A Survey On Road Crack Detection Techniques

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharmad Bhat ◽  
Saish Naik ◽  
Mandar Gaonkar ◽  
Pradnya Sawant ◽  
Shailendra Aswale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crack Detection ◽  
Detection Techniques

scholarly journals An Automatic Concrete Crack-Detection Method Fusing Point Clouds and Images Based on Improved Otsu’s Algorithm

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1581
Author(s):  
Xiaolong Chen ◽  
Jian Li ◽  
Shuowen Huang ◽  
Hao Cui ◽  
Peirong Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crack Detection ◽  
Detection Method ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Depth Image ◽  
Detection Accuracy ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Concrete Crack ◽  
3D Point Clouds ◽  
2D Images

Cracks are one of the main distresses that occur on concrete surfaces. Traditional methods for detecting cracks based on two-dimensional (2D) images can be hampered by stains, shadows, and other artifacts, while various three-dimensional (3D) crack-detection techniques, using point clouds, are less affected in this regard but are limited by the measurement accuracy of the 3D laser scanner. In this study, we propose an automatic crack-detection method that fuses 3D point clouds and 2D images based on an improved Otsu algorithm, which consists of the following four major procedures. First, a high-precision registration of a depth image projected from 3D point clouds and 2D images is performed. Second, pixel-level image fusion is performed, which fuses the depth and gray information. Third, a rough crack image is obtained from the fusion image using the improved Otsu method. Finally, the connected domain labeling and morphological methods are used to finely extract the cracks. Experimentally, the proposed method was tested at multiple scales and with various types of concrete crack. The results demonstrate that the proposed method can achieve an average precision of 89.0%, recall of 84.8%, and F1 score of 86.7%, performing significantly better than the single image (average F1 score of 67.6%) and single point cloud (average F1 score of 76.0%) methods. Accordingly, the proposed method has high detection accuracy and universality, indicating its wide potential application as an automatic method for concrete-crack detection.

Characterize Rail Crack Pattern Through Image Analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan DeVine ◽  
Yu Qian ◽  
Yi Wang ◽  
Shaofeng Wang ◽  
Dimitris Rizos
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Crack Detection ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Vertical Direction ◽  
Safety Requirements ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Rail Head ◽  
Length Direction ◽  
Filtering Technique

Abstract Railway provides more than 40% of the freight ton-miles moved in the U.S. each year, surpassing all other modes of transportation. In addition to moving more tonnage farther than other modes, trains have better fuel efficiency than trucks and airplanes due to the low friction between the wheels and the rails. With traffic accumulation, rails will degrade which may lead to different types of defects, including but not limited to spalling, separation, crack, and corrugation. Rail head fissures or surface crack is often associated with rolling fatigue and must be addressed through grinding or other maintenance activities to restore the smooth-running surface. This ensures the riding conforms to operational safety requirements. The growth pattern of rail surface cracks has not been thoroughly understood or well-quantified yet due to the difficulties of rail crack inspection and insufficient data. This paper presents a study that uses image analysis techniques to detect and quantify cracks in images of rail segments that were taken in the field. Various crack detection techniques were tested and compared with visual inspection, including thresholding, edge detection, and bottom-hat filtering. The crack length, direction, and curvature were also quantified with each approach. Cracks were found to grow not perpendicular to the rail head, but with a certain angle from the vertical direction and relatively evenly distributed along the rail. The bottom-hat filtering technique was found to be the best in terms of accuracy among the methods tested in this study. The results from the study fill the gap of the literature by quantitatively characterizing the rail crack growth pattern and helping to identify possible approaches for future autonomous crack detection.

Laser ultrasonic monitoring of reversible/irreversible modification of a real crack under photothermal loading

2020 ◽  
pp. 147592172091516
Author(s):  
Chen-Yin Ni ◽  
Jin-Chao LV ◽  
Yue-Ying Zhang ◽  
Hai-Yan He ◽  
Xi-Feng Xia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Waves ◽  
Crack Detection ◽  
Optical Measurement ◽  
Mode Conversion ◽  
Surface Acoustic Waves ◽  
Equilibrium Temperature ◽  
Laser Ultrasonics ◽  
Loading Cycle ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Significant Difference

