Optimization of Mixture Formation of Diesel Fuel in a Small CI Engine: The Effect of Water (H2O) Injection Into Intake Port

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Se Hun Min ◽  
Jeonghyun Park ◽  
Hyun Kyu Suh
Keyword(s):  
Water Injection ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Intake Port ◽  
Cylinder Pressure ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Simultaneous Reduction ◽  
Effect Of Water ◽  
Rate Of Heat Release ◽  
Ci Engine

The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of water injection into intake port on the performance of small CI engine. The ECFM-3Z model was applied for the combustion analysis model, and the amount of injected water were varied 10%, 20% and 30% of injected fuel mass. The results of this work were compared in terms of cylinder pressure, rate of heat release (ROHR), and the ISNO and soot emissions. It was found that the cylinder pressure was decreased from 1.2% to 9.2% when the amount of injected water was increased from 10% to 30%. In the results, NO emission significantly decreased from about 24% to about 85% when the amount of injected water increased due to the specific heat and latent heat of water. Considering the test results, the best conditions for the simultaneous reduction of NO and soot is the BTDC 05deg of injection timing and 30% of water injection mass. It can be expected the best IMEP and ISFC characteristics.

INFRARED EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS ON THE EFFECTS OF DIRECT WATER INJECTION IN AN OPTICAL ENGINE

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Amer Farhat ◽  
Taewon Kim ◽  
Ming-Chia Lai ◽  
Marcis Jansons ◽  
Xin Yu
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stratification ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Combustion Characteristics ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Residual Water ◽  
Effect Of Water ◽  
Direct Water Injection

Abstract The effects of water injection on combustion characteristics were investigated in an optically-accessible light-duty engine retrofitted with a side-mounted water injector. The main objective was to study the effect of water injection on autoignition and subsequent combustion process in compression ignition engines. Numerical zero-dimensional simulations were first performed to separate the thermal from the kinetic effects of water on the ignition delay and maximum temperature reached by a reacting mixture. Then, experimental investigations were performed at different intake temperatures and levels of thermal stratification achieved via direct water injection. Combustion analysis was performed on cylinder pressure data to study the effect of water injection on the overall combustion process. Infrared imaging was performed to provide insight to how water injection and the resulting water distributions affect thermal stratification, autoignition, and combustion characteristics. A new method in quantifying the water distributions is suggested. The results show that the overall level of stratification is sensitive to water injection timing and pressure, where increased water injection pressures and advanced injection timings result in more homogenous distributions. Moreover, water injection was found to affect the location of ignition kernels and the local presence of water suppressed ignition. The level of water stratification was also observed to affect the combustion process, where more homogenous distributions lost their ability to influence ignition locations. Finally, the infrared images showed high levels of residual water left over from prior water-injected cycles, suggesting that hardware configurations and injection strategies must be optimized to avoid wall wetting for stable engine operation.

Effect of Cryogenic Intake Air Temperature on the In-Cylinder Temperature and Formation of Exhaust Emissions in a Compression Ignition Engine

2019 ◽  
Vol 141 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Se Hun Min ◽  
Hyun Kyu Suh ◽  
Seongin Jo ◽  
Suhan Park
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Equivalence Ratio ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Compression Ignition ◽  
Cylinder Pressure ◽  
Compression Ignition Engine ◽  
Rate Of Heat Release ◽  
Ci Engine ◽  
Combustion Behaviors

The objective of this study is to numerically investigate the effect of cryogenic intake air temperature on the in-cylinder temperature and formation of exhaust emissions in a CI engine. The experimental setup was consisted of a single-cylinder diesel engine. The intake air temperature was varied from 18 °C to 40 °C, which was controlled by cooler and heater. Submodels were applied for the simulations of physical/chemical phenomenon of spray and combustion behaviors. The intake air temperature in numerical condition was varied from −18 °C to 18 °C. The numerical results were validated with experimental results for the reliability of this work. The results of this work were compared in terms of cylinder pressure, rate of heat release (ROHR), indicated specific nitrogen oxide (ISNO), indicated specific carbon monoxide (ISCO), ignition delay, in-cylinder temperature distributions, equivalence ratio distributions, NO mass fraction, and CO mass fraction. When the intake air temperature was decreased in steps of 9 °C, the cylinder temperature and cylinder pressure were decreased in steps of about 14.5 °C and 0.05 MPa, respectively. In all cases, the area where the NO formed in the cylinder was identified with the area of the high equivalence ratio and temperature in the cylinder. The amount of CO generation shows the similar distributions in the cylinder according to the intake air temperature conditions. However, the oxidation rate of formed CO under the low intake air temperature was lower than those of the high intake air temperature.

