scholarly journals Predicting future object states using learned affordances

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emre Ugur ◽  
Erol Sahin ◽  
Erhan Oztop
Keyword(s):  
Future Object

scholarly journals Natural hypothalamic circuit dynamics underlying object memorization

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christin Kosse ◽  
Denis Burdakov
Keyword(s):  
Closed Loop ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Memory Disorders ◽  
Natural Object ◽  
Time Activity ◽  
Object Memory ◽  
Melanin Concentrating Hormone ◽  
Memory Acquisition ◽  
Future Object ◽  
The Brain

SummaryMemorizing encountered objects is fundamental for normal life, but the underlying natural brain activity remains poorly understood. The hypothalamus is historically implicated in memory disorders, but whether and how its endogenous real-time activity affects object memorization remains unknown. We found that upon self-initiated object encounters, hypothalamic melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons emit dynamic, object-encounter-associated signals encoding object novelty. Optosilencing of these signals, performed in closed-loop with object encounters selectively during object memory acquisition, prevented the ability to recognize the previously encountered objects. Optogenetic and chemogenetic connectivity analyses demonstrated that local GAD65 neurons form an inhibitory GAD65→MCH microcircuit that controls the object-encounter-associated MCH cell signals. GAD65 cell optosilencing during object memory acquisition enhanced future object recognition through MCH-receptor-dependent pathways. These results provide causal evidence that natural, object-associated signals in genetically-distinct but interacting hypothalamic neurons differentially control whether the brain forms object memories.

scholarly journals Is Visual Creativity Embodied? Thinking Aloud While Performing the Creative Mental Synthesis Task

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 455
Author(s):  
Massimiliano Palmiero ◽  
Laura Piccardi
Keyword(s):  
Mental Representations ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Verbal Protocols ◽  
Thinking Aloud ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Spatial Transformations ◽  
Motor Processes ◽  
Specific Category ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Future Object

Over time, the view that creativity is embodied has emerged. In order to explore if visual creativity is supported by embodied mechanisms, the simulation approach was used as a framework of reference. The idea that visual creativity relies on mental representations that implement motor processes was faced. Participants were instructed to think aloud while carrying out the Creative Mental Synthesis Task, which allows to form pre-inventive structures and interpret them according to a specific category. Two independent judges scored verbal protocols in terms of the number of motor, spatial, and visual thoughts reported during the pre-inventive and inventive phases, and also evaluated the final objects according to originality and appropriateness. Originality was predicted positively by inventive motor thoughts and by pre-inventive spatial thoughts, but negatively by inventive spatial thoughts; appropriateness was only predicted by inventive visual thoughts. These results suggest that actions for future object utilization were simulated while interpreting pre-inventive structures, increasing originality of objects. In addition, spatial transformations are useful to construct the pre-inventive structures, but not to interpret them. Yet, thinking of the pictorial details of the object is also essential to classify it in a given category. Limitations and future research directions are discussed.

Anchoring and Adjustment With Spatial Uncertainty in Trajectory Prediction

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 1605-1609 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Herdener ◽  
Christopher D. Wickens ◽  
Benjamin A. Clegg ◽  
C. A. P. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Prediction ◽  
Spatial Uncertainty ◽  
Trajectory Prediction ◽  
Anchoring And Adjustment ◽  
Visual Spatial ◽  
Future Behavior ◽  
Spatial Domains ◽  
Future Object ◽  
Uncertainty Information

Anchoring and adjustment is a prevalent heuristic, common in a range of settings and decisions. While it is well studied using values, there has been limited research on its function in visual-spatial domains. The present study explored the role of anchoring and adjustment with visual displays containing uncertainty information related to spatial prediction. Participants were given a graphical briefing to anchor them on accurate, inaccurate, or no information regarding the future behavior of an object (both its average behavior and the variance in behavior). They then made predictions of future object location and estimated its likelihood at multiple locations. Overall individuals utilized the anchoring information and were able to adjust to incorrect anchors. However, individuals vastly overestimated the likelihood the object would be at any given location, suggesting that they were not anchored on the variance.