We study the responses of laser-generated acoustic waves to localized reversible/irreversible modifications of microscopic asperities on crack surfaces during crack closure, which is an essential process in nonlinear photoacoustic/photothermal crack detection techniques. Our laser ultrasonics technique involves optical measurement of the transmission and mode conversion of the laser-generated surface acoustic waves caused by the crack. Reversible/irreversible modifications of asperities can be achieved via non-contact photothermal loading of the crack. Three photothermal loading cycles were realized in individual succession and were monitored using the laser ultrasonics technique at various experimental locations along the crack. In our experiments, each photothermal loading cycle includes multiple successive subcycles, in which the material is first heated and then cooled to its equilibrium temperature, thereby initiating local closing, followed by opening of the crack. Each subcycle is monitored twice using the laser ultrasonics technique, once each at the end of heating and cooling. Furthermore, each successive subcycle is accomplished at a higher power of heating laser than that of the previous subcycle. Significant differences in the peak-to-peak amplitude of the surface skimming longitudinal acoustic wave, which is excited by mode conversion of the Rayleigh wave by the crack, are revealed during the first cycle of photothermal loading. These differences clearly indicate a partial irreversibility of the mechanical processes occurring in the crack surfaces during subcycles of the first cycle. In a larger temporal scale, irreversible modification of crack surfaces is observed from the significant difference between the experimental results of the first photothermal loading cycle and the subsequent two cycles, whereas a reversible response of the crack surface to thermoelastic loading is observed from the similarity of the measurements accumulated during the two subsequent cycles.

scholarly journals Crack Detection in Folded Plates With Back-Propagated Artificial Neural Network

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Can Gonenli ◽  
Oguzhan Das ◽  
Duygu Bagci Das
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Artificial Neural Network ◽  
Damage Detection ◽  
Crack Detection ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Engineering Structures ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Detection Model ◽  
Artificial Neural ◽  
Destructive Methods

Abstract Engineering structures may face various damages such as crack, delamination, and fatigue in several circumstances. Localizing such damages becomes essential to understand the health of the structures since they may not be able to operate anymore. Among the damage detection techniques, non-destructive methods are considerably more preferred than destructive methods since damage can be located without affecting the structural integrity. However, these methods have several drawbacks in terms of detecting abilities, time consumption, cost, and hardware or software requirements. Employing artificial intelligence techniques could overcome such issues and could provide a powerful damage detection model if the technique is utilized correctly. In this study, the crack localization in flat and folded plate structures has been conducted by employing a Back-propagated Artificial Neural Network (BPANN). For this purpose, cracks with 18 different dimensions have been modeled in flat and four different folded structures by utilizing the Finite Element Method. The dataset required to perform the crack localization procedure includes the first ten natural frequencies of all structures as input variables. As output variables, the dataset contains a total of 500 crack locations for five structures. It is concluded that the BPANN can localize all cracks with an average accuracy of 95.12%.

Lifetime Model for the Fatigue Fracture in Cu/Al2O3/Cu Composites: Experimental Validation of a Substantial Lifetime Enhancement by Cu Step Etching

2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Gaiser ◽  
Markus Klingler ◽  
Jürgen Wilde
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Fracture ◽  
Crack Detection ◽  
Experimental Validation ◽  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Power Device ◽  
Power Electronic ◽  
Fem Simulations ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Lifetime Model

Abstract Direct bonded copper (DBC) alumina (Al2O3) substrates are used in power electronic devices in order to transfer the heat from semiconductor devices to the heat sink and to carry high electric currents. Fatigue-induced cracks in the ceramic result in a diminished heat dissipation, leading to failure of a power device. Hence, a lifetime model concerning this failure mode is necessary. In this paper, a new lifetime model including crack initiation as well as crack propagation for the fatigue fracture of Al2O3-based DBC substrates is presented. It is based on experimental crack detection techniques and finite element method (FEM) simulations including fracture mechanics. For the validation of the lifetime model, experiments are presented which show that by appropriate design of the copper edge, the lifetime of the substrates is increased substantially.

Threshold Geometrical Dimensions of Stage II Cracks Versus Required Resolution of Crack-Detection Techniques

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weixing Chen ◽  
Jiaxi Zhao ◽  
Karina Chevil ◽  
Erwin Gamboa ◽  
Bersi Alvarado
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Crack Growth Rate ◽  
Crack Growth ◽  
Crack Detection ◽  
Detection Limits ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Stage Ii ◽  
Pipeline Steels ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Geometrical Dimensions

