Public health is low priority in Central Europe

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Health Spending ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
East European

East European OECD countries underperform on life expectancy, premature death and health risks; health spending is lower

scholarly journals Are Wealthy Countries Always Healthy? Health Outcomes and Public Health Spending Nexus in Nigeria

SAGE Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 215824402110407
Author(s):  
Anthony Orji ◽  
Jonathan E. Ogbuabor ◽  
Peter N. Mba ◽  
Onyinye I. Anthony-Orji
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Health Spending ◽  
Adequate Funding ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the eight most populous nation in the world. She is currently the largest economy in Africa. Nigeria is considered to be relatively wealthy in terms of oil reserves; however, the level of poverty is still very high because of corruption and mismanagement. This study investigates the impact of public health expenditure on health outcomes in Nigeria, 1985–2019. Empirical results from the Classical Regression Analysis reveal that health expenditure by the government reduces under-5 mortality rate significantly and improves life expectancy. Furthermore, immunization against measles was found to reduce under-5 mortality rate, while prevalence of HIV reduces life expectancy. The study therefore recommends that there is need for government expenditure on health to be targeted at areas that will improve health outcomes significantly. With adequate funding and proper monitoring, a resource-abundant nation like Nigeria, can become healthier. However, if this is not done, the wealthy may not be healthy after all.

Strengthening of occupational health promotion by the German Prevention Health Care Act

2019 ◽  
pp. 188-190
Author(s):  
Diana Hart
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Health Promotion ◽  
Primary Prevention ◽  
Occupational Health ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Occupational Health Promotion ◽  
And Control

All countries are faced with the problem of the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases (NCD): implement prevention strategies eff ectively, keep up the momentum with long term benefi ts at the individual and the population level, at the same time tackling hea lth inequalities. Th e aff ordability of therapy and care including innovative therapies is going to be one of the key public health priorities in the years to come. Germany has taken in the prevention and control of NCDs. Germany’s health system has a long history of guaranteeing access to high-quality treatment through universal health care coverage. Th r ough their membership people are entitled to prevention and care services maintaining and restoring their health as well as long term follow-up. Like in many other countries general life expectancy has been increasing steadily in Germany. Currently, the average life expectancy is 83 and 79 years in women and men, respectively. Th e other side of the coin is that population aging is strongly associated with a growing burden of disease from NCDs. Already over 70 percent of all deaths in Germany are caused by four disease entities: cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic respiratory disease and diabetes. Th ese diseases all share four common risk factors: smoking, alcohol abuse, lack of physical activity and overweight. At the same time, more and more people become long term survivors of disease due to improved therapy and care. Th e German Government and public health decision makers are aware of the need for action and have responded by initiating and implementing a wide spectrum of activities. One instrument by strengthening primary prevention is the Prevention Health Care Act. Its overarching aim is to prevent NCDs before they can manifest themselves by strengthening primary prevention and health promotion in diff erent sett ings. One of the main emphasis of the Prevention Health Care Act is the occupational health promotion at the workplace.

Global Development, Global Public Health, and Ethics

2019 ◽  
pp. 819-829
Author(s):  
Gerald Bloom ◽  
Hayley MacGregor
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Global Development ◽  
Government Responsibility ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Present Context

Rapid development has brought significant economic and health benefits, but it has also exposed populations to new health risks. Public health as a scientific discipline and major government responsibility developed during the nineteenth century to help mitigate these risks. Public health actions need to take into account large inequalities in the benefits and harms associated with development between countries, between social groups, and between generations. This is especially important in the present context of very rapid change. It is important to acknowledge the global nature of the challenges people face and the need to involve countries with different cultures and historical legacies in arriving at consensus on an ethical basis for global cooperation in addressing these challenges. This chapter provides an analysis of these issues, using examples on the management of health risks associated with global development and rapid urbanization and on the emergence of organisms that are resistant to antibiotics.

scholarly journals Joint analysis of the magnetic field and Total Gradient Intensity in Central Europe

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurizio Milano ◽  
Maurizio Fedi ◽  
J. Derek Fairhead
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Joint Analysis ◽  
East European ◽  
Long Wavelength ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Total Gradient ◽  
Synthetic Models ◽  
The Magnetic Field ◽  
Different Altitudes

Abstract. In the European region, the magnetic field at satellite altitudes (~ 350 km) is mainly defined by a long-wavelength magnetic-low called here the Central Europe Magnetic Low (CEML), located to the southwest of the Trans European Suture Zone (TESZ). We studied this area by a joint analysis of the magnetic and total gradient (∇T) anomaly maps, for a range of different altitudes of 5 km, 100 km and 350 km. Tests on synthetic models showed the usefulness of the joint analysis at various altitudes to identify reverse dipolar anomalies and to characterize areas in which magnetization is weak. By this way we identified areas where either reversely or normally magnetized sources are locally dominant. At a European scale these anomalies are sparse, with a low degree of coalescence effect. The ∇T map indeed presents generally small values within the CEML area, indicating that the Palaeozoic Platform is weakly magnetized. At 350 km altitude, the TESZ effect is largely dominant: with intense ∇T highs above the East European Craton (EEC) and very small values above the Palaeozoic Platform, this again denoting a weakly magnetized crust. Small coalescence effects are masked by the trend of the TESZ. Although we identified sparsely located reversely magnetized sources in the Palaeozoic Platform of the CEML, the joint analysis does not support a model of a generally reversely magnetized crust. Instead, our analysis strongly favors the hypothesis that the CEML anomaly is mainly caused by a sharp contrast between the magnetic properties of EEC and Palaeozoic Platform.

scholarly journals Designer Benzodiazepines: A Review of Toxicology and Public Health Risks