scholarly journals Deep Attention Models for Human Tracking Using RGBD

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryamsadat Rasoulidanesh ◽  
Srishti Yadav ◽  
Sachini Herath ◽  
Yasaman Vaghei ◽  
Shahram Payandeh
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Information ◽  
The State ◽  
Appearance Model ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Object Appearance ◽  
Challenging Environment ◽  
Tracking Model ◽  
Robust Adaptive ◽  
Future Object

Visual tracking performance has long been limited by the lack of better appearance models. These models fail either where they tend to change rapidly, like in motion-based tracking, or where accurate information of the object may not be available, like in color camouflage (where background and foreground colors are similar). This paper proposes a robust, adaptive appearance model which works accurately in situations of color camouflage, even in the presence of complex natural objects. The proposed model includes depth as an additional feature in a hierarchical modular neural framework for online object tracking. The model adapts to the confusing appearance by identifying the stable property of depth between the target and the surrounding object(s). The depth complements the existing RGB features in scenarios when RGB features fail to adapt, hence becoming unstable over a long duration of time. The parameters of the model are learned efficiently in the Deep network, which consists of three modules: (1) The spatial attention layer, which discards the majority of the background by selecting a region containing the object of interest; (2) the appearance attention layer, which extracts appearance and spatial information about the tracked object; and (3) the state estimation layer, which enables the framework to predict future object appearance and location. Three different models were trained and tested to analyze the effect of depth along with RGB information. Also, a model is proposed to utilize only depth as a standalone input for tracking purposes. The proposed models were also evaluated in real-time using KinectV2 and showed very promising results. The results of our proposed network structures and their comparison with the state-of-the-art RGB tracking model demonstrate that adding depth significantly improves the accuracy of tracking in a more challenging environment (i.e., cluttered and camouflaged environments). Furthermore, the results of depth-based models showed that depth data can provide enough information for accurate tracking, even without RGB information.

scholarly journals Confidence Sets for Statistical Classification (II): Exact Confidence Sets

Stats ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 439-446
Author(s):  
Wei Liu ◽  
Frank Bretz ◽  
Anthony J. Hayter
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Statistical Classification ◽  
Confidence Set ◽  
Confidence Sets ◽  
Single Class ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Future Object ◽  
Critical Constant ◽  
Better Than

Classification has applications in a wide range of fields including medicine, engineering, computer science and social sciences among others. Liu et al. (2019) proposed a confidence-set-based classifier that classifies a future object into a single class only when there is enough evidence to warrant this, and into several classes otherwise. By allowing classification of an object into possibly more than one class, this classifier guarantees a pre-specified proportion of correct classification among all future objects. However, the classifier uses a conservative critical constant. In this paper, we show how to determine the exact critical constant in applications where prior knowledge about the proportions of the future objects from each class is available. As the exact critical constant is smaller than the conservative critical constant given by Liu et al. (2019), the classifier using the exact critical constant is better than the classifier by Liu et al. (2019) as expected. An example is provided to illustrate the method.

scholarly journals Confidence Sets for Statistical Classification

Stats ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 332-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Liu ◽  
Frank Bretz ◽  
Natchalee Srimaneekarn ◽  
Jianan Peng ◽  
Anthony J. Hayter
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Set ◽  
Unknown Parameters ◽  
Confidence Sets ◽  
Single Class ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Desirable Feature ◽  
Point Estimator ◽  
Point Estimators ◽  
Future Object

