Strict vegetarian diet improves the risk factors associated with metabolic diseases by modulating gut microbiota and reducing intestinal inflammation

AbstractPhytonutrients such as cinnamaldehyde (CA) have been studied for their effects on metabolic diseases, but their influence on mucosal inflammation and immunity to enteric infection are not well documented. Here, we show that consumption of CA significantly down-regulates transcriptional pathways connected to inflammation in the small intestine of mice. During infection with the enteric helminth Heligomosomoides polygyrus, CA-treated mice displayed higher growth rates and less worms, concomitant with altered T-cell populations in mesenteric lymph nodes. Furthermore, infection-induced changes in gene pathways connected to cell cycle and mitotic activity were counteracted by CA. Mechanically, CA did not appear to exert activity through a prebiotic effect, as CA treatment did not significantly change the composition of the gut microbiota. Instead, in vitro experiments showed that CA directly induced xenobiotic metabolizing pathways in intestinal epithelial cells and suppressed endotoxin-induced inflammatory responses in macrophages. Thus, CA down-regulates inflammatory pathways in the intestinal mucosa and regulates host responses to enteric infection. These properties appear to be largely independent of the gut microbiota and instead connected to CA’s ability to induce antioxidant pathways in intestinal cells. Our results encourage further investigation into the use of CA and related phytonutrients as functional food components to promote intestinal health in humans and animals.

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Effects of a Vegetarian Diet on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors, Gut Microbiota, and Plasma Metabolome in Subjects With Ischemic Heart Disease: A Randomized, Crossover Study

Journal of the American Heart Association ◽

10.1161/jaha.120.016518 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (18) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Demir Djekic ◽

Lin Shi ◽

Harald Brolin ◽

Frida Carlsson ◽

Charlotte Särnqvist ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Heart Disease ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Ischemic Heart Disease ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Oxidized Ldl ◽

Vegetarian Diet ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽

Ischemic Heart ◽

Plasma Metabolites

Background A vegetarian diet (VD) may reduce future cardiovascular risk in patients with ischemic heart disease. Methods and Results A randomized crossover study was conducted in subjects with ischemic heart disease, assigned to 4‐week intervention periods of isocaloric VD and meat diet (MD) with individually designed diet plans, separated by a 4‐week washout period. The primary outcome was difference in oxidized low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) between diets. Secondary outcomes were differences in cardiometabolic risk factors, quality of life, gut microbiota, fecal short‐chain and branched‐chain fatty acids, and plasma metabolome. Of 150 eligible patients, 31 (21%) agreed to participate, and 27 (87%) participants completed the study. Mean oxidized LDL‐C (−2.73 U/L), total cholesterol (−5.03 mg/dL), LDL‐C (−3.87 mg/dL), and body weight (−0.67 kg) were significantly lower with the VD than with the MD. Differences between VD and MD were observed in the relative abundance of several microbe genera within the families Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Akkermansiaceae. Plasma metabolites, including l ‐carnitine, acylcarnitine metabolites, and phospholipids, differed in subjects consuming VD and MD. The effect on oxidized LDL‐C in response to the VD was associated with a baseline gut microbiota composition dominated by several genera of Ruminococcaceae. Conclusions The VD in conjunction with optimal medical therapy reduced levels of oxidized LDL‐C, improved cardiometabolic risk factors, and altered the relative abundance of gut microbes and plasma metabolites in patients with ischemic heart disease. Our results suggest that composition of the gut microbiota at baseline may be related to the reduction of oxidized LDL‐C observed with the VD. Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov ; Unique identifier: NCT02942628.

