Instantaneous single-phase system power demonstration using virtual two phase theory

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Branislav Dobrucky ◽  
Michal Pokorny ◽  
Mariana Benova
Keyword(s):  
Single Phase ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Phase Theory ◽  
System Power

On the Problem of “Two-Phase” Activated Sludge

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 59-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Szetela
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Single Phase ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Process ◽  
Sludge Stabilization ◽  
Technological Advantage ◽  
In Series ◽  
State Models ◽  
Activated Sludge Systems

Steady-state models are presented to describe the wastewater treatment process in two activated sludge systems. One of these makes use of a single complete-mix reactor; the other one involves two complete-mix reactors arranged in series. The in-series system is equivalent to what is known as the “two-phase” activated sludge, a concept which is now being launched throughout Poland in conjunction with the PROMLECZ technology under implementation. Analysis of the mathematical models has revealed the following: (1) treatment efficiency, excess sludge production, energy consumption, and the degree of sludge stabilization are identical in the two systems; (2) there exists a technological equivalence of “two-phase” sludge with “single-phase” sludge; (3) the “two-phase” system has no technological advantage over the “single-phase” system.

Prediction of Two-Phase Pressure Drop and Density Distribution From Mixing Length Theory

1963 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Levy
Keyword(s):  
Single Phase ◽  
Continuous Medium ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Mixing Length ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Pressure Drops ◽  
Mixing Length Theory ◽  
Phase Pressure ◽  
Good Agreement

Single-phase turbulent mixing length methods are used to predict two-phase flow. Two-phase density and velocity distributions and two-phase pressure drops are derived by treating the two-phase system as a continuous medium where the turbulent exchanges of momentum and density are equal. Good agreement is obtained between test results and analytical predictions.

Experimental Investigation of Evacuated Tube Solar Collector with Annular Heat Exchanger

2014 ◽  
Vol 592-594 ◽  
pp. 2355-2359
Author(s):  
Narasimhe Gowda ◽  
B. Putta Bore Gowda ◽  
R. Chandrashekar ◽  
G. Ugrasen ◽  
R. Keshavamurthy
Keyword(s):  
Closed System ◽  
Single Phase ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Solar Water ◽  
Water Heaters ◽  
Solar Water Heaters ◽  
Evacuated Tube

Now-a-days evacuated tubes solar water heaters are increasingly use in South India because of good thermal efficiency and high water temperature could be achievable as compared to flat plate solar collectors. Low manufacturing and maintenance cost also attract people to go for evacuated tube solar water heaters. This paper reports experimental results of two types of evacuated tube solar water heaters. To evaluate the performance of evacuated tube solar water heater, single-phase forced system and two-phase closed forced systems were considered. In two-phase closed system sunflower oil was used as working fluid to heat water. Throughout the study two-phase closed system shows better performance compared to single-phase open collector system and their efficiency almost 10 to 12% higher. But, because of high initial cost of two-phase system, the pay back periods of both collector systems is almost same. In two phased closed system higher temperature of water could be achieved, which is very useful to operate advanced system.

scholarly journals Production strategy influence on the economic viability of a family fish farm in Pará state, Amazon, Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 540-549
Author(s):  
Marcos Ferreira Brabo ◽  
Gerfeson Almeida da Silva ◽  
Daniel Abreu Vasconcelos Campelo ◽  
Galileu Crovatto Veras ◽  
Andréia Santana Bezerra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Phase ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Operational Cost ◽  
Internal Rate Of Return ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Cost Benefit Ratio ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Capital Return

The objective of this study was to analyze the influence of the adoption of single-phase and two-phase system on the economic feasibility of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) family production in the Tracuateua municipality, Pará state. The operational cost methodology and economic efficiency indicators were adopted to compare these rearing systems. The annual production was 4,200 kg and 5,826 kg. The operational costs were R$ 26,169.00 and R$ 34,365.00, the total operational cost was R$ 27,505 and R$ 35,701.00, and the total operational cost per kg was R$ 6.55 and R$ 6.13 for single-phase and two-phase systems, respectively. Regarding the indicators, the net present value was R$ 24,180.70, the internal rate of return was 24%, the cost-benefit ratio was 1.19, and the capital return period was four years in the single-phase system. In the two-phase period, the net present value was R$ 48,582.06, the internal rate of return was 29%, the cost-benefit ratio was 1.25, and the capital return period was 3.6 years. Despite the demand for greater investment, the two-phase system proved to be more profitable than the single-phase system, promoting even a reduction in unit production cost.