Injection Timing Variation and its Influence on the Performance and Combustion Characteristics on a Direct Injection CI Engine

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Hariram ◽  
S. Seralathan ◽  
M. Rajasekaran ◽  
G. John
Keyword(s):  
Direct Injection ◽  
Pressure Rise ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Injection Pressure ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Optimum Parameters ◽  
Rate Of Heat Release ◽  
Ci Engine ◽  
And Performance

The present experimental investigation aims at improving the combustion and performance parameters by varying the injection timing. A 3.5 kW single cylinder stationary CI engine equipped with eddy current dynamometer is used in this investigation. The static injection timing is varied using spill method by an advancement and retirement of 2 CAD with respect to standard injection timing of 23 BTDC. On comparison with the standard injection timing, the brake thermal efficiency, cylinder pressure, rate of heat release, mean gas temperature and rate of pressure rise are found to increase along with a significant decrease in brake specific fuel consumption for an advanced injection timing of 21 BTDC. Negative improvement is observed with respect to retarded injection timing of 25 BTDC. Optimum parameters for enhanced engine performance is found to be 21 BTDC injection timing with a 200 bar injection pressure at rated speed.

Infrared Experimental Investigations on the Effects of Direct Water Injection in an Optical Engine

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amer Farhat ◽  
Taewon Kim ◽  
Ming-Chia Lai ◽  
Marcis Jansons ◽  
Xin Yu
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stratification ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Combustion Characteristics ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Residual Water ◽  
Effect Of Water ◽  
Direct Water Injection

Abstract The effects of water injection on combustion characteristics were investigated in an optically-accessible light-duty engine retrofitted with a side-mounted water injector. The main objective was to study the effect of water injection on autoignition and subsequent combustion process in compression ignition engines. Numerical zero-dimensional simulations were first performed to separate the thermal from the kinetic effects of water on the ignition delay and maximum temperature reached by a reacting mixture. Then, experimental investigations were performed at different intake temperatures and levels of thermal stratification achieved via direct water injection. Combustion analysis was performed on cylinder pressure data to study the effect of water injection on the overall combustion process. Infrared imaging was performed to provide insight to how water injection and the resulting water distributions affect thermal stratification, autoignition, and combustion characteristics. A new method in quantifying the water distributions is suggested. The results show that the overall level of stratification is sensitive to water injection timing and pressure, where increased water injection pressures and advanced injection timings result in more homogenous distributions. Moreover, water injection was found to affect the location of ignition kernels and the local presence of water suppressed ignition. The level of water stratification was also observed to affect the combustion process, where more homogenous distributions lost their ability to influence ignition locations. Finally, the infrared images showed high levels of residual water left over from prior water-injected cycles, suggesting that hardware configurations and injection strategies must be optimized to avoid wall wetting for stable engine operation.

scholarly journals The Effect of Water Injection on the Control of In-Cylinder Pressure and Enhanced Power Output in a Four-Stroke Spark-Ignition Engine

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingrui Wei ◽  
Thanh Nguyen ◽  
Richard Turkson ◽  
Guanlun Guo ◽  
Jinping Liu
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Cylinder Pressure ◽  
Effect Of Water

Effect of Water Height for Modal Characteristics of the Fuel Channel and Stiffness Analysis Using Modal Test Results

2007 ◽  
Vol 353-358 ◽  
pp. 186-189
Author(s):  
Young Shin Lee ◽  
Hyun Soo Kim ◽  
Young Jin Choi ◽  
Jae Hoon Kim ◽  
Jeong Sik Yim
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Reactor ◽  
Cooling Water ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Fuel Channel ◽  
Modal Characteristics ◽  
Modal Test ◽  
Effect Of Water ◽  
Stiffness Characteristics ◽  
Water Height

A fuel channel, which is the major structure of a nuclear reactor, is excited by the flow of cooling water during the operation of the nuclear reactor. This flow of cooling water can cause excessive vibration of the structure by the resonance. So, in the design process of a nuclear structure, the exact evaluation of the effect of water to modal characteristics and stiffness characteristics is very important to generate an exact analysis model. In this study, the effect of water height for modal characterisics of the fuel channel is investigated and the stiffness evaluation of that is conducted using the modal test results.

scholarly journals Engine Malfunctioning Conditions Identification through Instantaneous Crankshaft Torque Measurement Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 3522
Author(s):  
Konstantinos-Marios Tsitsilonis ◽  
Gerasimos Theotokatos
Keyword(s):  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Cylinder Pressure ◽  
Dynamics Model ◽  
Engine Model ◽  
Measurement Analysis ◽  
Start Of Injection ◽  
Rate Of Heat Release ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Diagnostic Measurement ◽  
The Relationship

