Cord Force Measurements in Radial Tires

1972 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 678-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Walter
Keyword(s):  
Strain Gage ◽  
Simple Formula ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Force Measurements ◽  
Inflation Pressure ◽  
Force Transducers ◽  
In Series ◽  
Straight Ahead ◽  
Automobile Tires

Miniature force transducers in the form of strain gage instrumented tension links are used to measure the loads developed in the rayon cords in both the stabilizer and body plies of automobile tires of radial construction. These transducers are placed in series with the cord and are embedded in the rubber matrix of the tire during building. Cord forces are obtained at various wheel loads and inflation pressures for straight ahead rolling and cornering of the tires in operation. It is shown that a relatively simple formula can be used to theoretically predict the cord tension developed in the sidewall region due to inflation pressure.

scholarly journals Characterization and Modelling of Various Sized Mountain Bike Tires and the Effects of Tire Tread Knobs and Inflation Pressure

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 3156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Dressel ◽  
James Sadauckas
Keyword(s):  
Simple Model ◽  
Lateral Stiffness ◽  
Tire Model ◽  
Laboratory Measurements ◽  
Inflation Pressure ◽  
Mountain Bike ◽  
Basic Model ◽  
Radial Stiffness ◽  
In Series ◽  
Distinguishing Features

Mountain bikes continue to be the largest segment of U.S. bicycle sales, totaling some USD 577.5 million in 2017 alone. One of the distinguishing features of the mountain bike is relatively wide tires with thick, knobby treads. Although some work has been done on characterizing street and commuter bicycle tires, little or no data have been published on off-road bicycle tires. This work presents laboratory measurements of inflated tire profiles, tire contact patch footprints, and force and moment data, as well as static lateral and radial stiffness for various modern mountain bike tire sizes including plus size and fat bike tires. Pacejka’s Motorcycle Magic Formula tire model was applied and used to compare results. A basic model of tire lateral stiffness incorporating individual tread knobs as springs in parallel with the overall tread and the inflated carcass as springs in series was derived. Finally, the influence of inflation pressure was also examined. Results demonstrated appreciable differences in tire performance between 29 × 2.3”, 27.5 × 2.8”, 29 × 3”, and 26 × 4” knobby tires. The proposed simple model to combine tread knob and carcass stiffness offered a good approximation, whereas inflation pressure had a strong effect on mountain bike tire behavior.

scholarly journals Fabrication and Characterization of Isotropic and Anisotropic Magnetorheological Elastomers, Based on Silicone Rubber and Carbonyl Iron Microparticles

Polymers ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesús Puente-Córdova ◽  
M. Reyes-Melo ◽  
Luis Palacios-Pineda ◽  
Imperio Martínez-Perales ◽  
Oscar Martínez-Romero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Silicone Rubber ◽  
Carbonyl Iron ◽  
Loss Modulus ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Zener Model ◽  
Magnetorheological Elastomers ◽  
In Series ◽  
Fractional Zener Model

This article focuses on studying the rheological behavior of isotropic and anisotropic magnetorheological elastomers (MREs), made of carbonyl iron microparticles dispersed into a silicone–rubber matrix by considering 20 and 30 wt % of microparticles. Sample sets were prepared for each composition, with and without the application of an external magnetic field. Experimental measurements of the material rheology behavior were carried out by a shear oscillatory rheometer at constant temperature, to determine both the shear storage modulus (G′) and shear loss modulus (G′′) for all characterized samples. Then, experimental data collected from the isotropic and the anisotropic material samples were used to plot the Cole-Cole diagrams to quantify the interfacial adhesion between carbonyl iron microparticles and the silicone-rubber matrix. Furthermore, the Fractional Zener Model (FZM) with two spring-pots in series is used for quantitative analysis of collected experimental data.

Stresses and Strains in Tires

1975 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Janssen ◽  
J. D. Walter
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Metal ◽  
Strain Distribution ◽  
Stress And Strain ◽  
Photoelastic Method ◽  
Force Transducers ◽  
Stress Patterns ◽  
Automobile Tires

Abstract Stress and strain patterns developed in each of several regions of automobile tires have been mapped by using methods particularly suited to each region. Miniature force transducers were used to measure (1) the cord stresses due to shaping tires during vulcanization, (2) the change in cord stress patterns caused by postinflation, and (3) the cord loads caused by tire inflation and by cornering. Liquid metal gages were used to measure rubber strains on tire surfaces. A photoelastic method was used to measure the strain distribution interior to the tire under simulated load. In each of these procedures, particular attention was given to the differences in properties among bias, belted bias, and radial ply tires.

The Fluidic Load Cell

1974 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 358-360
Author(s):  
Tadeusz M. Drzewiecki
Keyword(s):  
Strain Gage ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Compressive Load ◽  
Load Cell ◽  
Force Measurements ◽  
Output Pressure ◽  
Through Flow ◽  
Load Cells ◽  
Amplifier Gain ◽  
Fluidic Resistance

A possible fluidic load cell design consists of three parts: a structural member that deforms linearly with load, a fluidic strain gage having fluidic resistance that changes with deformation, and a three-stage laminar proportional amplifier-gain block that amplifies the change in strain gage through-flow to useful levels. This Technical Brief presents design relations for the first two parts of such a system. Two compressive load cells were built, incorporating different fabrication techniques and deformation-sensing methods. The loading range of these cells is about 0 to 20 kN (0 to 2 tons) with a dynamic range greater than 100 and a typical full-scale output pressure of 30 pascals (4 × 10−3 psi). Possible applications for fluidic load cells include force measurements in highly incendiary or radiative environments and/or when other fluid control circuitry is used.

