Grinding Forces and Energy

1988 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Brach ◽  
D. M. Pai ◽  
E. Ratterman ◽  
M. C. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Radial Force ◽  
Tangential Component ◽  
Depth Of Cut ◽  
Abrasive Machining ◽  
Grinding Forces ◽  
Specific Grinding Energy ◽  
Large Ratio ◽  
Creep Feed ◽  
Machining Operations ◽  
Spindle Power

Grinding forces and energy play an important role in all abrasive machining operations. While specific grinding energy may be obtained from workpiece dynamometer values or by measuring spindle power, care must be exercised in converting dynamometer reading into power consumed. This is particularly true for operations involving a large ratio of wheel depth of cut to wheel diameter or when the radial force on the wheel is large relative to the tangential component. Interpretation of workpiece dynamometer results are discussed and several specific examples are considered including the diamond sawing of granite and the creep feed grinding of metal.

Grinding Force in Creep Feed Grinding of Titanium Alloy with Monolayer Brazed CBN Wheels

2012 ◽  
Vol 565 ◽  
pp. 94-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Yong Yang ◽  
Jiu Hua Xu ◽  
Wen Feng Ding
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Alloy ◽  
Boron Nitride ◽  
Cubic Boron Nitride ◽  
Grinding Force ◽  
Grinding Forces ◽  
Specific Grinding Energy ◽  
Creep Feed Grinding ◽  
Creep Feed ◽  
Force Ratio ◽  
Composite Filler

In this paper, grinding forces of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V are measured during creep feed grinding with brazed cubic boron nitride (CBN) wheels. The effects of process parameters on grinding force, force ratio and specific grinding energy are investigated in detail. The grinding force is low and force ratio is about 1.5, and the specific grinding energy of titanium alloys Ti-6Al-4V is about 65J/mm3. Also, CBN wheels brazed with composite filler of Ag-Cu-Ti and 0.5wt.% lanthanum show better grinding performance than the counterpart brazed with Ag-Cu-Ti filler in this investigation.

Influence of microstructure on indentation and machining of dental glass-ceramics

1996 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2325-2337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hockin H. K. Xu ◽  
Douglas T. Smith ◽  
Said Jahanmir
Keyword(s):  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Glass Ceramics ◽  
Depth Of Cut ◽  
Abrasive Machining ◽  
Instrumented Indentation ◽  
Grinding Forces ◽  
Platelet Size ◽  
Indentation Tests ◽  
Tangential Forces ◽  
Made In

The influence of microstructure on the abrasive machining and indentation response for a series of dental glass-ceramics was characterized. The experimental materials prepared for this study contained crystalline mica platelets that ranged in diameter from about 1 to 15 μm, while the volume fraction of mica remained essentially constant. Damage formation and material removal behavior were studied as a function of mica platelet size using Vickers indentation, Berkovich instrumented indentation, and abrasive machining. In the instrumented indentation experiments, the energy absorbed in indentation decreased with increasing platelet size when indentations of equal penetration depth are made in each material. To characterize the grinding response, the normal and tangential forces for each material were measured as a function of the depth of cut in surface grinding. The grinding forces and the specific grinding energy at fixed depths of cut decreased with increasing the mica platelet size following the same trend observed in the fixed displacement indentation tests. Since the same microfracture process was observed to occur in both indentation and grinding, the absorbed indentation energy is proposed as a quantity for predicting the machining response of these glass-ceramics.

scholarly journals Study of the Influence of Cutting Regime Parameters on Grinding Forces in Processing Tungsten Carbide Dk460uf

2014 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-92
Author(s):  
Silvia Vulc
Keyword(s):  
Tungsten Carbide ◽  
Cutting Forces ◽  
Normal Component ◽  
Grinding Force ◽  
Tangential Component ◽  
Depth Of Cut ◽  
Grinding Wheel ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Tungsten Carbides ◽  
Grinding Forces

Abstract This paper presents a study on grinding tungsten carbide DK460UF, through experimental investigation using diamond grinding wheel with 54 μm grain size. Different sets of experiments were performed to study the effects of the independent grinding parameters such as grinding wheel speed, feed and depth of cut on cutting forces. Test results showed that the feed and depth of cut influence significantly the cutting forces. The research was lead to optimize the process parameters for reducing cutting forces. In this way, for different parameters of cutting regime, it were measured the values of the components of the grinding force, tangential component, Ft and normal component Fn. The results of the experiment showed that it is better to use great speeds and small feed rate and depth of cut in grinding tungsten carbides, such as DK460UF