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 560
Author(s):  
Pietro Brunetti ◽  
Raffaele Giorgetti ◽  
Adriano Tagliabracci ◽  
Marilyn A. Huestis ◽  
Francesco Paolo Busardò
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Adverse Events ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Drug Market ◽  
Driving Under The Influence ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
Public Health Risks ◽  
Drug Offense ◽  
Legal Sanctions ◽  
Designer Benzodiazepines

The rising use of designer benzodiazepines (DBZD) is a cat-and-mouse game between organized crime and law enforcement. Non-prohibited benzodiazepines are introduced onto the global drug market and scheduled as rapidly as possible by international authorities. In response, DBZD are continuously modified to avoid legal sanctions and drug seizures and generally to increase the abuse potential of the DBZD. This results in an unpredictable fluctuation between the appearance and disappearance of DBZD in the illicit market. Thirty-one DBZD were considered for review after consulting the international early warning database, but only 3-hydroxyphenazepam, adinazolam, clonazolam, etizolam, deschloroetizolam, diclazepam, flualprazolam, flubromazepam, flubromazolam, meclonazepam, phenazepam and pyrazolam had sufficient data to contribute to this scoping review. A total of 49 reports describing 1 drug offense, 2 self-administration studies, 3 outpatient department admissions, 44 emergency department (ED) admissions, 63 driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) and 141 deaths reported between 2008 and 2021 are included in this study. Etizolam, flualprazolam flubromazolam and phenazepam were implicated in the majority of adverse-events, drug offenses and deaths. However, due to a general lack of knowledge of DBZD pharmacokinetics and toxicity, and due to a lack of validated analytical methods, total cases are much likely higher. Between 2019 and April 2020, DBZD were identified in 48% and 83% of postmortem and DUID cases reported to the UNODC, respectively, with flualprazolam, flubromazolam and etizolam as the most frequently detected substances. DBZD toxicology, public health risks and adverse events are reported.

Metal Contamination of Oman Sea Seaweed and Its Associated Public Health Risks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elham Shahri ◽  
Mohammad Hossein Sayadi ◽  
Elham Yousefi ◽  
Mozhgan Savabieasfehani
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Metal Contamination ◽  
Public Health Risks ◽  
Oman Sea

scholarly journals The Determinants of Telehealth Provision: Empirical Evidence from OECD Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (16) ◽  
pp. 8288
Author(s):  
Fuhmei Wang ◽  
Jung-Der Wang
Keyword(s):  
Health Services ◽  
Health Spending ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Telehealth Service ◽  
Increase Productivity ◽  
Number Of Individuals ◽  
Health And Well Being

Health services provided through the telecommunications system aim to improve the population’s health and well-being. This research aims to explore what digital, economic, and health factors are associated with the provision of telehealth services, especially in ageing communities. Applying Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries’ experiences, this research tries to construct a logistic regression model between adopting a telehealth system or not, a binary outcome variable, and a group of potentially explanatory variables. Estimation results showed that there were thresholds for telehealth provision: The demand for telehealth service usually began when the provision of telecommunication accessibility reached 50%, the proportion of elders exceeded 10%, or the proportion of health spending occupied more than 3–5% of the gross domestic product (GDP); the slope of each variable seemed to correspond with an increase in demand for such a provision. A growing number of individuals in OECD countries are now readily served by telehealth systems under the COVID-19 pandemic. These findings could be regarded as a model for other countries for implementing the necessary infrastructure early on when any of these parameters reaches its threshold. Moreover, telehealth applied in developing countries could be elevated for wider populations to access basic health services and for the remote delivery of health care. A rational decision could be made to appropriately use additional resources in telehealth provision. With accessible e-health services, the population’s health could be improved, which in turn would possibly increase productivity and social welfare.

scholarly journals Health Impacts of Urban Bicycling in Mexico

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2300
Author(s):  
David Rojas-Rueda
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
Health Impacts ◽  
Traffic Fatalities ◽  
Premature Deaths ◽  
Air Pollution Exposure ◽  
Pollution Exposure

Background: Bicycling has been associated with health benefits. Local and national authorities have been promoting bicycling as a tool to improve public health and the environment. Mexico is one of the largest Latin American countries, with high levels of sedentarism and non-communicable diseases. No previous studies have estimated the health impacts of Mexico’s national bicycling scenarios. Aim: Quantify the health impacts of Mexico urban bicycling scenarios. Methodology: Quantitative Health Impact Assessment, estimating health risks and benefits of bicycling scenarios in 51,718,756 adult urban inhabitants in Mexico (between 20 and 64 years old). Five bike scenarios were created based on current bike trends in Mexico. The number of premature deaths (increased or reduced) was estimated in relation to physical activity, road traffic fatalities, and air pollution. Input data were collected from national publicly available data sources from transport, environment, health and population reports, and surveys, in addition to scientific literature. Results: We estimated that nine premature deaths are prevented each year among urban populations in Mexico on the current car-bike substitution and trip levels (1% of bike trips), with an annual health economic benefit of US $1,897,920. If Mexico achieves similar trip levels to those reported in The Netherlands (27% of bike trips), 217 premature deaths could be saved annually, with an economic impact of US $45,760,960. In all bicycling scenarios assessed in Mexico, physical activity’s health benefits outweighed the health risks related to traffic fatalities and air pollution exposure. Conclusion: The study found that bicycling promotion in Mexico would provide important health benefits. The benefits of physical activity outweigh the risk from traffic fatalities and air pollution exposure in bicyclists. At the national level, Mexico could consider using sustainable transport policies as a tool to promote public health. Specifically, the support of active transportation through bicycling and urban design improvements could encourage physical activity and its health co-benefits.

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