Resiliency Evaluation of Net-Zero Residential Communities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan Thompson ◽  
Moncef Krarti
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Battery Storage ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Power Outage ◽  
Net Zero

Abstract In this report, a resiliency analysis is carried out to assess the energy, economic, and power outage survivability benefits of efficient and Net-Zero communities. The analysis addresses the appropriate steps to designing an energy-efficient and Net-Zero community using Phoenix, Arizona as a primary location for weather and utility inputs. A baseline home is established using International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) 2018 code requirements. Three occupancy levels are evaluated in BEopt to provide diversity in the community’s building stock. The loads from the baseline, energy-efficient optimum, and Net-Zero optimum single-family homes are utilized to determine energy use profiles for various residential community types using occupancy statistics for Phoenix. Then, REopt is used to determine the photovoltaic (PV) and battery storage system sizes necessary for the community to survive a 72-hour power outage. The baseline community requires a 544-kW PV system and 375-kW/1,564 kWh battery storage system to keep all electrical loads online during a 72-hour power outage. The energy-efficient community requires a 291-kW PV system and a 202-kW/820 kWh battery storage system while the Net-Zero community requires a 291-kW PV system and a 191-kW/880 kWh battery storage system. In this study, the economic analysis indicates that it is 43% more cost-effective to install a shared PV plus storage system than to install individual PV plus storage systems in an energy-efficient community. After analyzing the system sizes and costs required to survive various outage durations, it is found that only a 4% difference in net present cost exists between a system sized for a 24-hour outage and a 144-hour outage. In the event of a pandemic or an event that causes a community-wide lockdown, the energy-efficient community would only survive 6 hours out of a 72-hour power outage during a time where plug loads are increased by 50% due to added laptops, monitors, and other office electronics. Finally, a climate sensitivity analysis is conducted for efficient communities in Naperville, Illinois and Augusta, Maine. The analysis suggests that for a 72-hour power outage starting on the peak demand day and time of the year, the cost of resiliency is higher in climates with more heating and cooling needs as HVAC is consistently the largest load in a residential building.

COST-EFFECTIVENESS AND RESILIENCY EVALUATION OF NET-ZERO ENERGY U.S. RESIDENTIAL COMMUNITIES

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Jordan Thompson ◽  
Moncef Krarti
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Zero Energy ◽  
Power Outage ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Net Zero Energy ◽  
Net Zero

Abstract In this paper, a resiliency analysis is conducted to assess the energy, economic, and outage survivability benefits of efficient and Net-Zero Energy (NZE) communities. The analysis addresses the design of an energy-efficient and NZE community using Phoenix, Arizona as the primary location. The loads from the baseline, energy-efficient , and NZE single-family homes modeled in BEopt are used to determine load profiles for various residential community types. The photovoltaic (PV) and battery storage system sizes necessary for the community to survive a 72-hour power outage are determined using REopt. The economic analysis indicates that it is 43% more cost-effective to install a shared PV plus storage system than to install individual PV plus storage systems in an energy-efficient community. It is found that only a 4% difference in net present cost exists between a PV plus storage system sized for a 24-hour outage and a 144-hour outage. In the event of a community-wide lockdown, the survivability of the energy-efficient community is only 6 hours during a time where plug loads are increased by 50% due to added office electronics. A climate sensitivity analysis is conducted for efficient communities in Naperville, Illinois and Augusta, Maine. The analysis suggests that for a 72-hour power outage starting on the peak demand day and time of the year, the cost of resiliency is higher in climates with more heating and cooling needs as HVAC is consistently the largest load in a residential building.

scholarly journals NZEB and market-based renovation case study of an existing office building

2021 ◽  
Vol 246 ◽  
pp. 05002
Author(s):  
Helena Kuivjõgi ◽  
Jarek Kurnitski ◽  
Aivar Uutar ◽  
Martin Thalfeldt
Keyword(s):  
Energy Use ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Office Building ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
The Government

The goal of decarbonizing the building stock in the EU requires a multi-fold increase of the current renovation rates. In Estonia, the non-residential building sector has had little or no public support to improve the energy efficiency. Therefore, it is essential to study the energy efficient and cost-optimal measures for non-residential building renovation to give guidance to real estate companies and other stakeholders about the renovation alternatives. Furthermore, crucial is to provide input to the government to develop the renovation grant and incentives for renovation. In this study, energy renovation measures and savings to improve the energy performance to NZEB level were identified in a large (16 990 m2 heated area) office building. For that purpose, energy use was measured, simulation model developed and calibrated, feasible and more comprehensive energy improvements and costs analysed. The improvement of lighting, AHU, heating, installation of a 69 kW PV system, and window replacement was needed to achieve the goal with a primary energy use of 163 kWh/m2. However, some of the applied measures had long payback times of 40-70 years and are not realistic to be implemented without renovation incentives.

