scholarly journals The Impact of Islam on The Concept of Government of The Sultanate of Malacca During The 15th Century

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 41-51
Author(s):  
Ismail Mamat
Keyword(s):  
Political Authority ◽  
Islamic Period ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Social Theories ◽  
Islamic Religion ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Ways Of Life

This article attempts to look at the impact of Islamization process on the Sultanate of Malacca during the 15th century. Islam has offered civilizational life for the Malays. Malacca grew from an unknown place during the pre-Islamic period to become one of the well-known centres of Islamic religion and culture in the region. Islam has changed the status of Malacca after reducing its pre-Islamic customs and ways of life. The importance of the Malay Sultanate of Malacca has been well-documented and much has been written about it by many authors either by Malaysians such as Buyong Adi1, Kernal Singh Sandhu, Mohd Jamil Mukmin, Mohd Taib Osman, Muhammad Yusoff Hashim, Abu Hassan Sham, Khoo Kay Kim, and Joginder Singh Jessy, and Zubir Usman, or by the non-Malaysians including R. O. Winstedt, R. J. Wilkinson, Walter William Skeat, C. O. Blagden, Paul Wheatley, D. G. Hall, F. J. Moorhead, J. Bantin and R. Roolvink, J. Kennedy, John Bastin, Liang Liji, M. B. Hooker, Nicholas Tarling, Paul Wheatley, Sarnia Hayes Hoyt, T. W. Arnold, W. P. Groeneveldt, Christoper H. Wake,  P. E. de Josselin de Jong and H. L. A van Wijk, Robert W. McRoberts, and Wang Gangwu. They wrote on various genres of literature and culture of the Malays as well as the history of the Sultanate. However, some of them especially the orientalists, because of their adoption of various Western social theories, this application of such theory to the sultanate or the Malay society yield untenable results. We shall argue some of whom tend to regard Islam as unimportant in shaping the Malay worldview, society and identity. This article will emphasize the civilizational significance of the Islamic impact by looking at the system of political authority and the concept of government of the Sultanate.

scholarly journals Attributes of turnaround rural hospitals: Case study findings and research opportunities

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Asa B. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of The Firm ◽  
Access Point ◽  
Hospital Performance ◽  
Rural Hospitals ◽  
Rural Hospital ◽  
Classical Economics ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Closure Conversion ◽  
The Impact

Background: Rural and Critical Access Hospitals (CAHs) have a history of operating challenges and closure-conversion threats. The history is reviewed including the supportive public policy provisions and administrative tactics designed to maintain a community’s hospital as the hub and access point for health services. Limited research indicates that rural facilities are not strategic in their responses to challenges. A question emerges regarding the enduring nature of operating difficulties for these facilities, i.e., no understanding with explanatory value.Objective: The author, as the CEO in six rural hospitals designated as turnaround facilities, used inductive participant-observer involvement to identify operating attributes characteristic of these organizations. An objective description of each facility is provided. While implementing a turnaround intervention, fifteen behaviors or outcomes were found to be consistent across all six entities. This information is used to posit factors associated with or accounting for identified performance weaknesses.Conclusions: It is conceptualization that observed organizational behaviors can be explained as remnants of an agrarian ideology. Such a mindset is focused on preserving the status quo despite challenges that would require strategic positioning of the organization. In addition, emerging studies on community types indicates that follow-up research is needed that assesses the impact of community attributes on rural hospital performance. Also, this study shows that a theory of the rural hospital firm based on neo-classical economics has no explanatory value. Thus, a theory of the firm can be developed that includes behavioral economic principles.

scholarly journals GRAPHIC DESIGN IN THE AGE OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION

2022 ◽  
Vol 04 (01) ◽  
pp. 417-431
Author(s):  
Nsiyf Jassem MOHAMMED
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Graphic Design ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Digital Transformation ◽  
Digital World ◽  
Digital Development ◽  
The Status ◽  
Design Activities ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

