CrayfishProcambarus clarkiiRetina and Nervous System Exhibit Antioxidant Circadian Rhythms Coupled with Metabolic and Luminous Daily Cycles

Melatonin (MLT) is a powerful chronobiotic hormone that controls a multitude of circadian rhythms at several levels and, in recent times, has garnered considerable attention both from academia and industry. In several studies, MLT has been discussed as a potent neuroprotectant, anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative agent with no serious undesired side effects. These characteristics raise hopes that it could be used in humans for central nervous system (CNS)-related disorders. MLT is mainly secreted in the mammalian pineal gland during the dark phase, and it is associated with circadian rhythms. However, the production of MLT is not only restricted to the pineal gland; it also occurs in the retina, Harderian glands, gut, ovary, testes, bone marrow, and lens. Although most studies are limited to investigating the role of MLT in the CNS and related disorders, we explored a considerable amount of the existing literature. The objectives of this comprehensive review were to evaluate the impact of MLT on the CNS from the published literature, specifically to address the biological functions and potential mechanism of action of MLT in the CNS. We document the effectiveness of MLT in various animal models of brain injury and its curative effects in humans. Furthermore, this review discusses the synthesis, biology, function, and role of MLT in brain damage, and as a neuroprotective, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer agent through a collection of experimental evidence. Finally, it focuses on the effect of MLT on several neurological diseases, particularly CNS-related injuries.

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Circadian Rhythms, Sleep, and the Autonomic Nervous System

Journal of Psychophysiology ◽

10.1027/0269-8803/a000236 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 34 (1) ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Sergio Garbarino ◽

Paola Lanteri ◽

Nicole R. Feeling ◽

Marc N. Jarczok ◽

Daniel S. Quintana ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Autonomic Nervous System ◽

Circadian Rhythms ◽

Autonomic Nervous

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The Glial Perspective on Sleep and Circadian Rhythms

Annual Review of Neuroscience ◽

10.1146/annurev-neuro-091819-094557 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

pp. 119-140 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Gregory Artiushin ◽

Amita Sehgal

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Circadian Rhythms ◽

Immune Function ◽

Glial Cells ◽

Ion Homeostasis ◽

Cytokine Signaling ◽

Complete Understanding ◽

Developmental Guidance ◽

Living Organisms ◽

Neuronal Physiology

While neurons and circuits are almost unequivocally considered to be the computational units and actuators of behavior, a complete understanding of the nervous system must incorporate glial cells. Far beyond a copious but passive substrate, glial influence is inextricable from neuronal physiology, whether during developmental guidance and synaptic shaping or through the trophic support, neurotransmitter and ion homeostasis, cytokine signaling and immune function, and debris engulfment contributions that this class provides throughout an organism's life. With such essential functions, among a growing literature of nuanced roles, it follows that glia are consequential to behavior in adult animals, with novel genetic tools allowing for the investigation of these phenomena in living organisms. We discuss here the relevance of glia for maintaining circadian rhythms and also for serving functions of sleep.

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Range of entrainment of rat circadian rhythms to sinusoidal light-intensity cycles

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.2000.278.5.r1148 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 278 (5) ◽

pp. R1148-R1156 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Setsuo Usui ◽

Yasuro Takahashi ◽

Terue Okazaki

Keyword(s):

Circadian Rhythms ◽

Light Intensity ◽

Lower Limit ◽

Phase Angle ◽

Light Exposure ◽

Sprague Dawley ◽

Lighting Conditions ◽

Behavioral Rhythm ◽

Sprague Dawley Rats ◽

Daily Cycles

The range of entrainment of the circadian behavioral rhythm was compared between two groups of Sprague-Dawley rats (each n = 10) exposed to daily cycles of rectangular light-dark alternation (LD) and sinusoidal fluctuations of light intensity (SINE), respectively. The maximum illuminance (20 lx), the minimum illuminance (0.01 lx), and the total amount of light exposure per cycle were the same under the two lighting conditions. The periods (Ts) of both lighting cycles were lengthened stepwise from 24 through 25, 26, 26.5, 27, 27.5, and 28 h to 28.5 h in experiment 1 and were shortened stepwise from 24 through 23.5, 23, and 22.5 h to 22 h in experiment 2. Each T cycle lasted for 30 cycles. In experiment 1, 60% of rats under the LD condition entrained up to T = 28.5 h, whereas 50% of rats under the SINE condition entrained up to T = 28.5 h. In experiment 2, no animal under the LD condition entrained to T < 23.5 h, whereas 40% of rats under the SINE condition entrained down to T = 23 h and 20% of rats remained to entrain down to T = 22 h cycles. The phase angle of entrainment was systematically changed, depending on T under both conditions. These results suggest that the lower limit of entrainment is expanded under the SINE condition compared with the LD condition.