Dental Grinding of Lithium Disilicate Ceramic Prostheses Using High-Speed Rotary Cutting Instruments in In Vitro Oral Adjusting

2016 ◽  
Vol 1136 ◽  
pp. 36-41
Author(s):  
Hai Tao Ren ◽  
Xiao Fei Song ◽  
Xiao Feng Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Feed Rate ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Lithium Disilicate ◽  
Depth Of Cut ◽  
Abrasive Machining ◽  
Specific Grinding Energy ◽  
Rotary Cutting

Oral adjusting of ceramic prostheses involving abrasive machining using dental high-speed rotary cutting instruments is a central process in restorative dentistry, because this process affects not only restorative quality but also patients’ comfort. However, the dental grinding process, especially dental grinding of high-strength ceramic prostheses, is less understood in clinical dentistry. This paper presents dental grinding of an innovative high-strength lithium disilicate ceramic in in vitro oral adjusting regime using a dental high-speed electric handpiece and diamond burs. The dental abrasive machining characteristics were quantitatively evaluated in terms of normal and tangential forces, force ratio, and specific grinding energy as functions of clinically relevant dental grinding variables including depth of cut and feed rate and feed direction of burs. The results showed that the dental tangential and normal forces and specific grinding energy exhibited significant dependences on depth of cut, feed rate and direction of burs, but revealed significantly small scales compared to engineering machining regime. Clinical implication was given that down grinding undoubtedly reduced the abrasive adjusting forces to relieve patients’ discomfort in oral regime. Moreover, dentists must be cautious in dental abrasive adjusting of the lithium disilicate ceramic prostheses at or beyond the specific material removal rate of 2.4 mm3/min due to significantly large forces and vibrations.

Grinding Characteristics of Porous Composite-Bonded CBN Wheels

2013 ◽  
Vol 797 ◽  
pp. 516-521
Author(s):  
Zhen Zhen Chen ◽  
Jiu Hua Xu ◽  
Wen Feng Ding ◽  
Chang Yu Ma
Keyword(s):  
Chip Thickness ◽  
Depth Of Cut ◽  
Porous Composite ◽  
Grinding Forces ◽  
Wheel Surface ◽  
Specific Grinding Energy ◽  
Cbn Wheel ◽  
Nickel Based Alloy ◽  
Vitrified Cbn Wheel ◽  
Vitrified Cbn

Based on the orderly distribution alumina bubbles in working layer the porous composite-bonded CBN wheels were fabricated and grinding experiments of nickel-based alloy were carried out in comparison of the vitrified counterpart. Results show that the grinding force decreases and increases respectively with the increasing wheel velocity and depth of cut. The specific grinding energy reduces graduately from 465 to 93 J/mm3when the maximun underformed chip thickness increases from 0.4 to 1.7 μm. Compared to the vitrified CBN wheel, the grinding forces, temperatures and specific grinding energy of the porous composite-bonded CBN wheel are always lower than that of the vitrified one. Its attributed to the graphite lubricating and alumina bubbles pore-forming effects. The larger chip storage space, sharper grit edge and less adhesion on the wheel surface surpport the advantages of the porous CBN wheel.

scholarly journals Modeling of Vibration Condition in Flat Surface Grinding Process

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Amon Gasagara ◽  
Wuyin Jin ◽  
Angelique Uwimbabazi
Keyword(s):  
Process Model ◽  
Flat Surface ◽  
Normal Component ◽  
Cutting Speed ◽  
Surface Grinding ◽  
Depth Of Cut ◽  
Grinding Wheel ◽  
Grinding Process ◽  
Grinding Forces ◽  
Vibration Condition

This article presents a new model of the flat surface grinding process vibration conditions. The study establishes a particular analysis and comparison between the influence of the normal and tangential components of grinding forces on the vibration conditions of the process. The bifurcation diagrams are used to examine the process vibration conditions for the depth of cut and the cutting speed as the bifurcation parameters. The workpiece is considered to be rigid and the grinding wheel is modeled as a nonlinear two-degrees-of-freedom mass-spring-damper oscillator. To verify the model, experiments are carried out to analyze in the frequency domain the normal and tangential dynamic grinding forces. The results of the process model simulation show that the vibration condition is more affected by the normal component than the tangential component of the grinding forces. The results of the tested experimental conditions indicate that the cutting speed of 30 m/s can permit grinding at the depth of cut up to 0.02 mm without sacrificing the process of vibration behavior.