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Risk factors associated with breast cancer among women attending a tertiary care hospital in Bangalore: a case control study

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20184826 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (12) ◽

pp. 5413

Author(s):

Vidya D. C. ◽

Shalini C. N. ◽

Nandakumar B. S. ◽

Murthy N. S. ◽

Ibrahim Nagnoor

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Total Duration ◽

Vegetarian Diet ◽

Modifiable Risk Factors ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Household Physical Activity ◽

Control Study

Background: Breast cancer is one of the commonest cancers in both developing and developed countries. Owing to regional variations in distribution of risk factors, there is geographical variation in incidence of breast cancer. This study was attempted to assess the modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors associated with breast cancer among women attending a tertiary care hospital.Methods: A hospital based case-control study was carried out in KMIO, Bangalore, India from May 2013 to February 2014. Newly diagnosed primary cases of female breast cancer of any age and one control per case matched by 5 years age class interval were interviewed, using a questionnaire until required sample was met. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software version 18.0.Results: The study population consisted of 135 cases of breast cancer and 135 controls. The mean age was 50 years (SD±10.41) and 94 (34.8%) of them belonged to 45-54 years age group. After forward logistic regression, the risk factors significant at P<0.05 were age at first pregnancy >20 years OR 4.49 (95% CI 1.21-16.62), total duration of lactation <48 months OR 7.96 (95% CI 2.20-21.68), consumption of non-vegetarian diet OR 6.96 (95% CI 1.45-33.25), BMI ≥23 OR 4.91 (95% CI 1.25-19.23) and household physical activity ≤120 minutes/day OR 8.52 (95% CI 1.98-36.64), watching television during weekends >180 minutes/day OR 4.64(95%CI 2.71-7.78).Conclusions: The modifiable risk factors of breast cancer include age at first pregnancy, total duration of lactation, non-vegetarian diet, increased BMI and lower household physical activity and non-modifiable risk factor being age at menopause.

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Modifiable Risk Factors for Dementia: The Role of Gut Microbiota

Current Alzheimer Research ◽

10.2174/1567205018666211215152411 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 ◽

Author(s):

Cristian Cabrera ◽

Paloma Vicens ◽

Margarita Torrente

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Physical Inactivity ◽

Metabolic Diseases ◽

Clinical Implications ◽

Low Grade ◽

Modifiable Risk Factors ◽

Excessive Alcohol Consumption ◽

Excessive Alcohol

: Dementia is a syndrome resulting from chronic or progressive brain disease. Around 40% of worldwide dementia can be prevented or delayed by modifying 12 risk factors: low educational attainment in early life, mid-life hypertension, mid-life obesity, hearing loss, traumatic brain injury, excessive alcohol consumption, smoking, depression, physical inactivity, social isolation, diabetes mellitus, and air pollution. There is growing evidence that gastrointestinal tract microbiota may significantly contribute to dementia pathogenesis. In particular, gut dysbiosis can trigger metabolic diseases and the progression of low-grade systemic inflammation, being involved in much of the major modifiable risk factors. In this review, we focus on studies that have evaluated the association between modifiable risk factors for dementia and the role of gut microbiota. We also suggest clinical implications for researchers in dementia-gut microbiota related fields.

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Associations between habitual diet, metabolic disease, and the gut microbiota using latent Dirichlet allocation

Microbiome ◽

10.1186/s40168-020-00969-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Taylor A. Breuninger ◽

Nina Wawro ◽

Jakob Breuninger ◽

Sandra Reitmeier ◽

Thomas Clavel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Dietary Intake ◽

