Are Risk-Taking Persons Less Religious? Risk Preference, Religious Affiliation, and Religious Participation in Taiwan

2010 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 172-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Y. Liu
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Religious Affiliation ◽  
Risk Preference ◽  
Religious Participation

Respondents in Asian Cultures (e.g., Chinese) are More Risk-Seeking and More Overconfident than Respondents in Other Cultures (e.g., in United States) but the Reciprocal Predictions are in Total Opposition: How and Why?

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu Li ◽  
Yongqing Fang
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Risk Preferences ◽  
Risk Preference ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Variations ◽  
Risk Seeking ◽  
The Social ◽  
Predicted Risk

AbstractTriggered by rather surprising findings that respondents in Asian cultures (e.g., Chinese) are more risk-seeking and more overconfident than respondents in other cultures (e.g., in United States) and that the reciprocal predictions are in total opposition, four experiments were designed to extend previous collective-culture oriented researches. Results revealed that (1) Singapore 21, which is a vision of Singapore in the 21st century and has highlighted the promotion of a collective culture, did not advocate greater risk-seeking but led to weaker overconfidence; (2) the knowledge of "financial help from social network" did not permit prediction of risk preference but the knowledge of "the value difference between possible outcomes" did; (3) the social network could be viewed not only as a positive "cushion" but also as a negative "burden" in both gain and loss domains of risky choices; (4) the predictions of the risk-as-value, risk-as-feelings and stereotype hypotheses were not consistent with the predicted risk preferences of others but the predictions of the economic-performance hypothesis were consistent with the predicted risk preferences as well as the predicted overconfidence of others. The implications for cross-cultural variations in overconfidence and for cross-cultural variations in risk-taking were discussed.

Financial risk-taking related to individual risk preference, social comparison and competition

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tommy Gärling ◽  
Dawei Fang ◽  
Martin Holmen ◽  
Patrik Michaelsen
Keyword(s):  
Social Comparison ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Financial Risk ◽  
Risk Preference ◽  
The Other ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Additional Increase ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Market Experiments ◽  
Increases In Risk

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate how social comparison and motivation to compete account for elevated risk-taking in fund management corroborated by asset market experiments when performance depends on rank-based incentives.Design/methodology/approachIn two laboratory experiments, university students (n1 = 240/n2 = 120) make choices between risky and certain outcomes of hypothetical sums of money. Both experiments investigate in which direction risky choices in an individual condition (individual risk preference) are shifted when participants compare their performance to another participant's performance (social comparison), being instructed or not to outperform the other (incentive to compete).FindingsIn the absence of incentives to compete, participants tend to minimize the differences between expected outcomes to themselves and to the other, but when provided with incentives to compete, they tend to maximize these differences. An independent additional increase in risk-taking is observed when participants are provided with incentives to compete.Originality/valueOriginal findings include that social comparison does not evoke motivation to compete unless incentives are offered and that increases in risk-taking depend both on what the other chooses and the incentives.

scholarly journals How people know their risk preference

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruben C. Arslan ◽  
Martin Brümmer ◽  
Thomas Dohmen ◽  
Johanna Drewelies ◽  
Ralph Hertwig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Real World ◽  
Revealed Preference ◽  
Risk Preference ◽  
Stated Preferences ◽  
The Self ◽  
Third Party ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
Dominant Class ◽  
Predictive Risk

People differ in their willingness to take risks. Recent work found that revealed preference tasks (e.g., laboratory lotteries)—a dominant class of measures—are outperformed by survey-based stated preferences, which are more stable and predict real-world risk taking across different domains. How can stated preferences, often criticised as inconsequential “cheap talk,” be more valid and predictive than controlled, incentivized lotteries? In our multimethod study, over 3,000 respondents from population samples answered a single widely used and predictive risk-preference question. Respondents then explained the reasoning behind their answer. They tended to recount diagnostic behaviours and experiences, focusing on voluntary, consequential acts and experiences from which they seemed to infer their risk preference. We found that third-party readers of respondents’ brief memories and explanations reached similar inferences about respondents’ preferences, indicating the intersubjective validity of this information. Our results help unpack the self perception behind stated risk preferences that permits people to draw upon their own understanding of what constitutes diagnostic behaviours and experiences, as revealed in high-stakes situations in the real world.