FRACTAL-BASED ANALYSIS OF THE RELATION BETWEEN TOOL WEAR AND MACHINE VIBRATION IN MILLING OPERATION

Fractals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (06) ◽  
pp. 2050101
Author(s):  
MUHAMMAD OWAIS QADRI ◽  
HAMIDREZA NAMAZI
Keyword(s):  
Fractal Dimension ◽  
Tool Wear ◽  
Fractal Theory ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Vibration Signal ◽  
Depth Of Cut ◽  
Machining Parameters ◽  
Machine Vibration ◽  
Milling Operation ◽  
Machining Operations

Tool wear is one of the unwanted phenomena in machining operations where tool has direct contact with the workpiece. Tool wear is an important issue in milling operation that is caused due to different parameters such as machine vibration. Tool wear shows complex structure, and machine vibration is a chaotic signal that also is complex. In this research, we analyze the correlation between tool wear and machine vibration using fractal theory. We run the experiments in which machining parameters, namely depth of cut, feed rate and spindle speed change, and accordingly analyze the variations of fractal dimension of tool wear versus the fractal dimension of machine vibration signal. Based on the obtained results, variations of complexity of tool wear are reversely correlated with the variations of complexity of vibration signal. Fractal analysis could potentially be applied to other machining operations in order to investigate the relation between tool wear and machine vibration.

Feasibility Study on Grinding of Titanium Alloys with Electroplated CBN Wheels

2013 ◽  
Vol 797 ◽  
pp. 73-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhong De Shi ◽  
Helmi Attia
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Alloy ◽  
Titanium Alloys ◽  
Material Removal ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
Surface Cleaning ◽  
Depth Of Cut ◽  
Wheel Surface ◽  
Removal Rates ◽  
Grinding Fluid ◽  
Creep Feed

An experimental investigation is reported on the grinding of a titanium alloy using electroplated CBN wheels with water-based grinding fluid and wheel surface cleaning fluid applied at high pressures. This work was motivated by applying grinding fluid and wheel surface cleaning fluid both at high pressures for avoiding wheel loading, which is commonly seen in titanium alloy grinding. The objective is to explore the feasibility to grind titanium alloys with electroplated CBN wheels and high pressure wheel surface cleaning fluid for enhancing material removal rates. Straight surface grinding experiments were conducted on titanium alloy blocks in both shallow depth of cut and creep-feed modes. Grinding power, forces, and surface roughness were measured. Specific material removal rates of 8 mm2/s in shallow cut mode and 3 mm2/s at a depth of cut as high as 3 mm in creep-feed mode were achieved without burning and smearing of ground surfaces. It was showed that it is feasible to grind titanium alloys with electroplated CBN wheels at enhanced removal rates by applying grinding and wheel cleaning fluid at high pressures.

Cutting Performance of Diamond Coated Si3N4 Tool During Turning

2010 ◽  
Vol 660-661 ◽  
pp. 106-111
Author(s):  
José Vitor C. Souza ◽  
Maria do Carmo de Andrade Nono ◽  
João Paulo Barros Machado ◽  
Olivério Moreira Macedo Silva ◽  
F.C.L. Melo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cast Iron ◽  
Gray Cast Iron ◽  
Cutting Tools ◽  
Gray Cast ◽  
Depth Of Cut ◽  
Cast Irons ◽  
Hard Materials ◽  
Tool Wear Mechanisms ◽  
Cutting Length ◽  
Machining Operations

Silicon nitride cutting tools have been used successfully for machining hard materials, like: cast irons, nickel based alloys, etc. However these cutting tools with diamond coating present little information on dry turning operations of gray cast iron. In the present work, Si3N4 square inserts was developed, characterized and subsequently coated with diamond for dry machining operations on gray cast iron. All experiments were conducted with replica. It was used a 1500, 3000, 4500 m cutting length, feed rate of 0.33 mm/rev and keeping the depth of cut constant and equal to 1 mm. The results show that wear in the tool tips of the Si3N4 inserts, in all cutting conditions, was caused by both mechanical and chemical processes. To understand the tool wear mechanisms, a morphological analysis of the inserts, after experiments, has been performed by SEM and optical microscopy. Diamond coated PVD inserts showed to be capable to reach large cutting lengths when machining gray cast iron.

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