNexia were independently influenced by HU (P<0.0002).Conclusions. NMP22-BladderCheck was most resistant to blood. The diagnostic yield of all others was significantly influenced by HU. A well-defined HU grading helps to define limits of HU for a reliable interpretation of BC-POCTs.

scholarly journals The impact of work passion on work performance: the moderating role of P-O fit and meaningfulness of work

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Ika Indriasari ◽  
Noni Setyorini
Keyword(s):  
Work Performance ◽  
Moderating Variables ◽  
Person Organization Fit ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Moderating Role ◽  
Work Passion

Our study aims to analyze the impact of auditor’s work passion on their performances, with meaningfulness of work and person organization fit (PO-fit) as moderating variables.  Auditor, as a profession associated with assurance of compliance with their clients, highly requires good work passion to increase their spirit, avoid them from work saturation and improve their work quality. Therefore, our study expected that work passion positively affect work performance. Furthermore, meaningfulnes work and PO-fit were also expected to have moderating effect on the relationship of work passion on work performance. The results of regression  and moderated regression analysis (MRA) on 87 samples collected from accoutants working in public accountant firm in Java, Indonesia, suggest that work passion has a positive effect on work performance. The result also shows that meaningfulnes was supported as a moderator on the relationship between work passion and work performance. However, our prediction that PO-fit could be a moderator in the effect of work passion on job performance of auditor was not supported.

Word Learning in Two Modalities

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Anne McHugh
Keyword(s):  
Language Development ◽  
Word Learning ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Spoken Word ◽  
Presentation Modality ◽  
Picture Condition ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Development Of Language ◽  
The Impact

           A majority of research on language development has focused on examining spoken word learning and its role in the development of language, but there has been more limited research investigating the role of gesture and signed words in language development. This study investigated the impact of modality of word presentation on the learning of an associated meaning, the impact of modality of meaning presentation on the learning of an associated word, as well as the impact of crossing modalities on the speed and accuracy of learned associations. Participants viewed short videos of a person saying a non-word or making a sign paired with either a picture or a written definition.  Outcome variables were accuracy and response times for recall of meanings.            The analysis of accuracy revealed a significant interaction between presentation modality and meaning modality. Accuracy in the nonword-picture condition was at ceiling and thus, significantly greater than accuracy in the nonword-definition condition and nonsign-picture condition. Analysis of response times found the main effect of meaning format to be statistically significant. Participants were significantly slower when meaning was presented as a definition compared to when it was presented as a picture. These results suggest that meaning associations with novel signs are learned equally fast and accurate as those associated with novel words. Additionally, they suggest that people recall imageable meanings faster than definitions. Finally, results also indicate that typically functioning adults maintain a robust ability for learning word-picture associations likely developed in childhood.

scholarly journals Designing a Model for the Relationship Between Marketing Activities and Organization Performance: Meta-Analysis on the Moderating Role of Research Topic Characteristics

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bagher Asgarnezhad Nouri ◽  
Ali Sanayei ◽  
Saeed Fathi ◽  
Ali Kazemi ◽  
Milad Soltani
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Research Topic ◽  
Performance Characteristics ◽  
Analysis Approach ◽  
Organization Performance ◽  
Moderating Variables ◽  
Marketing Activities ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The role of marketing in explaining firms’ business performance has received significant attention throughout the history of the marketing discipline. Over the past two decades, researchers have considerably enhanced the conceptual understanding of the role of marketing in enabling firms to create and sustain a competitive advantage. Recent advances in the marketing–performance interface have also begun to provide more empirical evidence of the impact of specific marketing activities and different types of marketing-related assets on firms’ performance. On the other side, results of studies in many academic fields that are conducted about a specific issue are usually confusing and contrasting. Meta-analysis is a research approach that helps the researcher to a large extent to identify the moderating variables in the results of previous studies. Despite various researches having been conducted, such contrast is also observed in the relationship between marketing activities and organization performance. Characteristics of the research topic can be referred to among the several reasons that have been mentioned for such divergence in similar studies. It was tried in the present survey to identify the role of moderating variables regarding the characteristics of the research topic in the relationship between marketing activities and organization performance using the meta-analysis approach. The results revealed that the moderating variables related to the characteristics of the research topic consisting of marketing activity indexes, organization performance indexes, researcher field and year of publication of the research have been led to a significant difference in the results of studies regarding the effect of marketing activities on performance of organizations.   Keywords: Marketing activities, Organization performance, Characteristics of research topic, Meta-analysis approach.

scholarly journals How Spatial Distance and Message Strategy in Cause-Related Marketing Ads Influence Consumers’ Ad Believability and Attitudes

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 6775
Author(s):  
Taemin Kim ◽  
Jeesun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Attitudes ◽  
Spatial Distance ◽  
Corporate Management ◽  
Moderating Variables ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Message Strategy ◽  
Cause Related Marketing ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Do So

Corporations have engaged in cause-related marketing (CRM) based on consumer expectations toward ethical and sustainable corporate management. However, it is equally important to understand how to do so effectively. The role of cause proximity has been examined as an important factor that determines the effectiveness of CRM messages. Limited research, however, has considered moderating variables in the context of cause proximity. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the interplay between cause proximity and message strategy on attitudes toward the ad and ad believability. Based on an experimental design, this study applies construal level theory to demonstrate the effect of a construal fit between the spatial distance of the cause and how the message is presented on consumer attitudes toward ads and ad believability. Results show that the effects of message strategy mattered only for the global CRM cause. Furthermore, the findings show a mediating role of ad believability between cause proximity and message strategy on attitude toward the ad. This study provides empirical evidence for the advantage of using abstract messages in maximizing consumer reactions such as attitudes and believability when addressing global causes in CRM ad campaigns. Specifically, it offers insights on the impact of a matched condition between the spatial distance of the cause and language abstractness in CRM advertising.

