A new approach for evaluating the water resistance of sunscreens on consumers: tap water vs. salt water vs. chlorine water

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 284-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Puccetti ◽  
H. Fares
Keyword(s):  
Water Resistance ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Chlorine Water

Effect of different treatments on the seed bank of grazed and ungrazed Baltic seashore meadows

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (7) ◽  
pp. 1188-1197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heli M. Jutila b. Erkkilä
Keyword(s):  
Seed Bank ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Cold Treatment ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Seed Banks ◽  
The West ◽  
Pesticide Treatment ◽  
Juncus Gerardii

Seed banks of two seashore meadows were studied on the west coast of Finland (latitude 61°30'-61°33'N, longitude 21°28'-21°41'E). Samples were taken in June to a depth of 10 cm in the geolittoral zone of the grazed and ungrazed transects. The grazed samples were halved lengthwise: one half was grown immediately, the other after cold treatment. One third of the all samples was treated as controls, one third was watered with brackish water, and one third was given a pesticide treatment. Altogether, 13 926 seedlings germinated and 25 species were identified (three annuals, two biennials, and the rest perennials). Most seedlings were perennial monocots, with Juncus gerardii Loisel. the most abundant species. The seed bank was significantly larger and richer in the ungrazed site than in the grazed site. Cold treatment reduced the number of germinating species and seedlings. In the grazed and non-cold-treated samples, the numbers of species and seedlings were highest in the pesticide treatment. In ungrazed samples there were no significant differences among treatments. After the cold treatment, the least number of species and seedlings was produced by the salt-water treatment. Changing brackish water to tap water led to a burst of germination, especially of J. gerardii. The seed bank of the upper geolittoral zone was richer than that of the middle geolittoral. The multivariate classification and ordination groupings are based on the abundances of J. gerardii and Glaux maritima L.; different treatments were not distinguishable. There was a low resemblance between the seed bank and the aboveground vegetation.Key words: seed bank, salinity, pesticide, seashore meadow, cold treatment, vegetation.

High sodium chloride intake decreases betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase expression in guinea pig liver and kidney

2005 ◽  
Vol 288 (1) ◽  
pp. R182-R187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cassandra V. Delgado-Reyes ◽  
Timothy A. Garrow
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Kidney Medulla ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Steady State Levels

Betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase (BHMT) is the only enzyme known to catabolize betaine. In addition to being a substrate for BHMT, betaine also functions as an osmoprotectant that accumulates in the kidney medulla under conditions of high extracellular osmolarity. The mechanisms that regulate the partitioning of betaine between its use as a methyl donor and its accumulation as an osmoprotectant are not completely understood. The aim of this study was to determine whether BHMT expression is regulated by salt intake. This report shows that guinea pigs express BHMT in the liver, kidney, and pancreas and that the steady-state levels of BHMT mRNA in kidney and liver decrease 68% and 93% in guinea pigs consuming tap water containing high levels of salt compared with animals provided untreated tap water. The animals consuming the salt water also had ∼50% less BHMT activity in the liver and kidney, and steady-state protein levels decreased ∼30% in both organs. Pancreatic BHMT activity and protein levels were unaffected by the high salt treatment. The complex mechanisms involved in the downregulation of hepatic and renal BHMT expression in guinea pigs drinking salt water remain to be clarified, but the physiological significance of this downregulation may be to expedite the transport and accumulation of betaine into the kidney medulla under conditions of high extracellular osmolarity.

scholarly journals Cytometric Approach for Detection of Encephalitozoon intestinalis, an Emergent Agent

2009 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 1021-1024 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joana Barbosa ◽  
Acácio Gonçalves Rodrigues ◽  
Cidália Pina-Vaz
Keyword(s):  
Tap Water ◽  
Human Feces ◽  
Specific Flow ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Encephalitozoon Intestinalis ◽  
Flow Cytometric ◽  
Small Spore ◽  
Stool Specimens ◽  
Treatment Procedures ◽  
Infectious Form

ABSTRACT Encephalitozoon intestinalis is responsible for intestinal disease in patients with AIDS and immunocompetent patients. The infectious form is a small spore that is resistant to water treatment procedures. Its detection is very important, but detection is very cumbersome and time-consuming. Our main objective was to develop and optimize a specific flow cytometric (FC) protocol for the detection of E. intestinalis in hospital tap water and human feces. To determine the optimal specific antibody (Microspor-FA) concentration, a known concentration of E. intestinalis spores (Waterborne, Inc.) was suspended in hospital tap water and stool specimens with different concentrations of Microspor-FA, and the tap water and stool specimens were incubated under different conditions. The sensitivity limit and specificity were also evaluated. To study spore infectivity, double staining with propidium iodide (PI) and Microspor-FA was undertaken. Distinct approaches for filtration and centrifugation of the stool specimens were used. E. intestinalis spores stained with 10 μg/ml of Microspor-FA at 25°C overnight provided the best results. The detection limit was 5 × 104 spores/ml, and good specificity was demonstrated. Simultaneous staining with Microspor-FA and PI ensured that the E. intestinalis spores were dead and therefore noninfectious. With the stool specimens, better spore recovery was observed with a saturated solution of NaCl and centrifugation at 1,500 × g for 15 min. A new approach for the detection of E. intestinalis from tap water or human feces that ensures that the spores are not viable is now available and represents an important step for the prevention of this threat to public health.