In this study a coupled thermodynamics and crankshaft dynamics model of a large two-stroke diesel engine was utilised, to map the relationship of the engine Instantaneous Crankshaft Torque (ICT) with the following frequently occurring malfunctioning conditions: (a) change in Start of Injection (SOI), (b) change in Rate of Heat Release (RHR), (c) change in scavenge air pressure, and (d) blowby. This was performed using frequency analysis on the engine ICT, which was obtained through a series of parametric runs of the coupled engine model, under the various malfunctioning and healthy operating conditions. This process demonstrated that engine ICT can be successfully utilised to identify the distinct effects of malfunctions (c) or (d), as they occur individually in any cylinder. Furthermore by using the same process, malfunctions (a) and (b) can be identified as they occur individually for any cylinder, however there is no distinct effect on the engine ICT among these malfunctions, since their effect on the in-cylinder pressure is similar. As a result, this study demonstrates the usefulness of the engine ICT as a non-intrusive diagnostic measurement, as well as the benefits of malfunctioning conditions mapping, which allows for quick and less resource intensive identification of engine malfunctions.

scholarly journals Effect of Injection Timing and Injection Duration of Manifold Injected Fuels in Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition Engine Operated with Renewable Fuels

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4621
Author(s):  
P. A. Harari ◽  
N. R. Banapurmath ◽  
V. S. Yaliwal ◽  
T. M. Yunus Khan ◽  
Irfan Anjum Badruddin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Compression Ignition ◽  
Cylinder Pressure ◽  
Compression Ignition Engine ◽  
Compressed Natural Gas ◽  
Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition ◽  
Brake Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Injection Duration ◽  
Fuel Mixtures

In the current work, an effort is made to study the influence of injection timing (IT) and injection duration (ID) of manifold injected fuels (MIF) in the reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) engine. Compressed natural gas (CNG) and compressed biogas (CBG) are used as the MIF along with diesel and blends of Thevetia Peruviana methyl ester (TPME) are used as the direct injected fuels (DIF). The ITs of the MIF that were studied includes 45°ATDC, 50°ATDC, and 55°ATDC. Also, present study includes impact of various IDs of the MIF such as 3, 6, and 9 ms on RCCI mode of combustion. The complete experimental work is conducted at 75% of rated power. The results show that among the different ITs studied, the D+CNG mixture exhibits higher brake thermal efficiency (BTE), about 29.32% is observed at 50° ATDC IT, which is about 1.77, 3.58, 5.56, 7.51, and 8.54% higher than D+CBG, B20+CNG, B20+CBG, B100+CNG, and B100+CBG fuel combinations. The highest BTE, about 30.25%, is found for the D+CNG fuel combination at 6 ms ID, which is about 1.69, 3.48, 5.32%, 7.24, and 9.16% higher as compared with the D+CBG, B20+CNG, B20+CBG, B100+CNG, and B100+CBG fuel combinations. At all ITs and IDs, higher emissions of nitric oxide (NOx) along with lower emissions of smoke, carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrocarbon (HC) are found for D+CNG mixture as related to other fuel mixtures. At all ITs and IDs, D+CNG gives higher In-cylinder pressure (ICP) and heat release rate (HRR) as compared with other fuel combinations.

scholarly journals Use of diesel and emulsified diesel in CI engine: A comparative analysis of engine characteristics

2021 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 003685042110209
Author(s):  
Zain Ul Hassan ◽  
Muhammad Usman ◽  
Muhammad Asim ◽  
Ali Hussain Kazim ◽  
Muhammad Farooq ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Load Range ◽  
Performance And Emission ◽  
Injection Methods ◽  
Ci Engine ◽  
Ci Engines

Despite a number of efforts to evaluate the utility of water-diesel emulsions (WED) in CI engine to improve its performance and reduce its emissions in search of alternative fuels to combat the higher prices and depleting resources of fossil fuels, no consistent results are available. Additionally, the noise emissions in the case of WED are not thoroughly discussed which motivated this research to analyze the performance and emission characteristics of WED. Brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) were calculated at 1600 rpm within 15%–75% of the load range. Similarly, the contents of NOx, CO, and HC, and level of noise and smoke were measured varying the percentage of water from 2% to 10% gradually for all values of loads. BTE in the case of water emulsified diesel was decreased gradually as the percentage of water increased accompanied by a gradual increase in BSFC. Thus, WED10 showed a maximum 13.08% lower value of BTE while BSFC was increased by 32.28%. However, NOx emissions (21.8%) and smoke (48%) were also reduced significantly in the case of WED10 along with an increase in the emissions of HC and CO and noise. The comparative analysis showed that the emulsified diesel can significantly reduce the emission of NOx and smoke, but it has a negative impact on the performance characteristics and HC, CO, and noise emissions which can be mitigated by trying more fuels variations such as biodiesel and using different water injection methods to decrease dependency on fossil fuels and improve the environmental impacts of CI engines.

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