RISK PREFERENCE IN PATIENTS WITH OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNOEA SYNDROME IS MODULATED BY THE GAIN OR LOSS CONTEXT

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 329-341
Author(s):  
Agnès Daurat ◽  
Jean-Luc Bret-Dibat ◽  
Radouane El Yagoubi
Keyword(s):  
Obstructive Sleep Apnoea ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Risk Preference ◽  
Sleep Apnoea ◽  
Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Syndrome ◽  
Risky Behaviour ◽  
Sleep Apnoea Syndrome ◽  
Risky Choices ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
And Control

The aim of the present study was to assess the propensity for risk taking among patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome by means of a single-outcome gambling task that involved actual monetary losses and gains. We recruited 23 patients and 17 controls matched for sex, age and education. To explore the influence of previous outcomes on risky behaviour, we calculated the proportion of risky choices following sequences of one, two or three consecutive gains or losses. Patients with OSAS made significantly more risky choices than the controls. However, like the controls, they made more risky choices after two and three losses than after one, and fewer risky choices after two and three gains than after one. Their level of impulsivity did not differ from that of the controls. Our results show that OSAS induces a shift towards risk preference, but the ability to fully monitor and control ongoing behaviour remains intact.

Sex, Religion, and Risk-Taking Behavior as Correlates of Death Anxiety

1976 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald W. Mc Donald
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Death Anxiety ◽  
Religious Affiliation ◽  
Personality Dimensions ◽  
Situational Variables ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Risk Taking Behavior ◽  
Major Hypothesis

The research investigates death anxiety and risk-taking behavior as personality dimensions. It is hypothesized that the greater the risk-taking behavior an individual will exhibit, the lower his death anxiety. Sex and religious affiliation, i.e., Mormon vs. non-Mormon, are investigated regarding levels of death anxiety in an attempt to clarify existing contradictory research findings. The only significant relationship found was that females have higher levels of death anxiety than males. Lack of support for the major hypothesis (r = .15) is explained by the argument that personality constellations, if they exist, hold a minimal role in the attitudes of the individuals, with greater emphasis placed on interpersonal and situational variables.

scholarly journals Playing Many Religion-Games: a Wittgensteinian Approach to Multiple Religious Belonging

Open Theology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhiannon Grant
Keyword(s):  
Ludwig Wittgenstein ◽  
Religious Identity ◽  
Religious Affiliation ◽  
Religious Participation ◽  
Language Games ◽  
Conceptual Tool ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
Linguistic Model ◽  
The Many

AbstractUsing resources from Ludwig Wittgenstein and George Lindbeck, this paper develops a new conceptual tool for the understanding of religious identity: the ‘religion-game’. Although related to Wittgenstein’s language-games and drawing on Lindbeck‘s cultural-linguistic model of religion, this conceptual tool produces new results when applied to examples of multiple religious belonging. Drawing on the existing literature about the practice of multiple religious participation in Western countries, two realistic examples are developed at length and it is shown that the concept of a religion-game can help people to express their religious belonging in more positive ways. In particular, the many everyday choices made by people with more than one religious affiliation are clarified as choices to participate in some religion-games but not others. This de-emphasises the role of identity, often assumed to be singular, in religious belonging and enables an emphasis on behaviour which both fits with the turn towards ‘lived religion’ and permits a vivid and accurate account of the experience of at least two common paths to multiple religious belonging.

scholarly journals No effect of birth order on adult risk taking

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (13) ◽  
pp. 6019-6024 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomás Lejarraga ◽  
Renato Frey ◽  
Daniel D. Schnitzlein ◽  
Ralph Hertwig
Keyword(s):  
Birth Order ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Risk Preference ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Order Effects ◽  
Household Surveys ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Survey Responses ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Life Decision

Does birth order shape people’s propensity to take risks? Evidence is mixed. We used a three-pronged approach to investigate birth-order effects on risk taking. First, we examined the propensity to take risks as measured by a self-report questionnaire administered in the German Socio-Economic Panel, one of the largest and most comprehensive household surveys. Second, we drew on data from the Basel–Berlin Risk Study, one of the most exhaustive attempts to measure risk preference. This study administered 39 risk-taking measures, including a set of incentivized behavioral tasks. Finally, we considered the possibility that birth-order differences in risk taking are not reflected in survey responses and laboratory studies. We thus examined another source of behavioral data: the risky life decision to become an explorer or a revolutionary. Findings from these three qualitatively different sources of data and analytic methods point unanimously in the same direction: We found no birth-order effects on risk taking.

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