Electoral Unification: The First German Elections in December 1990

1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus von Beyme
Keyword(s):  
Economic System ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
The West ◽  
German State ◽  
The Past ◽  
The People ◽  
German States ◽  
Political Legitimation ◽  
Democratic Principles ◽  
The Moment

BOTH GERMAN STATES HAVE IN THE PAST BEEN ECONOMIC systems in search of political legitimation. The legitimation of the West German state was gradually established by the acceptance of democratic principles by the huge majority of the population and by a welfare system which was deliberately devised to protect it against contamination from the socialist camp. East Germany lost its legitimation at the moment when it abandoned its economic system. Consequently the battle-cry turned from ‘we are the people’ to ‘we are one people’.

scholarly journals COMPARISON OF ISLAMIC ECONOMY AND CONVENTIONAL ECONOMY TO PEOPLE'S INCOME GROWTH IN REDUCING POVERTY AND UNEMPLOYMENT

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-274
Author(s):  
Tarmizi Tarmizi
Keyword(s):  
Economic System ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Capitalist System ◽  
The People ◽  
Socialist Economic ◽  
Islamic Economic ◽  
Islamic Faith ◽  
The Right ◽  
Socialist Economic System

Islamic economic system is built on the foundation of the Islamic faith, the faith in question is the right because it comes from Allah brought to mankind through the prophet Muhammad. The Islamic faith is a faith that satisfies reason, reassures the soul, and is in accordance with human nature. In an individual context, economic activity is based on the values of worship. The economic system known by society globally is the capitalist and socialist economic system. In the economic context, both systems have been able to increase the prosperity of the people in the country that uses both economic systems. The capitalist system is influenced by the zeal to make the most of its profits with limited resources. This capitalist venture is supported by the values of freedom to make ends meet. This freedom resulted in high competition among others in defense, while the socialist economic system had the goal of mutual prosperity. In conclusion, the Islamic economic system is a solution economic system for various problems that have arisen, while the conventional economic system is an economic system that is widely used by various countries in the world, including Indonesia. A conventional economy is an economic system that gives full freedom to everyone to carry out economic activities.

Modernism, Functionalism, and Tradition: The Music of Friedrich Goldmann

Tempo ◽  
1995 ◽  
pp. 27-30
Author(s):  
Alastair Williams
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The West ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
The Past ◽  
High Modernism ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Socialist Politics

The current reappraisal of tradition, along with an interest in a music that deals with concrete emotions and which has a direct appeal to audiences, sounds a certain resonance with the aesthetic doctrines that prevailed in the former communist bloc. A sense of history is vital to socialist politics, but the availability of a symphonic tradition to Soviet composers after a break with that heritage suggests a state of posthistoire; a condition normally associated with postmodernism. The postmodernist reappraisal of the past is anticipated by, for example, Shostakovich's complex and sometimes ironic relationship to the symphonic tradition. Conservative traditionalism in the East maintained to be a critique of high modernist principles; in the West, ironically, a turn to tradition is now put forward as an alternative to the same rationalist modernism. At the moment when the achievements of the historical avant-garde and of high modernism have become fully available to the former Eastern Europe, the former Western Europe is engaged with the reappraisal of tradition. Even where a modernist music did develop in Eastern Europe – as, for example, it did in Poland – it was followed by a move back to more traditional techniques. The consequence of this inclination is that composers such as Górecki and Pärt, who employ traditionally-based expressive languages, have shot onto centre stage. The point is that composers from the former communist bloc have already encountered many of the issues that now preoccupy some contemporary composers in the capitalist West.

scholarly journals Methodology of Economic Science and Problems of Objectivity in Economics

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatyana Ogorodnikova ◽  
Aleksei Solomein ◽  
Irina Shipunova
Keyword(s):  
Economic System ◽  
Thermodynamic Equilibrium ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Behavior ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Economic Science ◽  
Scientific Principles ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Moment

The article described the specifics of economic science in the context of general scientific principles of cognition and the need to ensure the stability of economic systems. The research examined the nature and essence of objective and subjective factors of economic behavior, the nature of their interaction and the mechanism of transformation. Objective economic laws of differentiation of economic entities by the level of absolute welfare and equality of relative welfare are formulated. The state of the economic system is considered from the position of thermodynamic equilibrium. We formulated the condition of thermodynamic equilibrium of economic systems, which differs from the condition of equilibrium in the light of mechanistic concepts. The moment of the first archaic division of labor was highlighted as the point of bifurcation and the exit of the economic system from the state of thermodynamic equilibrium. The irreversible nature of this transition was emphasized. We found that it is necessary to study economic systems as non-equilibrium from the standpoint of assessing the state of complex dynamic structural formations.