In the midst of economic and consumer competition between companies and industrial ‎institutions, graphic design emerges as an active actor in the sustainability of the ‎advertising and media cycle alike, a role that would not have been important without the ‎tireless work carried out by designers in various design activities, especially after entering ‎into the digital experience. He benefited from it and kept pace with the new ‎developments of quality, and it is useful to point out that the motives of digital ‎development have reinforced the values that the design worked on, and today it is ‎witnessing many transformations in a digital world that is constantly evolving, ‎transformations related to the core of the designer’s work and what he offers in work ‎sites based on Decades of traditional experiences that designers have been working with, ‎and the trend towards traditions and modern digital frameworks that have been ‎reinforced by the increase in related digital applications and software in a remarkable ‎qualitative shift that indicates an important stage in the design process that extends to ‎centuries of work and technical development.‎ The current research explores some of the turning points of this procession with ‎important articulated transformations, based on the question that:‎ What is the status of graphic design in the age of digital transformation? The ‎importance of the research lies in the following:‎ ‎-Theoretical dimension: It can be useful in enhancing the theoretical framework of the ‎graphic design process and the transformations it has witnessed in the digital age.‎ ‎-Applied dimension: it can benefit those interested and working in the matter of graphic ‎design, and the research aims to: Identify the problems of graphic design in the age of ‎digital transformation. The theoretical framework includes the following topics:‎ ‎-What is digital transformation?‎ ‎-A brief history of graphic design ‎-Graphic design from traditional to digital The impact of digital technologies on graphic design.

Women and Capitalism: Oppression or Emancipation? A Review Article

1988 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 534-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Working People ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Transition To Capitalism ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Third World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
Status Of Women

In the last few years, work in social history and the history of women has centred on the transition to capitalism and the great bourgeois political revolutions—also variously described as industrialization, urbanisation, and modernisation. Throughout this work runs a steady debate about the improvement or deterioration brought about by these changes in the lives of women and working people. On the whole, sociologists of the 1960s and early 1970s and many recent historians have been optimistic about the changes in women's position, while feminist and Marxist scholars have taken a much more gloomy view.1 There has been little debate between the two sides, yet the same opposed arguments about the impact of capitalism on the status of women crop up not only in accounts of Britain from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century, but also in work on women in the Third World, and cry out for critical assessment.

History of the American College of Toxicology (ACT)

2004 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 285-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mildred S. Christian
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
25Th Anniversary ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Methodologies ◽  
New Research ◽  
The Impact

This manuscript is one of two written to celebrate the 25th Anniversary of the American College of Toxicology (ACT). This history of ACT describes its evolution from an entrepreneurial, risk taking model to a conservative business model, fully accepted in the scientific community. ACT started with a small group of scientists who were dissatisfied with the relatively narrow approach to full membership then taken by the Society of Toxicology (SOT). They were excited by new research and collaborative opportunities resulting from an enhanced public awareness of the impact of chemicals on the environment and emerging new methodologies to evaluate human risks of exposure to be chemicals and pharmaceuticals. These toxicologists, many of whom were from industry and government, rather than academia, were tired of being considered socond class citizens and envisioned more open and cross-disciplined approaches. They favored balanced input by academia, industry and government in the overall toxicologic evaluation and risk assessment process. The history of the founding and early development of ACT, as well as the College’s growth and eventual acceptance into the scientific community, including its impact on the status quo during the Society’s first 25 years, are told by its successive presidents.

scholarly journals The impact of colonisation on te reo Māori: A critical review of the State education system

Te Kaharoa ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachael Ka'ai-Mahuta
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Education System ◽  
Intelligence Testing ◽  
The State ◽  
Language Loss ◽  
Language Death ◽  
State Education ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

By 1979, merely 139 years after the signing of Te Tiriti o Waitangi (The Treaty of Waitangi), the loss of te reo Māori was so great that it was believed it would suffer language death (Walker 1990: 147-148). This can be attributed to colonisation and the State policy of assimilation which eroded the status of the language. The mechanism of the Government’s agenda of assimilation and language domination was the State education system. This was, therefore, the primary cause of Māori language loss. In some cases the legislation regarding the State education system can be directly linked to language loss. However, in many cases the education system has negatively affected te reo Māori indirectly through aspects of Eurocentric education. These include assimilation, cultural invasion, cultural subordination, language domination, hegemony, the curriculum, class structures, racism, meritocracy, intelligence testing, and negative teacher expectations.   In the study of Māori language decline one must critically review the New Zealand State education system, including a discussion of the key events and legislation in the history of Pākehā colonisation and assimilation in Aotearoa/New Zealand. This will form the chronological map of the deterioration of the status of the Māori language.

scholarly journals Modernization as a Transition from a “Traditional” to a Postmodern Society