Treatment of Oily Cafeteria Wastewater by Single-Phase and Two-Phase Anaerobic Filter

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 299-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keisuke Hanaki ◽  
Tomonori Matsuo ◽  
Katsuo Kumazaki
Keyword(s):  
Single Phase ◽  
Material Balance ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Term Operation ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Anaerobic Filter ◽  
Phase Systems ◽  
Better Than

Cafeteria wastewater containing about 30% of lipid on COD basis was treated at 20°C by laboratory-scale anaerobic filter in single-phase system and two-phase systems. Stable COD removal (about 80%) was achieved in spite of large fluctuation in influent COD concentration (normal range of 1,300 - 2,500 mg−l) both in the single-phase system (hydraulic retention time (HRT) longer than 1.3 d) and in the two-phase system (HRT longer than 3.3 d). The single-phase system gave better effluent quality than the two-phase system because the former entrapped suspended solids better than the latter. However, material balance revealed that methane conversion from removed COD was higher in the two-phase system than the single-phase system. The single-phase system perhaps removed lipids by entrapment with filter media without biodegradation, and this might cause clogging problems in long-term operation. The two-phase system is recommended since it degrades lipids better than the single-phase system.

High Cycle Fatigue Behaviour of Cu/Sn Intermetallic Compounds Prepared by Transient Liquid Phase Bonding Process

2021 ◽  
Vol 1016 ◽  
pp. 268-273
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Betzwar Kotas ◽  
Golta Khatibi ◽  
Farzad Khodabakhshi ◽  
Andreas Steiger-Thrisfeld
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Single Phase ◽  
Transient Liquid Phase ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Test System ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Fatigue Properties ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Two Phase

Transient liquid phase (TLP) bonds using Cu-Sn system have been suggested as high strength and temperature resistant joints for power electronics applications. While the physical and mechanical properties of these joints has been investigated to some extent, studies on fatigue properties and long term reliability of TLP joints are scarce. In this work TLP bonding was performed to produce thin Cu-Sn intermetallic joints by using Cu and 97Sn3Cu solder alloy as interlayer. Different processing conditions resulted in three types of thin joints consisting of three phases (Cu3Sn/Cu6Sn5/solder remnants), two phases (Cu3Sn/Cu6Sn5) and a single phase (Cu3Sn) with an overall thickness of ≤ 20 μm. The shear strength of the TLP joint containing one or two high melting point IMC layers showed a significant temperature resistance up to 200°C. Fatigue studies of TLP joints were conducted by using a 3-point-cyclic bending test system operating at 20 kHz. The highest fatigue resistance was obtained for the single-phase Cu3Sn joints with superior shear and flexural resistance. The two phase joints (Cu3Sn/Cu6Sn5) showed a slightly lower lifetime than the three phase system containing IMCs and residual solder. Fracture surfaces analysis in correlation with static and cyclic mechanical properties, provided insight into the failure mechanism of the Cu-Sn TLP joints.

Prevention of Lipid Inhibition in Anaerobic Processes by Introducing a Two-Phase System

1991 ◽  
Vol 23 (7-9) ◽  
pp. 1189-1200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshiya Komatsu ◽  
Keisuke Hanaki ◽  
Tomonori Matsuo
Keyword(s):  
Single Phase ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Beta Oxidation ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Anaerobic Processes ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Acidogenic Reactor ◽  
Oxidation Degradation

The inhibitory effect of lipids and prevention of this inhibition in a two-phase anaerobic process were examined using laboratory-scale reactors and batch experiments. Lipids were satisfactorily degraded in a two-phase anaerobic filter while in a single-phase system, inhibition resulted in poor lipid degradation. Unsaturated long-chain fatty acids (LFAs) had a greater inhibitory effect than saturated LFAs. Methane production as well as beta-oxidation (degradation of saturated LFAs) were inhibited by unsaturated LFAs. The saturation of unsaturated LFAs was not inhibited, and palmitate (C16:0) was accumulated in the degradation of oleate (C18:l) or linoleate (C18:2). Greater inhibition was observed at low pH values. Continuous operation of a suspended-growth acidogenic reactor showed that hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of no less than 8 hours were necessary to mitigate the inhibition in a two-phase process. The fact that saturation of oleate occurred at HRTs no less than 8 hours suggests that the saturation of unsaturated LFAs in an acidogenic reactor is essential in the prevention of lipid inhibition in two-phase anaerobic processes.