Human Health ◽

Latent Dirichlet Allocation ◽

Metabolic Diseases ◽

Healthy Eating Index ◽

Lower Probability ◽

Habitual Diet ◽

Dirichlet Allocation

Abstract Background The gut microbiome impacts human health through various mechanisms and is involved in the development of a range of non-communicable diseases. Diet is a well-known factor influencing microbe-host interaction in health and disease. However, very few findings are based on large-scale analysis using population-based studies. Our aim was to investigate the cross-sectional relationship between habitual dietary intake and gut microbiota structure in the Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg (KORA) FF4 study. Results Fecal microbiota was analyzed using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) was applied to samples from 1992 participants to identify 20 microbial subgroups within the study population. Each participant’s gut microbiota was subsequently described by a unique composition of these 20 subgroups. Associations between habitual dietary intake, assessed via repeated 24-h food lists and a Food Frequency Questionnaire, and the 20 subgroups, as well as between prevalence of metabolic diseases/risk factors and the subgroups, were assessed with multivariate-adjusted Dirichlet regression models. After adjustment for multiple testing, eight of 20 microbial subgroups were significantly associated with habitual diet, while nine of 20 microbial subgroups were associated with the prevalence of one or more metabolic diseases/risk factors. Subgroups 5 (Faecalibacterium, Lachnospiracea incertae sedis, Gemmiger, Roseburia) and 14 (Coprococcus, Bacteroides, Faecalibacterium, Ruminococcus) were particularly strongly associated with diet. For example, participants with a high probability for subgroup 5 were characterized by a higher Alternate Healthy Eating Index and Mediterranean Diet Score and a higher intake of food items such as fruits, vegetables, legumes, and whole grains, while participants with prevalent type 2 diabetes mellitus were characterized by a lower probability for subgroup 5. Conclusions The associations between habitual diet, metabolic diseases, and microbial subgroups identified in this analysis not only expand upon current knowledge of diet-microbiota-disease relationships, but also indicate the possibility of certain microbial groups to be modulated by dietary intervention, with the potential of impacting human health. Additionally, LDA appears to be a powerful tool for interpreting latent structures of the human gut microbiota. However, the subgroups and associations observed in this analysis need to be replicated in further studies.

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Living With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Protocol for a Longitudinal Study of Factors Associated With Symptom Exacerbations (Preprint)

10.2196/preprints.11317 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Kelcie Witges ◽

Laura E Targownik ◽

Clove Haviva ◽

John R Walker ◽

Lesley A Graff ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽

Bowel Disease ◽

Psychological Functioning ◽

Intestinal Inflammation ◽

Disease Course ◽

Web Based ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Symptom Exacerbation ◽

Inflammatory Bowel

BACKGROUND There has been limited longitudinal research that has comprehensively evaluated possible factors in the exacerbation of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) symptoms with or without associated inflammation. Evolving Web-based technologies facilitate frequent monitoring of patients’ experiences and allow a fine-grained assessment of disease course. OBJECTIVE We aimed to prospectively identify factors associated with symptom exacerbation and inflammation in IBD including psychological functioning, diet, health behaviors, and medication adherence. METHODS Between June 2015 and May 2017, we enrolled adults with IBD, recruited from multiple sources, who had been symptomatically active at least once within the prior 2 years. They completed a Web-based survey every 2 weeks for 1 year and submitted a stool sample at baseline, 26 weeks, and 52 weeks. Any participant reporting a symptom exacerbation was matched to a control within the cohort, based on disease type, sex, age, and time of enrollment; both were sent a supplemental survey and stool collection kit. Biweekly surveys included validated measures of the disease course, psychological functioning, health comorbidities, and medication use. Intestinal inflammation was identified through fecal calprotectin (positive level >250 μg/g stool). RESULTS There were 155 participants enrolled with confirmed IBD, 66.5% (103/155) with Crohn disease and 33.5% (52/155) with ulcerative colitis, of whom 98.7% (153/155) completed the study. Over the 1-year period, 47.7% (74/155) participants experienced a symptom exacerbation. The results of analyses on risk factors for symptom exacerbations are pending. CONCLUSIONS We recruited and retained a longitudinal IBD cohort that will allow the determination of risk factors for symptom exacerbation with and without inflammation. This will increase understanding of symptom exacerbations among persons with IBD. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPOR RR1-10.2196/11317

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Folate and vitamin B-12 deficiencies additively impaired memory function and disturbed the gut microbiota in amyloid-β infused rats

International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research ◽

10.1024/0300-9831/a000624 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Sunmin Park ◽

Sunna Kang ◽

Da Sol Kim

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Insulin Signaling ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