Brine Saturation Technique for Extraction of Light Filth from Rubbed, Ground, and Whole Sage: Collaborative Study

1985 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
pp. 894-896
Author(s):  
Clarence C Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Olive Oil ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Satisfactory Recovery

Abstract A new approach to the isolation of light filth from the 3 commercial forms of sage was studied collaboratively. It incorporates a simple isopropanol defatting, followed by saturation of the product with brine by alternately heating and cooling, and subsequent trapping of filth from tap water with olive oil. This method circumvents the use of hazardous, expensive solvents and more time-consuming pretreatment procedures. Overall recoveries were 92.1% for rodent hair and 78.7% for insect fragments on clean, easy-to-read papers. An additional blending step was necessary to obtain satisfactory recovery of rodent hair fragments from whole sage. The method has been adopted official first action for light filth in rubbed and ground sage only.

scholarly journals Effect of Salinity and Water Stress on the Essential Oil Components of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radhia Sarmoum ◽  
Soumia Haid ◽  
Mohamed Biche ◽  
Zahreddine Djazouli ◽  
Bachar Zebib ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Rosmarinus Officinalis ◽  
Bornyl Acetate ◽  
Oil Components ◽  
Rosmarinus Officinalis L ◽  
Water Treatments

The effect of salinity and water stresses on the essential oil components of Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil was investigated. Rosemary plants were submitted to different water treatments: tap water (TW), salt water (SW) and without irrigation (NIR). GC/MS analysis showed that ten and eleven volatile compounds were identified in essential oil of rosemary plants irrigated with tap water (TW) and salt water (SW), respectively. However, thirteen volatile compounds were identified in essential oil of non-irrigated plants (NIR). Moreover, among these compounds, α-Pinene, Eucalyptol (1,8 Cineol), Camphene, Borneol, D-verbenone, Bornyl acetate were the major components of oil. Also, GC/MS results highlighted that non-irrigated rosemary plants showed the highest essential oil yield (Y). Obtained oil yields followed the order YNIR > YTW > YSW. In conclusion, qualitative and quantitative differences in rosemary essential oil components were highlighted in relation to water stress.

scholarly journals New Method Using a Positively Charged Microporous Filter and Ultrafiltration for Concentration of Viruses from Tap Water

2011 ◽  
Vol 77 (10) ◽  
pp. 3500-3506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luisa A. Ikner ◽  
Marcela Soto-Beltran ◽  
Kelly R. Bright
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Method ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Sodium Polyphosphate ◽  
Retention Efficiency ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Final Volume ◽  
Common Technique ◽  
Virus Recovery ◽  
Average Filter ◽  
Positively Charged

ABSTRACTThe methods used to concentrate enteric viruses from water have remained largely unchanged for nearly 30 years, with the most common technique being the use of 1MDS Virozorb filters followed by organic flocculation for secondary concentration. Recently, a few studies have investigated alternatives; however, many of these methods are impractical for use in the field or share some of the limitations of this traditional method. In the present study, the NanoCeram virus sampler, an electropositive pleated microporous filter composed of microglass filaments coated with nanoalumina fibers, was evaluated. Test viruses were first concentrated by passage of 20 liters of seeded water through the filter (average filter retention efficiency was ≥99.8%), and then the viruses were recovered using various salt-based or proteinaceous eluting solutions. A 1.0% sodium polyphosphate solution with 0.05 M glycine was determined to be the most effective. The recovered viruses were then further concentrated using Centricon Plus-70 centrifugal ultrafilters to a final volume of 3.3 (±0.3 [standard deviation]) ml; this volume compares quite favorably to that of previously described methods, such as organic flocculation (∼15 to 40 ml). The overall virus recovery efficiencies were 66% for poliovirus 1, 83% for echovirus 1, 77% for coxsackievirus B5, 14% for adenovirus 2, and 56% for MS2 coliphage. In addition, this method appears to be compatible with both cell culture and PCR assays. This new approach for the recovery of viruses from water is therefore a viable alternative to currently used methods when small volumes of final concentrate are an advantage.