Two-phase anaerobic treatment of cane-molasses alcohol stillage

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 441-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. G. Yeoh
Keyword(s):  
Single Phase ◽  
Anaerobic Treatment ◽  
Methane Yield ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Treatment Efficiency ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Kinetic Evaluation ◽  
Cane Molasses ◽  
Loading Rates ◽  
Phase Process

Anaerobic treatment of cane-molasses alcohol stillage was studied in a thermophilic two-phase system comprising two bioreactors for the acidogenic and methanogenic phases respectively in comparison with the single-phase process. The experiments were conducted with HRT ranging from 36.0 to 9.0 days for single-phase and from 32.7 to 5.6 days for two-phase, corresponding to organic loading rates of 3.452 to 14.487 and 4.646 to 20.022 kgCODm−3day−1 respectively. The treatment efficiency was essentially maintained at BOD5 and COD removal of over 85% and 65% respectively in the two-phase process even with higher substrate loading. The acidogenic phase provided satisfactory conversion of initial COD to VFA averaging 15.6% in the degree of acidification. The methanogenic culture pH of both systems was maintained in a range of 7.4 to 7.8 through self regulation. The methane content of the biogas generated from the two-phase process was significantly higher by about 17% than that from the single-phase process, both decreasing with increasing substrate loading and shorter HRT. The mean overall methane yield was found to be 0.168 m3CH4(STP)kg−1 CODadded or 0.292 m3CH4(STP)kg−1 VSadded from two-phase methanogenesis, compared to 0.055 m3CH4(STP)kg−1CODadded or 0.082 m3CH4(STP)kg−1VSadded from single-phase fermentation. However, methane yield in the two-phase process was enhanced only at COD loading rates higher than 2.9 kgm−3day−1 or VS loading rates higher than 1.8 kgm−3day−1. The ultimate methane yield was evaluated graphically to be 0.216 m3CH4(STP)kg−1CODadded, or 0.401 m3CH4(STP)kg−1 VSadded. This indicated a methane yield efficiency of 73-78% for the two-phase anaerobic digestion of cane-molasses alcohol stillage, which was composed of 24.2% and 28.2% of non-biodegradable COD and VS respectively. Kinetic evaluation of the experimental data provided θm (minumum SRT) and K (kinetic constant) values as 6.6 days and 0.166 respectively based on COD, or 7.0 days and 0.160 respectively based on VS. Application of the two-phase anaerobic process on full scale at an industrial treatment plant for alcohol stillage showed mean treatment efficiency in terms of BOD5 and COD reduction of 84.3% and 63.2% respectively at an average loading rate of 5.1 kgCODm−3day−1, which was in good agreement with the bench-scale studies, considering the great variation in the raw wastewater characteristics typical of an industrial operation.

Single Phase and Two Phase Anaerobic Stabilization in Fluidized Bed Reactors

1983 ◽  
Vol 15 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 333-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
P M Sutton ◽  
A Li
Keyword(s):  
Fluidized Bed ◽  
Process Design ◽  
Pilot Plant ◽  
Single Phase ◽  
Fluidized Bed Reactors ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Loading Rates ◽  
Scale Design

Pilot plant studies were completed in order to derive information for process design of single and two phase anaerobic fluidized bed systems. A better effluent quality was obtained from the two phase system than from the single phase system at comparable or higher organic loading rates. A full-scale design example is presented to illustrate the implications of the pilot plant results.

Metal–organic framework-based nanomaterials for photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide production

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (26) ◽  
pp. 14404-14414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaolang Chen ◽  
Yoshifumi Kondo ◽  
Yasutaka Kuwahara ◽  
Kohsuke Mori ◽  
Catherine Louis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Single Phase ◽  
Metal Organic Framework ◽  
Metal Organic Frameworks ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Hydrogen Peroxide Production ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
System P ◽  
Visible Light Driven ◽  
Metal Organic

Metal–organic frameworks act as efficient photocatalysts for visible-light driven hydrogen peroxide production in a single-phase system and two-phase system.

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