Co-Combustion of Coal With RDF and Biomass: Prevention of Chlorine Deposition by Using Coal Ash Alkali Absorption Ability

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaani Silvennoinen ◽  
Juha Roppo ◽  
Riku-Ville Nurminen ◽  
Martti Aho ◽  
Pasi Vainikka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Circulating Fluidized Bed ◽  
Coal Ash ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Emission Measurement ◽  
Sulphur Compounds ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Characterization Methods ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Deposition Tendency

The co-combustion of fossil fuels with CO2-neutral fuels is an attractive way both to decrease CO2 emissions in energy production and to use fuel synergies which decrease each other’s undesirable properties. This paper presents a new approach to understand and predict the chlorine deposition tendency in the co-combustion of coal with biomass and RDF. This novel approach combines the results from deposit analysis with flue gas emission measurement and advanced fuel characterization methods. The experiments were carried out in a 0.1 MW circulating fluidized bed reactor. Two different types of bituminous coal (South African and Polish) were co-fired with RDF, demolition wood and bark. The traditional way to predict risk for chlorine deposition, the fuel S/Cl molar ratio, and the safe limit molar ratio > 4 for biofuels were shown to be inadequate. The mineral kaolinite in coal ash was found to be able to capture alkalis and, in most cases, more effectively than sulphur compounds. The alkali capture capability of coal sulphur is quickly consumed due to reactions with calcium compounds. Furthermore, the ability of SO2 to sulfate alkali chlorides were found to be weaker than presented in the literature. Thus in many cases it is only kaolinite that keeps Cl away from the deposit. New index to predict chlorine deposition tendency were introduced: the reactive (Al+Si)/fuel Cl molar ratio. The results showed a good correlation between the chlorine concentration in the deposit and the new index. The reactive (Al+Si)/fuel Cl molar ratio higher than 8–10 was found to prevent chlorine to deposit. The new approach for better understanding and preventing of chlorine deposition promotes the co-combustion of coal with biomass and RDF by introducing new synergy benefits.

scholarly journals Novel approach to synthesize NiCo2S4 composite for high-performance supercapacitor application with different molar ratio of Ni and Co

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Shinde ◽  
Sivalingam Ramesh ◽  
C. Bathula ◽  
G. S. Ghodake ◽  
D.-Y. Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Silar Method ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Supercapacitor Application ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Layer Adsorption ◽  
Binary Metal Oxides

Abstract Here, we developed a new approach to synthesize NiCo2S4 thin films for supercapacitor application using the successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method on Ni mesh with different molar ratios of Ni and Co precursors. The five different NiCo2S4 electrodes affect the electrochemical performance of the supercapacitor. The NiCo2S4 thin films demonstrate superior supercapacitance performance with a significantly higher specific capacitance of 1427 F g−1 at a scan rate of 20 mV s−1. These results indicate that ternary NiCo2S4 thin films are more effective electrodes compared to binary metal oxides and metal sulfides.

scholarly journals The discovery of biological subphenotypes in ARDS: a novel approach to targeted medicine?

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Wildi ◽  
Samantha Livingstone ◽  
Chiara Palmieri ◽  
Gianluigi LiBassi ◽  
Jacky Suen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Shock State ◽  
Pharmacological Agents ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Active Research ◽  
Targeted Medicine ◽  
Core Features

AbstractThe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe lung disorder with a high morbidity and mortality which affects all age groups. Despite active research with intense, ongoing attempts in developing pharmacological agents to treat ARDS, its mortality rate remains unaltered high and treatment is still only supportive. Over the years, there have been many attempts to identify meaningful subgroups likely to react differently to treatment among the heterogenous ARDS population, most of them unsuccessful. Only recently, analysis of large ARDS cohorts from randomized controlled trials have identified the presence of distinct biological subphenotypes among ARDS patients: a hypoinflammatory (or uninflamed; named P1) and a hyperinflammatory (or reactive; named P2) subphenotype have been proposed and corroborated with existing retrospective data. The hyperinflammatory subphenotyope was clearly associated with shock state, metabolic acidosis, and worse clinical outcomes. Core features of the respective subphenotypes were identified consistently in all assessed cohorts, independently of the studied population, the geographical location, the study design, or the analysis method. Additionally and clinically even more relevant treatment efficacies, as assessed retrospectively, appeared to be highly dependent on the respective subphenotype. This discovery launches a promising new approach to targeted medicine in ARDS. Even though it is now widely accepted that each ARDS subphenotype has distinct functional, biological, and mechanistic differences, there are crucial gaps in our knowledge, hindering the translation to bedside application. First of all, the underlying driving biological factors are still largely unknown, and secondly, there is currently no option for fast and easy identification of ARDS subphenotypes. This narrative review aims to summarize the evidence in biological subphenotyping in ARDS and tries to point out the current issues that will need addressing before translation of biological subohenotypes into clinical practice will be possible.