Metabolic Diseases ◽

Memory Function ◽

Amyloid Β ◽

Impaired Memory ◽

Ca1 Region ◽

Folate And Vitamin B12

Abstract. Folate and vitamin B12(V-B12) deficiencies are associated with metabolic diseases that may impair memory function. We hypothesized that folate and V-B12 may differently alter mild cognitive impairment, glucose metabolism, and inflammation by modulating the gut microbiome in rats with Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-like dementia. The hypothesis was examined in hippocampal amyloid-β infused rats, and its mechanism was explored. Rats that received an amyloid-β(25–35) infusion into the CA1 region of the hippocampus were fed either control(2.5 mg folate plus 25 μg V-B12/kg diet; AD-CON, n = 10), no folate(0 folate plus 25 μg V-B12/kg diet; AD-FA, n = 10), no V-B12(2.5 mg folate plus 0 μg V-B12/kg diet; AD-V-B12, n = 10), or no folate plus no V-B12(0 mg folate plus 0 μg V-B12/kg diet; AD-FAB12, n = 10) in high-fat diets for 8 weeks. AD-FA and AD-VB12 exacerbated bone mineral loss in the lumbar spine and femur whereas AD-FA lowered lean body mass in the hip compared to AD-CON(P < 0.05). Only AD-FAB12 exacerbated memory impairment by 1.3 and 1.4 folds, respectively, as measured by passive avoidance and water maze tests, compared to AD-CON(P < 0.01). Hippocampal insulin signaling and neuroinflammation were attenuated in AD-CON compared to Non-AD-CON. AD-FAB12 impaired the signaling (pAkt→pGSK-3β) and serum TNF-α and IL-1β levels the most among all groups. AD-CON decreased glucose tolerance by increasing insulin resistance compared to Non-AD-CON. AD-VB12 and AD-FAB12 increased insulin resistance by 1.2 and 1.3 folds, respectively, compared to the AD-CON. AD-CON and Non-AD-CON had a separate communities of gut microbiota. The relative counts of Bacteroidia were lower and those of Clostridia were higher in AD-CON than Non-AD-CON. AD-FA, but not V-B12, separated the gut microbiome community compared to AD-CON and AD-VB12(P = 0.009). In conclusion, folate and B-12 deficiencies impaired memory function by impairing hippocampal insulin signaling and gut microbiota in AD rats.

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Risk factors associated with substance use

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e553882014-001 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Ariel M. Barber ◽

Alexandra Crouch ◽

Stephen Campbell

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Substance Use ◽

Factors Associated

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A Six Year Prospective Study of Fibrinogen and Other Risk Factors Associated with Mortality in Stable Claudicants

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1656361 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 68 (03) ◽

pp. 261-263 ◽

Cited By ~ 71

Author(s):

A K Banerjee ◽

J Pearson ◽

E L Gilliland ◽

D Goss ◽

J D Lewis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Intermittent Claudication ◽

Fibrinogen Level ◽

Past History ◽

Fold Increase ◽

Arterial Disease ◽

Plasma Fibrinogen ◽

Plasma Fibrinogen Level ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Probability Of Death

SummaryA total of 333 patients with stable intermittent claudication at recruitment were followed up for 6 years to determine risk factors associated with subsequent mortality. Cardiovascular diseases were the underlying cause of death in 78% of the 114 patients who died. The strongest independent predictor of death during the follow-up period was the plasma fibrinogen level, an increase of 1 g/l being associated with a nearly two-fold increase in the probability of death within the next 6 years. Age, low ankle/brachial pressure index and a past history of myocardial infarction also increased the probability of death during the study period. The plasma fibrinogen level is a valuable index of those patients with stable intermittent claudication at high risk of early mortality. The results also provide further evidence for the involvement of fibrinogen in the pathogenesis of arterial disease.

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Risk factors associated with primary and secondary reduced libido in male patients with sexual dysfunction

Endocrine Abstracts ◽

10.1530/endoabs.32.p672 ◽

2013 ◽

Author(s):

Giovanni Corona ◽

Giulia Rastrelli ◽

Emmanuele Jannini ◽

Linda Vignozzi ◽

Edoardo Mannucci ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Sexual Dysfunction ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Male Patients

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