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 153-170
Author(s):  
Svitlana Hladchenko ◽  
Halyna Bilanych ◽  
Inna Ivzhenko ◽  
Lilia Florko ◽  
Kateryna Vakarchuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Self ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
Legal Reforms ◽  
Gender Perceptions ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
French Colonial ◽  
Historical Retrospect ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time

The purpose of the article is to explore the gender aspect of the modernization of Tunisian society from modernism to postmodernism, which defined the cultural concept of the twentieth century. The article conducts a comprehensive study of gender aspects of the modernization of Tunisian society since the beginning of this modernization in 1900 of the XX century. to the beginning of the XXI century; for the first time the periodization of the women's movement in Tunisia in the period of modern history is presented and substantiated; analyzed the history of the impact of political and legal reforms of the Tunisian government on changing the gender situation in society; reflects the specifics of gender ideas and practices of Tunisian society in historical retrospect. The degree of influence of the French colonial regime on the modernization of Tunisian society in a gender context is determined; an analysis of the specifics of gender relations in Islamic society. It is proved that Islamic democracy was presented as a guarantor of the real emancipation of women, provided that she retains the primary status of wife and mother. This principle, due to the socio-cultural traditions of Tunisian society, was in fact basic in gender perceptions and for this period. Biographies of the leaders of the Tunisian movement show that their social self-realization was usually directly ensured by the status of the wife of a politician.

scholarly journals DEFENSE BUILDINGS OF BERNARDIN’S ORDER MONASTERIES OF WESTERN UKRAINE IN XVII-XVIII CENTURIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-220
Author(s):  
Khokhon M. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Active Defense ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Formation History ◽  
The Status ◽  
Western Ukraine ◽  
History Of ◽  
Planning Factor ◽  
Franciscan Order ◽  
The City

Reliable fortifications were the key to the stable functioning of the castle, city or monastery on the territory of Western Ukraine in the XVII-XVIII centuries. Monastic complexes dominated actively in the space of settlements or landscape. Bernardin Order monasteries were one of the most numerous among the orders of the Western rite. Nowadays there often arises the question of determining the historical boundaries of objects and the original architectural and compositional integrity of monastic complexes during the development of urban planning documentation and restoration projects. Bernardin Order monasteries were actively studied by Ukrainian and Polish scientists, such as V. Vuytsyk, O. Boyko, I. Somochkin, A. Bethley, M. Kurzey, E. Kvetsinska. Research focuses mostly on the sacred elements of the complexes and describes the historical and architectural aspects of the monuments. The fortifications were partially inspected or not mentioned at all. The purpose of the article is to collect, systematize and reveal new facts of functioning and formation history of the defensive structures of Bernardine Order monasteries in Western Ukraine. Also the the purpose is to determine the location, dimensions, architectural and planning features of the fortifications of monasteries. In the studied period, we can identify about 50 defense complexes of various orders of the Western Rite, located in or outside the downtown. Bernardine Order monasteries are among the most common and are represented in in Berezhany, Husiatyn, Dubno, Zbarazh, Izyaslav, Lviv, Leshniv, Sokal and Khrystynopil. The Order of Bernardines is a branch of the Franciscan order, which was formed in the XII century. The Order of Bernardines appeared in the territory of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Western Ukraine in the middle of the 15th century. As a result of the study of nine monasteries of the Bernardine Order, it was found that the architecture of the Order is clearly traced in the construction of its own fortifications. The article identifies the influence of the urban planning factor on the configuration and dimensions of the defense lines of objects. The Bernardines owned some of the most powerful defensive monasteries in Western Ukraine: in Sokal, Izyaslav and Lviv. The monasteries of this order were mostly located in downtown. Three of them, namely in Berezhany, Dubno, Leshniv, were located in the corners of downtown near the gates. The monasteries in Lviv, Husiatyn and Khrystynopil, which were blocked to the corner of the city defensive walls from the outside allocated to a separate type. Monastery in Zbarazh was located in the middle of the defense line near the gate and had its own defense walls. At this stage, the study revealed one defensive monastery church - in Leshnev. The monasteries in Dubno and Brzezany were defended by powerful city fortifications. The fortifications of the monasteries in Lviv and Sokal should be singled out. The monastery in Lviv, due to the status of the city and responsibility, was committed to active defense, which explains the presence of a three-tiered tower, strong walls with a loophole and a ravelin at the entrance. The monastery in Sokal was an outpost of the territory and a powerful center of pilgrimage that resulted into its economical wealth. It was found that the Bernardine complexes used mostly newer forms of protection - bastions and ramparts.