Classification has applications in a wide range of fields including medicine, engineering, computer science and social sciences among others. In statistical terms, classification is inference about the unknown parameters, i.e., the true classes of future objects. Hence, various standard statistical approaches can be used, such as point estimators, confidence sets and decision theoretic approaches. For example, a classifier that classifies a future object as belonging to only one of several known classes is a point estimator. The purpose of this paper is to propose a confidence-set-based classifier that classifies a future object into a single class only when there is enough evidence to warrant this, and into several classes otherwise. By allowing classification of an object into possibly more than one class, this classifier guarantees a pre-specified proportion of correct classification among all future objects. An example is provided to illustrate the method, and a simulation study is included to highlight the desirable feature of the method.

scholarly journals Attention driven phantom vision: measuring the sensory strength of attentional templates and their relation to visual mental imagery and aphantasia

2020 ◽  
Vol 376 (1817) ◽  
pp. 20190688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Keogh ◽  
Joel Pearson
Keyword(s):  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Binocular Rivalry ◽  
Visual Imagery ◽  
Special Population ◽  
Simulation Tool ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
External Stimulation ◽  
Feature Based ◽  
Future Object ◽  
The Relationship

When we search for an object in an array or anticipate attending to a future object, we create an ‘attentional template' of the object. The definitions of attentional templates and visual imagery share many similarities as well as many of the same neural characteristics. However, the phenomenology of these attentional templates and their neural similarities to visual imagery and perception are rarely, if ever discussed. Here, we investigate the relationship between these two forms of non-retinal phantom vision through the use of the binocular rivalry technique, which allows us to measure the sensory strength of attentional templates in the absence of concurrent perceptual stimuli. We find that attentional templates correlate with both feature-based attention and visual imagery. Attentional templates, like imagery, were significantly disrupted by the presence of irrelevant visual stimuli, while feature-based attention was not. We also found that a special population who lack the ability to visualize (aphantasia), showed evidence of feature-based attention when measured using the binocular rivalry paradigm, but not attentional templates. Taken together, these data suggest functional similarities between attentional templates and visual imagery, advancing the theory of visual imagery as a general simulation tool used across cognition. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Offline perception: voluntary and spontaneous perceptual experiences without matching external stimulation’.

scholarly journals Prospects for protection and protection of the rights of investors in residential real estate: judicial and extrajudicial means

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
pp. 103-107
Author(s):  
G. Ya. Tripulsky
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
Residential Real Estate ◽  
Investment Activity ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Future ◽  
Future Object ◽  
State Registration

The main concepts of the mechanism of regulation of guarantees of protection of the rights of investors of residential real estate were considered in the article. The current state of legal regulation of investors' rights is analyzed and it is established that the existing legal definitions create a «blurred» legal field, which is the basis for abuse in this area. The existing opinion in the scientific literature on the existence of general and special legislation in the field of regulation of the rights of investors in residential real estate is supported. It is established that the draft Law of Ukraine «On guaranteeing property rights to real estate to be built in the future» belongs to the special legislation and, subject to its adoption, will be the main source that structures the «blurred» and broad legislative field presented in special legislation only by the Laws of Ukraine «On investment activity» and «On state registration of real rights to immovable property and their encumbrances». The analysis of foreign investment and other features of investment is left out of this scientific article, as the aim was to study the existing and future guarantees of residential real estate investors' rights under the draft Law of Ukraine «On guaranteeing real rights to real estate to be constructed in the future». Some novelties of the bill are analyzed, in particular the form of the transaction concerning the future real estate object, its essential conditions and it is established that the bill strengthens guarantees of the rights of investors of residential real estate, that introduces the obligatory form of such contracts - purchase, sale. The novelties of such an agreement, in particular, will be mandatory information on the legal grounds for the acquisition of ownership by the developer of land ownership; guaranteeing the first sale of the future real estate, guaranteeing the absence of third party rights to the future real estate. Taking into account the provisions of general legislation, in particular, the provisions of the Civil Code of Ukraine on contracts, it is established that the contract is concluded only after the parties agree on all material terms, so consolidating these novelties as essential terms of the contract will prevent double sale of future object real estate.

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