Loneliness at Work: Its Consequences and Role of Moderators

2020 ◽  
pp. 097215091989271
Author(s):  
Mamta Mohapatra ◽  
Poornima Madan ◽  
Shalini Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Support ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Middle Level ◽  
Psychological Well Being ◽  
Moderating Variables ◽  
Work Alienation ◽  
Northern India ◽  
The Impact

The study aims to identify the consequences of loneliness at work (LW) by studying the impact of moderating variables. Responses from 264 middle-level managers belonging to organizations in different sectors in the Delhi-NCR region of northern India were used for data analysis. The results reveal that LW has a positive and significant association with work alienation and a negative relationship with psychological well-being; a negative relationship is established between LW and perceived organizational support (POS); and a significant and negative relationship is established between LW and self-esteem. Furthermore, it validates that POS and SE moderate the relationship between LW, work alienation and psychological well-being. The findings of the study suggest that organizations need to inculcate a sense of belonging, camaraderie and attachment among employees to guard against LW.

Accounting for the Richness of Daily Activities

2009 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 1000-1008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathew P. White ◽  
Paul Dolan
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
Reconstruction Method ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Day Reconstruction Method ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Affective Component ◽  
Private Behavior ◽  
The Impact

Serious consideration is being given to the impact of private behavior and public policies on people's subjective well-being (SWB). A new approach to measuring well-being, the day reconstruction method (DRM), weights the affective component of daily activities by their duration in order to construct temporal aggregates. However, the DRM neglects the potentially important role of thoughts. By adapting this method to include thoughts as well as feelings, we provide perhaps the most comprehensive measure of SWB to date. We show that some activities relatively low in pleasure (e.g., work and time with children) are nonetheless thought of as rewarding and therefore contribute to overall SWB. Such information may be important to policymakers wishing to promote behaviors that are conducive to a broader conception of SWB.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF NON PERFORMING FINANCE (NPF), CAPITAL ADEQUACY RATIO (CAR), AND FINANCING DEPOSIT RATIO (FDR) TO RETURN ON ASSET (ROA) WITH DEPOSITOR FUNDS AS A MODERATING VARIABLE IN ISLAMIC BANKS

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 168
Author(s):  
Ahmad Syifa
Keyword(s):  
Positive Influence ◽  
Capital Adequacy ◽  
Test Analysis ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Moderating Variables ◽  
Capital Adequacy Ratio ◽  
The Social ◽  
Positive Score ◽  
The Impact

Return On Asset (ROA) is one of the profitability indicators, this study aimed to know the effect of several internal factors; non performing financing (NPF), capital adequacy ratio (CAR) and financing to deposit ratio (FDR) and depositors funds to Return on Asset (ROA) in Islamic commercial bank in Indonesia. This study uses a sensus method from January 2009 to December 2015. Testing the hypothesis in this study is done by using multiple linier regression test analysis and test interaction moderated regression analysis (MRA) by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 23. Result of this research hypothesis show that in the model seen a significant influence on non performing financingand capital adequacy ratio to ROA with probability value (sig-t) 0,000 lowerthan 0,05, and the value of coefficient regression are -0,349 and -0,114 with negative score, it means that if NPF or CAR increase it can make ROAdecreasing. The result of third hypothesis shows that FDR has significantinfluence to ROA with probability value (sig-t) 0,019 lower than 0,05 and the value of coefficient regression is 0,028, it means that FDR has positive influence to ROA. This study also demonstrates the role of moderating variables that can be seen from the result of fourth until sixth hypothesis testing that significantly influence to ROA with probability value (sig-t) score 0,000, 0,022 and 0,003 lower than 0,05 and have coefficient regression value equal 1,029, 0,391 and 0,073 with positive score. Statistical of F test shows that Fcal equal to 24,053 while F table at 0,846, so that F cal > F table. It means that independent variablessuch as NPF, CAR, FDR, and DPK significantly influence to Return on Asset.

The effect of workplace bullying on burnout: the mediating role of affective well-being

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Neuza Ribeiro ◽  
Ana Suzete Semedo ◽  
Daniel Gomes ◽  
Rita Bernardino ◽  
Sharda Singh
Keyword(s):  
Workplace Bullying ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Moderating Variables ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose This study aims to examine the impact of workplace bullying on employees’ burnout by investigating the mediating effect of affective well-being (AWB). Design/methodology/approach Data of 532 employees from diverse organizations in Portugal were collected. These data were collected using anonymously completed structured questionnaires available online. Findings The results support the research hypotheses proposed, confirming that workplace bullying is related to both AWB and burnout. Moreover, affective workplace bullying partially mediates the relationship between workplace bullying and burnout, indicating that the victims have their AWB reduced, and, consequently, increase their burnout levels. Practical implications The findings suggest that organizations can foster employees’ AWB and reduce the level of burnout by encouraging organizations to develop preventive policies and practices to safeguard against bullying at work. Originality/value To this date, only a few studies have examined mediating and moderating variables (Nielsen and Einersen, 2018) and none include AWB as a mediator of the relationship between workplace bullying and burnout. This study answers the call for further empirical research from those who have argued that more information is needed to understand the workplace bullying phenomenon and contributes to the growing debate on this topic and its effects on employees.

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