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Autonomic Activity in Overweight-Obese Children During the Morning Transition in Cardiac Circadian Regulation (P21-065-19)

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzz041.p21-065-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

R Pivik ◽

Y Gu ◽

H Downs ◽

A Andres ◽

K Jarratt ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Circadian Rhythms ◽

Energy Homeostasis ◽

Cardiovascular Health ◽

Parasympathetic Nervous System ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Low Frequency ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Obese Children ◽

Funding Sources

Abstract Objectives Regulation of the autonomic nervous system is disturbed in obese children and adults. This dysregulation—which includes sympathetic nervous system (SNS) over activity and disruption of cardiac circadian rhythms—is of interest because of the negative impact of these effects on cognition, regulation of energy homeostasis, cardiovascular health, and metabolic functions. The present study evaluated heart rate (HR) measures during the first hours following awakening from sleep when circadian cardiac control transitions from an emphasis on parasympathetic nervous system activity (PNS) during sleep to an emphasis on SNS activity during wakefulness. Methods Resting HR recordings (5 min) were obtained from healthy normal weight (NW: BMI < 85th %ile; n = 47; 25 boys) and overweight-obese (OB: BMI > 95th %ile; n = 48; 24 boys) 10 yr olds enrolled in the ACNC's Brain Food study. The first of two recording sessions (T1) took place 2 hrs after awakening (1 hr after a standardized breakfast), and the second (T2) 1 hr later. Recordings were processed for measures of sympathetic [low frequency (LF)] and parasympathetic [high frequency (HF); vagal tone (VT); root mean square of intervals between adjacent heart beats (RMSSD)] activities. Results Separate ANOVAs (recording session by group by sex) were conducted for each measure. Previous reports of higher HR in girls than boys and in OB than NW groups were confirmed (both P ≤ 0.001) HR slowed significantly from T1 to T2 for OB (P = 0.021), but not NW. These effects were associated with T1 to T2 increases in SNS LF activity for both groups (both P ≤ 0.003), but significant increases in PNS measures (HF, RMSSD, VT; all P < 0.05) for only OB children. Increases in PNS activity across recording sessions for OB children attenuated group HR differences during T2 (T1: OB > NW, P = 0.008; T2: OB > NW, P = .051). Gender differences were consistent with faster HR in girls which was maintained across groups and recording sessions. Conclusions The results are the first to show that autonomic dysregulation in obese children modulates the shift in SNS-PNS balance characteristic of the transition from sleep to waking. These findings may inform the development of new early intervention strategies to attenuate obesity that consider the role played by circadian rhythms. Funding Sources Funded by USDA-ARS Project 6026-51000-010-05S.

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Proceedings of the Sleep and Epilepsy Workgroup: Section 2 Comorbidities: Sleep Related Comorbidities of Epilepsy

Epilepsy Currents ◽

10.1177/15357597211004549 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 153575972110045

Author(s):

Milena K. Pavlova ◽

Marcus Ng ◽

Rebecca M. Allen ◽

Melanie Boly ◽

Sanjeev Kothare ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Chronic Disease ◽

Circadian Rhythms ◽

Sleep Disorders ◽

Treatment Options ◽

Interdisciplinary Approach ◽

Sleep Medicine ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Treatment Priorities

Epilepsy is a chronic disease with multiple, complex comorbidities. Bidirectional relationships exist among seizures, sleep, circadian rhythms, and diseases within and outside of the central nervous system. Seizures fragment sleep and can contribute to development of sleep disorders, which in turn leads to worse overall health and more seizures. Moreover, treatment options are often limited by interactions with anti-seizure medications. Advances in the fields of epilepsy and in sleep medicine have been made separately, and therefore treating patients with these comorbidities necessitates interdisciplinary approach. The focus of this section of the Sleep and Epilepsy Workgroup was to identify methods of collaboration and outline investigational, educational, and treatment priorities to mutually advance what we consider a combined field.

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Circadian Sensation and Visual Perception

10.5772/intechopen.100591 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Michael Jackson Oliveira de Andrade

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Reaction Time ◽

Body Temperature ◽

Circadian Rhythms ◽

Visual Perception ◽

Biological Rhythms ◽

The Body ◽

Perception Time ◽

Sensory Activity ◽

Attention Memory

The physiology of living beings presents oscillations that are known as biological rhythms. The most studied rhythm is called circadian (circa = circa, dies = day), because it varies with a period close to 24h. Most functions of the body have circadian variations, one can mention, for example, metabolism, body temperature, the activity of the nervous system, secretion of hormones such as melatonin and cortisol. Circadian rhythms were also found in human behavior, for example: in sensory activity, motor activity, reaction time, visual perception, auditory perception, time perception, attention, memory, arithmetic calculus, and executive functions. The present work reviews the visual path that participates in the synchronization of circadian rhythms, as well as the evidence that exists about the presence of circadian rhythms in the sensation and visual perception of the human being.

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Circadian Rhythms in the Central Nervous System

10.1007/978-1-349-07837-0 ◽

1985 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Circadian Rhythms ◽

The Central Nervous System

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Why Lungs Keep Time: Circadian Rhythms and Lung Immunity

Annual Review of Physiology ◽

10.1146/annurev-physiol-021119-034602 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 82 (1) ◽

pp. 391-412 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Charles Nosal ◽

Anna Ehlers ◽

Jeffrey A. Haspel

Keyword(s):

Circadian Rhythms ◽

Circadian Clock ◽

Respiratory System ◽

Lung Diseases ◽

Environmental Changes ◽

Biological Processes ◽

General Introduction ◽

Daily Cycles ◽

Ancient Times ◽

Lung Immunity

Circadian rhythms are daily cycles in biological function that are ubiquitous in nature. Understood as a means for organisms to anticipate daily environmental changes, circadian rhythms are also important for orchestrating complex biological processes such as immunity. Nowhere is this more evident than in the respiratory system, where circadian rhythms in inflammatory lung disease have been appreciated since ancient times. In this focused review we examine how emerging research on circadian rhythms is being applied to the study of fundamental lung biology and respiratory disease. We begin with a general introduction to circadian rhythms and the molecular circadian clock that underpins them. We then focus on emerging data tying circadian clock function to immunologic activities within the respiratory system. We conclude by considering outstanding questions about biological timing in the lung and how a better command of chronobiology could inform our understanding of complex lung diseases.

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