scholarly journals Implementation of BIM Modelling and Simulation Tools in Reducing Annual Energy Consumption of Multifamily Dwellings

2020 ◽  
Vol 170 ◽  
pp. 01002
Author(s):  
Subbarao Yarramsetty ◽  
MVN Siva Kumar ◽  
P Anand Raj
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Energy Simulation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Rotational Angle ◽  
Existing Building ◽  
Simulation Tools ◽  
Efficient Option

In current research, building modelling and energy simulation tools were used to analyse and estimate the energy use of dwellings in order to reduce the annual energy use in multifamily dwellings. A three-story residential building located in Kabul city was modelled in Revit and all required parameters for running energy simulation were set. A Total of 126 experiments were conducted to estimate annual energy loads of the building. Different combinations from various components such as walls, roofs, floors, doors, and windows were created and simulated. Ultimately, the most energy efficient option in the context of Afghan dwellings was figured out. The building components consist of different locally available construction materials currently used in buildings in Afghanistan. Furthermore, the best energy efficient option was simulated by varying, building orientation in 15-degree increments and glazing area from 10% to 60% to find the most energy efficient combination. It was found that combination No. 48 was best option from energy conservation point of view and 120-degree rotational angle from north to east, of the existing building was the most energy-efficient option. Also, it was observed that 60% glazing area model consumed 24549 kWh more electricity compared to the one with 10% glazing area.

scholarly journals ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS, LESS STRAIGHT FORWARD THEN PRESUMED

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugo Hens
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Net Zero ◽  
Energy Conserving ◽  
New Construction

Since the 1990s, the successive EU directives and related national or regional legislations require new construction and retrofits to be as much as possible energy-efficient. Several measures that should stepwise minimize the primary energy use for heating and cooling have become mandated as requirement. However, in reality, related predicted savings are not seen in practice. Two effects are responsible for that. The first one refers to dweller habits, which are more energy-conserving than the calculation tools presume. In fact, while in non-energy-efficient ones, habits on average result in up to a 50% lower end energy use for heating than predicted. That percentage drops to zero or it even turns negative in extremely energy-efficient residences. The second effect refers to problems with low-voltage distribution grids not designed to transport the peaks in electricity whensunny in summer. Through that, a part of converters has to be uncoupled now and then, which means less renewable electricity. This is illustrated by examples that in theory should be net-zero buildings due to the measures applied and the presence of enough photovoltaic cells (PV) on each roof. We can conclude that mandating extreme energy efficiency far beyond the present total optimum value for residential buildings looks questionable as a policy. However, despite that, governments and administrations still seem to require even more extreme measurements regarding energy efficiency.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Photovoltaic and Battery Storage Effects on the Load Matching Indicators Based on Real Monitored Data

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2727 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofiane Kichou ◽  
Nikolaos Skandalos ◽  
Petr Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Storage System ◽  
The Self ◽  
Electrical Performance ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Battery Storage ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Load Matching ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Pv Generation

This paper reports on the electrical performance of two bloc-of-flats buildings located in Prague, Czech Republic. Measured data of electrical consumption were used to investigate the effect of photovoltaic (PV) and battery energy storage system (BESS) systems on the overlap between generation and demand. Different PV array configurations and battery storage capacities were considered. Detailed solar analysis was carried out to analyze the solar potential of the building and to assess the PV electricity production. The evaluation of the building performance was done through MATLAB simulations based on one-year monitored data. The simulation results were used for the calculation of the load matching indices: namely, the self-consumption and self-sufficiency. It was found that optimized array tilt and orientation angles can effectively contribute to a better adjustment between electricity demand and solar PV generation. The addition of a façade PV system increases significantly the PV generation and thus the load matching during winter months. Mismatch is further reduced by using the energy flexibility provided by the BESS. Depending on the PV size and BESS capacity, the self-consumption and the self-sufficiency of the building could increase from 55% to 100% and from 24% up to 68%, respectively.