Environmental-assisted cracks in pipeline steels usually undergo the following three sequential stages prior to the failure: • Stage 1 – crack initiation and early stage crack growth, in which cracks initiate at imperfections but grow slowly depth-wise with time. Crack length may be seen to increase either because of merging with new small cracks in the vicinity of an existing crack or faster crack growth at the crack tip. Some cracks pose little threat to pipeline steel integrity if they remain dormant. • Stage 2 – Increased crack growth rate where crack growth can be dictated by mechanical driving forces and crack growth rate increases with time. • Stage 3 – The final stage of crack growth where crack growth rate is very high. Typical crack management programs mitigate cracks prior to entering Stage III. It is of great importance that pipeline steels with Stage II cracks are detected, monitored, and managed to ensure operational pipeline integrity. Although a range of crack in-line inspection and detection techniques with varied detection limits are available, it is not clear how their detection limits match the threshold geometrical dimensions of Stage 2-cracks. This investigation is aimed to define critical geometrical dimensions of cracks that are considered to be Stage 2 cracks. The determination of critical geometrical dimensions of Stage 2 cracks was made with a consideration of a wide range of situations including pipeline operating conditions, susceptible environments for crack growth, metallurgical, fabrication and construction conditions of pipeline steels. A comparison of the threshold geometrical dimensions of Stage 2 cracks with the crack detection limits of modern crack inspection and detection techniques are made at the end of the paper.

Monitoring of aircraft landing gear structure

2008 ◽  
Vol 112 (1131) ◽  
pp. 275-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Crack Detection ◽  
Landing Gear ◽  
Structural Monitoring ◽  
Monitoring Systems ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Detection Systems ◽  
The Past ◽  
Aircraft Landing ◽  
Aircraft Landing Gear ◽  
Load Monitoring

Abstract Landing gear structure is developed predominantly using safe life design criteria. Health monitoring and structural prognosis techniques for landing gear cannot focus on crack detection; techniques for determining input loads and calculating damage or methods for directly measuring material damage must be employed. This paper will discuss Messier-Dowty’s research into structural monitoring over the past several years. Principally, direct damage detection systems and load monitoring systems will be discussed.

Paper 17: Diagnosis of Service Failures

1969 ◽  
Vol 184 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Field ◽  
D. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Crack Detection ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Service Failures ◽  
Secondary Damage ◽  
Service Conditions ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Inspection Techniques ◽  
Better Than

The importance of correct diagnosis is explained, and reasons given why primary failure may have to be isolated from secondary damage. The importance of prior information on design, manufacture, and service conditions is discussed, and also how much information is often yielded from a close inspection of the failed components, by eye and with the aid of optical and electron microscopes. The need for careful cleaning of fracture surfaces is stressed. Cases when metallographical investigation, mechanical tests, and chemical analysis may be required are considered, and occasions when crack detection techniques may be useful. Types of failure are listed, with causes and examples. As prevention is better than cure, inspection techniques useful in the diagnosis of impending failure are described.

scholarly journals Detection of Cracks in Rotating Shafts by Using the Combination Resonances Approach and the Approximated Entropy Algorithm

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Nicoletti ◽  
Aldemir A. Cavalini ◽  
Valder Steffen
Keyword(s):  
Crack Detection ◽  
Data Series ◽  
Transverse Cracks ◽  
Rotating System ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Rotating Machine ◽  
Rotating Systems ◽  
Nonlinear Approach ◽  
Vibration Responses ◽  
Rotating Shafts

Shaft crack detection is a very serious matter and machines suspected of having a crack must be treated carefully. The importance attributed to this problem is addressed due to the serious consequences when cracks are not early detected in rotating systems. Various crack detection techniques were proposed in the last years, in which the vibration based techniques have demonstrated being efficient. However, these techniques fail for the cases in which incipient cracks are concerned. Recently, a nonlinear approach to detect cracks in rotating shafts was presented. The idea is to excite the shaft by using a harmonic force to induce combination resonances in the system. If the combination resonances appear in the vibration responses of the rotating system, the presence of cracks is confirmed. However, this methodology demonstrated being effective in detecting only deep cracks. In this context, the uniqueness of this paper relies on the possibility of detecting incipient transverse cracks in rotating shafts by associating the combination resonances approach with the so-called Approximated Entropy algorithm (ApEn algorithm). ApEn is a statistical value used to quantify irregularities in data series. Patterns and correspondences between samples of the same series are searched to detect anomalies. Considering that the combination resonances change the pattern of the shaft vibration responses, the ApEn algorithm can be used to highlight the presence of such resonances and, consequently, the detection of incipient cracks. The proposed approach was numerically evaluated by considering a horizontal rotating machine. A preliminary experimental investigation is also presented. The results demonstrated the efficiency of the conveyed methodology.

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