EFFECT OF DIETARY EDTA ON THE ABILITY OF CHICKS TO TOLERATE SODIUM CHLORIDE IN THE WATER

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 633-637
Author(s):  
T. K. J. COWAN ◽  
G. D. PHILLIPS ◽  
D. B. BRAGG
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Block Design ◽  
High Salt ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Broiler Chicks

Broiler chicks, allocated in a randomized block design, were fed four diets containing ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) at 0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4% of the diet and drinking water with a high salt concentration (6000 ppm). A control group received tap water and the EDTA-free diet. The addition of 6000 ppm NaCl in the drinking water had no effect on weight gain or feed conversion. Similarly, the inclusion of up to 0.4% EDTA in the feed had no adverse effect on weight gain. Analyses of packed-cell volume (PCV) and plasma sodium, chloride and calcium concentrations showed no changes as a result of treatment. Water consumption almost doubled for the chicks subjected to high salt water regimens compared with the control. Two groups of chicks received the EDTA-free diet, and significantly (P < 0.10) higher mortality was found for the group on the salt water compared with the tap water controls. The mortality in the former was also significantly (P < 0.10) higher than for the group receiving 0.2% EDTA in the diet and salt water. The chicks on the 0.4% EDTA diet had significantly (P < 0.05) higher mortality than control chicks on tap water and those chicks receiving salt water and diets containing 0.1% and 0.2% EDTA. Postmortem examination indicated that ascites and widespread edema were the causes of death in chicks that drank salt water and consumed diets containing no EDTA or 0.4% EDTA. The death of chicks on treatments that resulted in low mortality rates was not attributable to ascites. The reason for the apparent beneficial effect of feeding 0.2% EDTA in the diet in conjunction with the salt water remains open to conjecture.

scholarly journals Water Security and Local People Sensitivity to Climate Variability and Change Among Coastal Communities in Zanzibar

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makame Omar Makame ◽  
Richard Y.M. Kangalawe
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Hard Water ◽  
Coastal Communities ◽  
Water Insecurity ◽  
Local Climate

This paper presents one part of a larger, multidimensional study on the vulnerability of Zanzibar coastal communities to climate change and other stressors, focusing on water insecurity in two sites on the Zanzibar coast. Water security is composed of three components, namely water availability, water accessibility and the quality of available water. Findings from the study showed that water from wells is the major source of household water since tap water supply is often erratic. Farming systems are completely rain-fed, while some livestock owners use coral caves as the main source of water for their animals. Water quality is a major challenge along the coast as the majority of wells and coral caves in the study sites contain hard water with varying levels of salinity. A diversity of physical and social factors such as variability in water supply infrastructure, settlement structure, poverty, geology and geohydrology, variability in supply and poor water resource management adversely interact with local climate phenomena such as sea level rise, salt water incursion and drought to intensify water insecurity along the Zanzibar coast. Among the policy options to address these challenges would be to promote rainwater harvesting and increased utilisation of underground water for irrigation in the dry areas in order to increase agricultural production and reduce poverty.

scholarly journals A new approach for optimizing water resistance and air permeability of denim cotton fabric 

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amine Hadj Taieb ◽  
Slah Msahli ◽  
Faouzi Sakli
Keyword(s):  
Cotton Fabric ◽  
Water Resistance ◽  
Air Permeability ◽  
New Approach

scholarly journals Salinity Affects Quality Parameters of ‘SeaDwarf’ Seashore Paspalum

HortScience ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 417-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
William L. Berndt
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Seashore Paspalum ◽  
Turf Quality ◽  
Induced Changes

Irrigating salt-tolerant grasses with nonpotable water, like salt water, conserves fresh water resources. Advertising suggests that ‘SeaDwarf’ seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum O. Swartz) is salt-tolerant and that it resists the effects of salinity on growth typically observed when irrigating other turf types with salty water. As a result, it is now being used on golf courses and home lawns in an effort to help conserve fresh water. Commensurate with the use of nonpotable irrigation, however, would be an expectation of high turf quality. This study was done to determine if the quality of ‘SeaDwarf’ seashore paspalum was affected by irrigating it with nonpotable water having high levels of salinity. Seven irrigation water sources created by blending tap water and ocean water and ranging in salinity from 0.52 to 49.40 dS·m−1 were used to flood-irrigate containerized ‘SeaDwarf’ seashore paspalum once daily for 50 consecutive days. Turf quality gradually decreased as salinity increased but improved with time except at the highest level of salinity. Effect of water source on turf quality was attributed to salinity-induced changes in quality parameters, including leaf texture, color, stolon growth, and shoot yield. The observed effect of salinity on quality parameters likely resulted from osmotic stress associated with high levels of salinity. The salt tolerance of ‘SeaDwarf’ seashore paspalum in this study was moderately good, but irrigating it with water having lower levels of salinity resulted in better quality turf.

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