scholarly journals A comparison of greenhouse gas emissions in the residential sector of major Canadian cities

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 285-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene A. Mohareb ◽  
Adrian K. Mohareb
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Housing Stock ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Carbon Intensity ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Residential Sector ◽  
Residential Building Stock

One of the most significant sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Canada is the buildings sector, with over 30% of national energy end-use occurring in buildings. Energy use must be addressed to reduce emissions from the buildings sector, as nearly 70% of all Canada’s energy used in the residential sector comes from fossil sources. An analysis of GHG emissions from the existing residential building stock for the year 2010 has been conducted for six Canadian cities with different climates and development histories: Vancouver, Edmonton, Winnipeg, Toronto, Montreal, and Halifax. Variation across these cities is seen in their 2010 GHG emissions, due to climate, characteristics of the building stock, and energy conversion technologies, with Halifax having the highest per capita emissions at 5.55 tCO2e/capita and Montreal having the lowest at 0.32 tCO2e/capita. The importance of the provincial electricity grid’s carbon intensity is emphasized, along with era of construction, occupancy, floor area, and climate. Approaches to achieving deep emissions reductions include innovative retrofit financing and city level residential energy conservation by-laws; each region should seek location-appropriate measures to reduce energy demand within its residential housing stock, as well as associated GHG emissions.

scholarly journals Optimal Grid-Connected PV System for a Campus Microgrid

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 899 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Reyasudin Basir Khan ◽  
Jagadeesh Pasupuleti ◽  
Jabbar Al-Fattah ◽  
Mehrdad Tahmasebi
Keyword(s):  
Hybrid System ◽  
Renewable Resources ◽  
System Development ◽  
Input Parameter ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Battery Storage ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Load Profile ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Hybrid Optimization Model

<span lang="EN-US">This paper discusses on the implementation of a grid-connected PV system for university campus in Malaysia. The primary goal of this study is to develop a grid-connected microgrid comprises of Photovoltaic (PV) and a battery storage system to meet the campus load demand and minimize grid dependency. The microgrid modeled and simulated in Hybrid Optimization Model for Electrical Renewable (HOMER) software. Actual load profile and renewable resources were used as an input parameter for the hybrid system. The campus selected is Universiti Kuala Lumpur, British Malaysian Institute as it represents typical load profile for a small campus. Therefore, the results can be used to represent hybrid system development for other small campuses in Malaysia as well. Firstly, optimal sizing of renewable energy (RE) were simulated with respect to total Net Present Cost (NPC) and Cost of Energy (COE). Then, sensitivity analysis conducted to determine the system performance based on changes of load growth, and renewable resources. The results demonstrate optimal HRES combinations for the campus microgrid comprises of 50 kWp of PV generations with 50 kW inverter. However, inclusion of 576 kWh battery storage system will increase the NPC but has higher RE penetration.</span>

scholarly journals Dual Battery Storage System: An Optimized Strategy for the Utilization of Renewable Photovoltaic Energy in the United Kingdom

Electronics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarvar Nengroo ◽  
Muhammad Kamran ◽  
Muhammad Ali ◽  
Do-Hyun Kim ◽  
Min-Soo Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Cost Calculation ◽  
Economic Knowledge ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Battery Storage ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Technological Advances

The increasing world human population has given rise to the current energy crisis and impending global warming. To meet the international environmental obligations, alternative technological advances have been made to harvest clean and renewable energy. The solar photovoltaics (PV) system is a relatively new concept of clean technology that can be employed as an autonomous power source for a range of off-grid applications. In this study, the dual battery storage system is coupled with a solar PV system and a low voltage grid, benefitting from the feed-in tariff (FIT) policy. The main outcomes of this study are: (I) A novel dual battery storage system for the optimal use of the PV system/energy is proposed; (II) The problem is formulated in the form of a mathematical model, and a cost function is devised for effective cost calculation; (III) An optimal cost analysis is presented for the effective use of PV energy; (IV) real-time data of a solar PV taken from the owner and the demand profile collected from the user is applied to the proposed approach, with United Kingdom (UK) tariff incentives. This system works in a loop by charging one system from the solar PV for one day, and discharging the other system. This model gives certainty that power is exported to the grid when the solar PV generates an excess amount; batteries are utilized during the peak hours, and power is purchased when the demand is not met by the batteries, or when the demand is higher than the generation. This study examined the economic knowledge of solar PV and battery storage systems by considering the FIT incentives.

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