scholarly journals Unimodular vs nilpotent superfield approach to pure dS supergravity

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sukruti Bansal ◽  
Silvia Nagy ◽  
Antonio Padilla ◽  
Ivonne Zavala
Keyword(s):  
String Theory ◽  
General Framework ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
High Energy ◽  
De Sitter Spacetime ◽  
De Sitter ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Sitter Spacetime ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
De Sitter Vacua

Abstract Recent progress in understanding de Sitter spacetime in supergravity and string theory has led to the development of a four dimensional supergravity with spontaneously broken supersymmetry allowing for de Sitter vacua, also called de Sitter supergravity. One approach makes use of constrained (nilpotent) superfields, while an alternative one couples supergravity to a locally supersymmetric generalization of the Volkov-Akulov goldstino action. These two approaches have been shown to give rise to the same 4D action. A novel approach to de Sitter vacua in supergravity involves the generalisation of unimodular gravity to supergravity using a super-Stückelberg mechanism. In this paper, we make a connection between this new approach and the previous two which are in the context of nilpotent superfields and the goldstino brane. We show that upon appropriate field redefinitions, the 4D actions match up to the cubic order in the fields. This points at the possible existence of a more general framework to obtain de Sitter spacetimes from high-energy theories.

scholarly journals Compiling Life-Oriented Moral Education Textbooks for Elementary Schools in China: The Mimetic Approach in Morality and Law

2021 ◽  
pp. 209653112098296
Author(s):  
Yan Tang
Keyword(s):  
Elementary Schools ◽  
Moral Education ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Learning Activities ◽  
Design Approach ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Novel Approach

Purpose: This study explores a novel approach to compiling life-oriented moral textbooks for elementary schools in China, specifically focusing on Morality and Law. Design/Approach/Methods: Adopting Aristotle’s Poetics as its theoretical perspective, this study illustrates and analyzes the mimetic approach used in compiling the life-oriented moral education textbook, Morality and Law. Findings: The mimetic approach involves imitating children's real activities, thoughts, and feelings in textbooks. The mimetic approach to compiling life-oriented moral textbooks comprises three strategies: constructing children's life events as building blocks for textbook compilation, designing an intricate textual device exposing the wholeness of children's life actions, and designing inward learning activities leading to children's inner worlds. Originality/Value: From the perspective of Aristotle's Poetics, the approach to compilation in Morality and Law can be defined as mimetic. And the compilation activity in the life-oriented moral education textbook also can be described as a processes of mimesis. So this article presents a new approach to compile moral education textbooks, and  an innovative way to understand the nature of one compiling activity.

A Novel Approach for Metal Surface Modification

2007 ◽  
Vol 280-283 ◽  
pp. 1805-1806
Author(s):  
Zhi Jun Cao ◽  
Jia Chen Liu ◽  
Li Bin Liu ◽  
Hao Ye ◽  
Yan Qiu Wei
Keyword(s):  
Surface Modification ◽  
Wear Rate ◽  
Charge State ◽  
Metal Surface ◽  
Surface Hardness ◽  
Metallic Surface ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Complex Shapes ◽  
Enhanced Surface

A new approach was developed for surface modification of metallic surface. By treating nano-zirconia particles and metal surface in different charge state, nano-zirconia particles can be dispersedly inlaid in metal surface owing to electrostatic and nanometer effects. By using this method, metal components of complex shapes, especially those having inside surfaces, might be easily improved, i.e., enhanced surface hardness and wear rate.