PENERAPAN RASIONALITAS EKONOMI ISLAM DALAM MENGENDALIKAN PERILAKU ISRAF DI TENGAH PANDEMI

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-100
Author(s):  
Andri Awaluddin
Keyword(s):  
Economic System ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Consumption Behavior ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
Excessive Consumption ◽  
Personal Interests

Human beings as social beings in an effort to meet the needs of their lives are always doing economic activities. To regulate these economic activities, there are several economic systems that can be applied, some that adhere to the capitalist economic system, some that adhere to the social economic system. But as Muslims should impose an economic system can put the interests of the people above personal interests so as to create rationality in conducting economic activities. As a human being who has lust tends to have excessive consumption behavior (israf), but man also has a sense that is able to control consumptive nature so that in fulfilling the needs of his life man always control himself to be free from israf behavior.  In the making of this journal the author uses qualitative research methods with literature research. Keywords: Rationality, Islamic Economy, Israf 

Introduction

2006 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-372
Author(s):  
NICHOLAS CANNY
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Preferences ◽  
The West ◽  
The Past ◽  
National Archives ◽  
Public Record ◽  
The Moment ◽  
National Libraries ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship

This Focus addresses the relationship between historians and the societies they serve, particularly since the later nineteenth century when, for the first time, historians began to define themselves as a distinct professional group. One of the conclusions that emerges from the four case studies pursued here is that the independence of judgement which professionalism implies, founders the moment it is perceived by a wider public that historians are no longer providing them with the moral guidance they expect from those who have studied their pasts. It is also shown that the challenges and responses did not prove identical in any two sets of circumstances. This introduction also makes reference to general challenges to which individual contributors do not necessarily refer, but which have impacted on the work and independence of all historians.Historians, both now and in the past, have been aware that what they write is, of necessity, influenced by their personal circumstances as also by their political and social preferences. Perhaps out of recognition of this, some writers of history in all centuries, and possibly from every culture, have celebrated their ability to shape policy in the present by citing experiences from past times. Then, in the nineteenth century, as governments in the west established Public Record Offices, National Archives and National Libraries, it came to be accepted in that part of the world that historians were professionals who, having undertaken a prescribed course of training, were uniquely equipped to assess how politicians and diplomats in the past had conducted their business.

Greenland Today

ARCTIC ◽  
1957 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 119
Author(s):  
Eske Brun
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Danish Population ◽  
The West ◽  
Lutheran Church ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ice Cap ◽  
The People ◽  
Arctic Conditions

... Greenland forms an integral part of the Danish kingdom, and its area of 780,000 square miles is about fifty times that of the rest of Denmark put together. ... Greenland is the largest island in the world, measuring from south to north more than 1,500 miles, but five-sixths of the area is covered by the vast ice cap, which has a thickness of up to 10,000 feet. Only a narrow coastal fringe is ice-free, and even there arctic conditions prevail and forests are non-existent. ... The 25,000 Greenlanders [0.5% of the total Danish population] who inhabit the coasts, in particular the southern part of the west coast, are of mixed Eskimo and Scandinavian extraction. The connection between Greenland and Scandinavia goes back a thousand years to the time of the Vikings .... The Greenlanders now all belong to the national Lutheran Church of Denmark, and in every respect enjoy equal status with other members of the Danish population. Politically, Greenland constitutes a part of the Danish democracy. Popularly elected local councils administer local affairs, and two Greenlanders, elected in Greenland, sit in the Folketing, the Danish Parliament. ... The economy of Greenland is based primarily on the sea. The land offers few facilities for economic development. ... The primitive economy was originally founded on seal-hunting, but the change in world climate, which has taken place during the last generation has forced the Greenlanders to reorganize their economic life as the seal vanished from southern Greenland waters and fish appeared to take its place. ... For nearly a hundred years the mineral cryolite, the bulk of which is used in the aluminium industry, has been mined at Ivigtut, in southwest Greenland. ... Since the war, an intensive geological survey of the whole of Greenland has been undertaken .... Greenland is remarkable for, among other things, the fact that there is no income tax - not yet! But there is other taxation, especially on spirits, tobacco, and various other luxuries. The revenue from these taxes goes to the local councils, which spend the bulk of it on social welfare, especially the care of the aged, invalids, orphans, etc. ... the Danish Government has assumed responsibility for the health services. The climate, and the poor housing that still exists in many places have meant that the health conditions in the past have not been good. Tuberculosis, in particular, has always been a scourge. ... The work of educating the people of Greenland began over two hundred years ago and it is a hundred years since illiteracy was abolished. ... there is at present a great deal of activity in adult education .... In a period that has seen the breaking-up of great colonial empires and the attaining of independence by former colonies, the opposite development has taken place in Greenland: a former colony has been integrated into the kingdom. ...

scholarly journals L’autre Allemagne dans l'Allemagne unifiée. Réflexions sur l'unification allemande (Note)

2005 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 493-510
Author(s):  
Jean-Yves Paraïso
Keyword(s):  
Federal Government ◽  
The Political ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Political Consciousness ◽  
The West ◽  
Historical Experience ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
The People ◽  
German States ◽  
East German