scholarly journals Movimiento estudiantil en Chile 2011: Causas y características

2016 ◽  
pp. 109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrique Cañas Kirby
Keyword(s):  
Political Representation ◽  
Political Process ◽  
The Political ◽  
Protest Movements ◽  
Social Actors ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Theories ◽  
El Sistema ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

ResumenLos movimientos de protesta estudiantil en la historia de Chile del siglo XX configuran un tipo de acción colectiva que tienen como patrón común un grado específico de influencia y agregación de otros actores sociales en momentos críticos del proceso político. Este artículo pretende averiguar el impacto que tuvo en Chile el movimiento 2011 sobre las estructuras formales de poder en el sistema político. Se han levantado teorías sociales acerca de este fenómeno que refieren a formas de participación y representación política que tienden a distanciarse de los asuntos cívicos. Chile no es un caso aislado en este respecto. Para saberlo, es necesario conocer las coordenadas sobre las cuales transcurrió la cuestión social en 2011, sus precedentes y proyecciones.Palabras clave: Movimientos sociales, representación política, teoría política, historia de ChileStudent movement in Chile 2011: Causes and characteristicsAbstractThe student protest movements in the history of Chile in the Twentieth Century formed a kind of collective action having in common a specific degree of influence and aggregation of other social actors in critical moments of the political process. This article aims to determine the impact of the 2011 movement in Chile on the formal structures of power in the political system. Social theories have been raised about this phenomenon referring to forms of political participation and representation that tend to get apart from civic affairs. Chile is not an isolated case in this regard. To find out, it is necessary to know the coordinates on which the social question occurred in 2011, its precedents and projections.Keywords: Social movements, political representation, political theory, history of ChileMovimento estudantil no Chile 2011: Causas e característicasResumoOs movimentos de protesto estudantis na história do Chile século XX configuramse como uma espécie de ação coletiva que tem como padrão em comum um determinado grau de influência e agregação de outros atores sociais em momentos críticos do processo político. Este artigo pretende indagar no impacto do movimento de 2011 no Chile, sobre as estruturas formais de poder no sistema político. Têm sido levantadas teorias sociais sobre este fenómeno referindose a formas de participação e representação política que tendem adistanciarse dos assuntos cívicos. Chile não é um caso isolado a este respeito.Para conhecêlo, é preciso saber as coordenadas sobre as quais transcorreu a questão social em 2011, seus antecedentes e projeções.Palavras-chave: Movimentos sociais, representação política, teoria política, história do Chile. 

SOME COMMENTS ON THE USE OF THE UZBEK LANGUAGE IN SOCIETY

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 86-97
Author(s):  
Shazamanov Sh. I. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Public Life ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Russian Language

The article analyzes the status and history of the Uzbek language in Central Asia, the relationship with foreign languages, the state policy in the development of the Uzbek language, the impact of Russian phrases on Uzbek speech. The article is the result of practical observations of the Uzbek language in public life. The article is important in terms of studying the phrases learned from the Russian language in the Uzbek spoken language. Issues related to it are among the most studied articles in Uzbek sociolinguistics. In this regard, some of the points raised in the article may be controversial

The Account Books of the Soranzo Fraterna (Venice 1406–1434) and Their Place in the History of Bookkeeping

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Ryabova
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Legal Practice ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Archives ◽  
Double Entry ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Venetian Republic

ABSTRACT This paper contributes to the study of the accounting and legal practice existing in the Venetian Republic in the late Middle Ages. The author examines two account books created by the Soranzo fraterna, a trading firm organized as a family partnership and operating in the first half of the 15th century. The larger of the surviving ledgers, known as the libro real novo, is generally considered to be the earliest extant Venetian example of double-entry bookkeeping. New sources discovered by the author in the State Archives of Venice confirm that the libro real novo represents a compilation of accounts (a so-called estratto) prepared in view of a complicated litigation at the giudici di petizion court. The detailed examination of the judicial conflict in question reveals the purposes behind the composition of this book and the impact that the circumstances of its creation had on the accounting techniques used. JEL Classifications: M41; N73; N83.

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