Solvent-Loaded Microspheres for Permeability Enhancement in Heavy Crude Oil Reservoirs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cengiz Yegin ◽  
Cenk Temizel ◽  
Mustafa Akbulut
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Recovery Factor ◽  
Low Permeability ◽  
Sand Column ◽  
Permeability Enhancement ◽  
Recovery Potential ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Vis Spectroscopy

ABSTRACT With their abundancy and high-quality, it is predicted that fossil fuels will remain as the main resource that will meet the global energy demand in the several upcoming decades. Developments in hydrocarbon recovery technologies, both from conventional and unconventional reservoirs, have substantially contributed to the overall production levels in recent years. However, recovery factors obtained by using the current methods are still considered to be insufficient, and the companies have been looking for new materials and methods to enhance the efficiency and amount of recovery. One of the major issues related to low recovery factors is low permeability of reservoirs. Existence of blockages in pore throats and high level of heterogeneity lowers the mobility of hydrocarbons. In this study, we discuss development of an innovative material to be used as an additive in reservoir injection fluids to remove pore blockages in order to enhance the recovery levels. This additive material is made of pressure-sensitive microspheres loaded with solvents, which can (i) easily disperse in the injection fluid and travel to the low-permeability regions, (ii) break under pressure and confinement to release solvents, and (iii) remove blockages by targeting surroundings, especially asphalt-based particles and grains. This approach relies on the breakage of microcapsules in the confined region and release of the solvents to target blockages in porous media. In other words, the developed microspheres improve permeability of reservoirs as a result of pressure- and confinement-dependent breakage and release of solvents. Preparation of these microspheres was achieved by the encapsulation of solvent (toluene) emulsions in silica-based solid shells. Structure and stability of the solvent-loaded microspheres were examined using a variety of analytical techniques including UV-vis spectroscopy, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). It was found that the prepared microspheres possessed smooth surfaces with shell thicknesses in the range of 100-150 nm. Additionally, sand column tests were performed to evaluate the recovery potential of injection fluids in presence of solvent-loaded microspheres. It was shown that the use of solvent encapsulated in microspheres doubled the recovery factor of heavy oil compared to that of free solvent dispersed in the injection fluid. Such enhancement in the recovery factor was related to the release of solvents in localized areas, i.e., confined regions, as a consequence of breakage of microspheres. This novel approach of delivering solvents to low-permeability regions provides a significant driving force to eliminate pore blockages to facilitate mobilization of hydrocarbons trapped in confined spaces.

scholarly journals Comprehensive characterization of humic-like substances in smoke PM<sub>2.5</sub> emitted from the combustion of biomass materials and fossil fuels

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (20) ◽  
pp. 13321-13340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xingjun Fan ◽  
Siye Wei ◽  
Mengbo Zhu ◽  
Jianzhong Song ◽  
Ping'an Peng
Keyword(s):  
Coal Combustion ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Atmospheric Environment ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Biomass Materials

Abstract. Humic-like substances (HULIS) in smoke fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emitted from the combustion of biomass materials (rice straw, corn straw, and pine branch) and fossil fuels (lignite coal and diesel fuel) were comprehensively studied in this work. The HULIS fractions were first isolated with a one-step solid-phase extraction method, and were then investigated with a series of analytical techniques: elemental analysis, total organic carbon analysis, UV–vis (ultraviolet–visible) spectroscopy, excitation–emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The results show that HULIS account for 11.2–23.4 and 5.3 % of PM2.5 emitted from biomass burning (BB) and coal combustion, respectively. In addition, contributions of HULIS-C to total carbon and water-soluble carbon in smoke PM2.5 emitted from BB are 8.0–21.7 and 56.9–66.1 %, respectively. The corresponding contributions in smoke PM2.5 from coal combustion are 5.2 and 45.5 %, respectively. These results suggest that BB and coal combustion are both important sources of HULIS in atmospheric aerosols. However, HULIS in diesel soot only accounted for  ∼  0.8 % of the soot particles, suggesting that vehicular exhaust may not be a significant primary source of HULIS. Primary HULIS and atmospheric HULIS display many similar chemical characteristics, as indicated by the instrumental analytical characterization, while some distinct features were also apparent. A high spectral absorbance in the UV–vis spectra, a distinct band at λex∕λem ≈  280∕350 nm in EEM spectra, lower H ∕ C and O ∕ C molar ratios, and a high content of [Ar–H] were observed for primary HULIS. These results suggest that primary HULIS contain more aromatic structures, and have a lower content of aliphatic and oxygen-containing groups than atmospheric HULIS. Among the four primary sources of HULIS, HULIS from BB had the highest O ∕ C molar ratios (0.43–0.54) and [H–C–O] content (10–19 %), indicating that HULIS from this source mainly consisted of carbohydrate- and phenolic-like structures. HULIS from coal combustion had a lower O ∕ C molar ratio (0.27) and a higher content of [Ar–H] (31 %), suggesting that aromatic compounds were extremely abundant in HULIS from this source. Moreover, the absorption Ångström exponents of primary HULIS from BB and coal combustion were 6.7–8.2 and 13.6, respectively. The mass absorption efficiencies of primary HULIS from BB and coal combustion at 365 nm (MAE365) were 0.97–2.09 and 0.63 m2 gC−1, respectively. Noticeably higher MAE365 values for primary HULIS from BB than coal combustion indicate that the former has a stronger contribution to the light-absorbing properties of aerosols in the atmospheric environment.