The serious economic problems that the unified Germany has to face — as must other industrialized countries - cannot by themselves account for the growing disenchantment that is perceptible in the New Länder, where the utopian dreams of the fall of 1989 have been steadily unravelling. Why is it that the people of the GDR, who had pushed aside the lethargy of politicians in order to impose a speedy unification of the two German states, now seem to be adopting a radical attitude of defiance towards the federal government ? The author postulates that, in implementing the unification process, people overestimated the capability of the West German federal model to integrate the territories of the GDR and underestimated the permanence of the political consciousness specific to East German citizens, the weight of their historical experience, and their profound yearning to assume their destiny within a unified Germany. Had an autonomous East German chamber been created, with a time-limited mandate, it might have been possible to give meaning to the collective quest for identity now being expressed in the New Länder, a quest which for the time being, and in the absence of any alternative, finds an outlet in a party incarnating the region's specificity - the PDS.

scholarly journals Democracy in the face of disagreement: Environmentalist opposition to Escarpment Mine on the Denniston Plateau

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Lillian Fougère
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Deliberative Democracy ◽  
Radical Democracy ◽  
The West ◽  
The People ◽  
The Face ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Democratic Principles ◽  
Open Cast

<p>Despite New Zealand’s Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA) being lauded as offering democratic decision-making processes, those in opposition to consent applications often feel their input has minimal influence on the decisions made. This research explores how democracy is actualised or constrained through environmentalist opposition to decisions made about coal-mining on conservation land, including both informal and formal participation.  Escarpment Mine is a proposal for an open cast coal mine on the Denniston Plateau on the West Coast of New Zealand. The mine was granted resource consents in 2011 by the two local councils. Environmental activists engaged with these decisions through the formal council led submission process, a requirement under the RMA, and informally through activism, protest and campaigning. Their opposition was founded on concerns about the mine’s effects on conservation and climate change.  Drawing on theories of deliberative democracy and radical democracy, I create a framework for democracy that includes agonism and antagonism, situated within the overarching democratic principles of equality, justice and the rule of the people. Through interviewing environmentalists opposed to Escarpment Mine and the council officials involved, my research discusses the way environmentalists were constrained from participating meaningfully in the formal process due to perceived bias and the privileging of neoliberal discourses. I suggest that this case reflects a lack of agonism in most areas, and a delegitimising of antagonistic activism despite such activism working towards equality and justice. Thus, the case does not fulfil the democratic ideals of working with disagreement.</p>

scholarly journals Death over time: brief notes about death and dying in the West

2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-449
Author(s):  
Rosangela Werlang ◽  
Jussara Maria Rosa Mendes
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Death And Dying ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
The West ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
The Past ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Human Finitude

This literature review deals with death and the changes in its concept and meanings over time, aiming to relate this to the different social organizations and issues that involve individuality and human finitude. It intends to arouse the reflection about this theme respected by all of us, and related to our own contingency. In this sense, the article provides several perspectives through different authors' voices, seeking to understand how we arrived at this contemporary stage where death must be forgotten at any cost. It is a forbidden subject even inevitably being part of our daily lives, and its guardians must increasingly insure the non-participation and non-involvement of the people. Therefore, understanding the past stages of death, from its proximity to its banishment from the social life, is a necessary condition to analyzing our own end, and the end of our own individuality.

scholarly journals Democracy in the face of disagreement: Environmentalist opposition to Escarpment Mine on the Denniston Plateau

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Lillian Fougère
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Deliberative Democracy ◽  
Radical Democracy ◽  
The West ◽  
The People ◽  
The Face ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Democratic Principles ◽  
Open Cast

<p>Despite New Zealand’s Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA) being lauded as offering democratic decision-making processes, those in opposition to consent applications often feel their input has minimal influence on the decisions made. This research explores how democracy is actualised or constrained through environmentalist opposition to decisions made about coal-mining on conservation land, including both informal and formal participation.  Escarpment Mine is a proposal for an open cast coal mine on the Denniston Plateau on the West Coast of New Zealand. The mine was granted resource consents in 2011 by the two local councils. Environmental activists engaged with these decisions through the formal council led submission process, a requirement under the RMA, and informally through activism, protest and campaigning. Their opposition was founded on concerns about the mine’s effects on conservation and climate change.  Drawing on theories of deliberative democracy and radical democracy, I create a framework for democracy that includes agonism and antagonism, situated within the overarching democratic principles of equality, justice and the rule of the people. Through interviewing environmentalists opposed to Escarpment Mine and the council officials involved, my research discusses the way environmentalists were constrained from participating meaningfully in the formal process due to perceived bias and the privileging of neoliberal discourses. I suggest that this case reflects a lack of agonism in most areas, and a delegitimising of antagonistic activism despite such activism working towards equality and justice. Thus, the case does not fulfil the democratic ideals of working with disagreement.</p>

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document