Indoor Test Procedures for Evaluation of Tire Treadwear and Influence of Suspension Alignment

1989 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 236-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Yamazaki ◽  
T. Fujikawa ◽  
A. Hasegawa ◽  
S. Ogasawara
Keyword(s):  
Wear Rate ◽  
Wear Test ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Road Test ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
Camber Angle ◽  
Toe Angle ◽  
Straight Ahead ◽  
Automobile Tires

Abstract Laboratory wear test procedures for automobile tires are described, as are the influences of alignments such as camber angle and toe angle. Ply-steer and conicity were considered in determining slip angles in straight-ahead rolling on a drum. Wear patterns produced by different alignment configurations simulated the range of patterns observed in road tests. This, together with good wear rate comparisons, supports our belief that road-test conditions are sufficiently reproducible in the laboratory to yield valid wear test results.

An Analytical and Experimental Study of a Tire Rolling Over a Stepped Obstacle at Low Velocity

1994 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 162-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. Mousseau ◽  
S. K. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Large Deformation ◽  
Contact Problems ◽  
Force Measurements ◽  
Inflation Pressure ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Finite Element Program ◽  
Beam Elements ◽  
Radial Stiffness ◽  
Static Contact ◽  
Element Program

Abstract The ring on elastic foundation (REF) model has been used as a pneumatic tire analog for many types of two-dimensional contact problems. This paper investigates the suitability of the model to reproduce hub forces during large deformation, quasi-static contact. Two types of tire contact problems are considered in this paper. The first problem is a tire deforming against a flat plate, and the second is a tire rolling over a 50 mm step. The REF model is implemented in a nonlinear, finite element program with elements that accommodate large deformation and contact. Experimental hub force measurements verify the simulation results. This paper shows that the best match with experimental data is accomplished with a model that consists entirely of beam elements and includes a softening foundation. Also, it shows that the hub force is strongly dependent on the radial stiffness of the foundation and the inflation pressure.

Miniature Transducer for Chordal Force Measurements In Vivo

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Askov ◽  
M. O. Jensen ◽  
J. L. Hoenge ◽  
H. Nygaard ◽  
J. M. Hasenkam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Force Transducer ◽  
Force Measurements ◽  
Chordae Tendineae ◽  
Force Transducers

The objective of this study was to develop a miniature force transducer capable of measuring tension in chordae tendineae (CT). The force transducer should be small in size compared with former CT force transducers [1;2] while not compromising implantation, durability and sensitivity.

Force produced by isolated sarcomeres and half-sarcomeres after an imposed stretch

2012 ◽  
Vol 302 (1) ◽  
pp. C240-C248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilson E. Rassier ◽  
Ivan Pavlov
Keyword(s):  
Isometric Contraction ◽  
Sarcomere Length ◽  
Psoas Muscle ◽  
Force Measurements ◽  
Force Enhancement ◽  
In Series ◽  
Photodiode Array ◽  
Residual Force ◽  
Residual Force Enhancement ◽  
Induced Changes

When a stretch is imposed to activated muscles, there is a residual force enhancement that persists after the stretch; the force is higher than that produced during an isometric contraction in the corresponding length. The mechanisms behind the force enhancement remain elusive, and there is disagreement if it represents a sarcomeric property, or if it is associated with length nonuniformities among sarcomeres and half-sarcomeres. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of stretch on single sarcomeres and myofibrils with predetermined numbers of sarcomeres ( n = 2, 3. . . , 8) isolated from the rabbit psoas muscle. Sarcomeres were attached between two precalibrated microneedles for force measurements, and images of the preparations were projected onto a linear photodiode array for measurements of half-sarcomere length (SL). Fully activated sarcomeres were subjected to a stretch (5–10% of initial SL, at a speed of 0.3 μm·s−1·SL−1) after which they were maintained isometric for at least 5 s before deactivation. Single sarcomeres showed two patterns: 31 sarcomeres showed a small level of force enhancement after stretch (10.46 ± 0.78%), and 28 sarcomeres did not show force enhancement (−0.54 ± 0.17%). In these preparations, there was not a strong correlation between the force enhancement and half-sarcomere length nonuniformities. When three or more sarcomeres arranged in series were stretched, force enhancement was always observed, and it increased linearly with the degree of half-sarcomere length nonuniformities. The results show that the residual force enhancement has two mechanisms: 1) stretch-induced changes in sarcomeric structure(s); we suggest that titin is responsible for this component, and 2) stretch-induced nonuniformities of half-sarcomere lengths, which significantly increases the level of force enhancement.

A strain-gage platform for force measurements

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 1095-1097 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Petersen ◽  
J. M. Brookhart ◽  
Solon A. Stone
Keyword(s):  
Strain Gage ◽  
Force Measurement ◽  
Mass Measurement ◽  
Force Transducer ◽  
Strain Gages ◽  
Force Measurements ◽  
Weight Measurement ◽  
Linear Force ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Design Construction

Design, construction and performance characteristics are described for a rugged, compact, linear force transducer using strain gages as the sensing elements. The device is adaptable to a variety of weighing or force-measurement tasks in the laboratory. weight measurement; mass measurement; force transducer; weight transducer; load cell Submitted on November 13, 1964

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