Preparation and Characterization of Nanocomposite Calcium Doped Ceria Electrolyte With Alkali Carbonates (NK-CDC) for SOFC

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghazanfar Abbas ◽  
Rizwan Raza ◽  
Muhammad Ashraf Chaudhry ◽  
Bin Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Precipitation Method ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Doped Ceria ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Calcium Doped ◽  
Co Precipitation

The entire world’s challenge is to find out the renewable energy sources due to rapid depletion of fossil fuels because of their high consumption. Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) are believed to be the best alternative source which converts chemical energy into electricity without combustion. Nanostructured study is required to develop highly ionic conductive electrolyte for SOFCs. In this work, the calcium doped ceria (Ce0.8Ca0.2O1.9) coated with 20% molar ratio of two alkali carbonates (CDC-M: MCO3, where M = Na and K) electrolyte was prepared by co-precipitation method in this study. Ni based electrode was used to fabricate the cell by dry pressing technique. The crystal structure and surface morphology was characterized by X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM). The particle size was calculated in the range of 10–20nm by Scherrer’s formula and compared with SEM and TEM results. The ionic conductivity was measured by using AC Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) method. The activation energy was also evaluated. The performance of the cell was measured 0.567W/cm2 at temperature 550°C with hydrogen as a fuel.

A Novel Approach to Nanoscale Materials Synthesis Using Industrial Laser Processing of Organosilazane Liquid Precursors

1990 ◽  
Vol 206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tongsan D. Xiao ◽  
Peter R. Strutt ◽  
Kenneth E. Gonsalves
Keyword(s):  
Ceramic Powder ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Current Approach ◽  
Powder Materials ◽  
Materials Synthesis ◽  
Laser Plume ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Liquid Precursors ◽  
Short Time

ABSTRACTA new approach has been developed for the synthesis of nanoscale ceramic powder materials from liquid organosilazane precursors. This technique, by exploiting fast kinetic chemical and physical reactions, makes it possible to synthesize significant quantities of material in a relatively short time. In the current approach aerosols of a silazane monomer, (CH3SiHNH)n, (n = 3 or 4), of mol. wt. 280–320, are injected into the beam of a cw industrial CO2 laser to obtain nanoscale ceramic powders. Injection of the aerosol into the laser-beam results in a high-temperature plume. Rapid condensation of the molecular precursor species emerging from the laser plume results in the formation of preceramic polymer particles, with an average diameter of 62 nm. One attractive feature of this process is that 70 wt.% of the liquid precursor is converted into nanoscale powders. Another feature is that only a further 10 wt.% loss occurs during post thermal treatment to form the end-product.

scholarly journals Multi-model inference of network properties from incomplete data

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P. H. Stumpf ◽  
Thomas Thorne
Keyword(s):  
Network Models ◽  
Network Data ◽  
Global Networks ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Model Inference ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Eukaryotic Species ◽  
Network Properties ◽  
Experimental Approaches ◽  
Saccaromyces Cerevisiae

Summary It has previously been shown that subnets differ from global networks from which they are sampled for all but a very limited number of theoretical network models. These differences are of qualitative as well as quantitative nature, and the properties of subnets may be very different from the corresponding properties in the true, unobserved network. Here we propose a novel approach which allows us to infer aspects of the true network from incomplete network data in a multi-model inference framework. We develop the basic theoretical framework, including procedures for assessing confidence intervals of our estimates and evaluate the performance of this approach in simulation studies and against subnets drawn from the presently available PIN network data in Saccaromyces cerevisiae. We then illustrate the potential power of this new approach by estimating the number of interactions that will be detectable with present experimental approaches in sfour eukaryotic species, inlcuding humans. Encouragingly, where independent datasets are available we obtain consistent estimates from different partial protein interaction networks. We conclude with a discussion of the scope of this approaches and areas for further research

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